 Οι άνθρωποι έχουν always been intrigued about immortality and eternal youth. Τιλικές αρμόδια μπορούν να είναι βασικές από δύσκολες διάφορες και ιστορικές περιοδοκές. Και αυτή η εξάρξη μην καταλαβαίνει στον μας εριά. Οι δικαίσεις της δικαίου δοχτυπιούς θέλουν να εξηγηθεί, Why Humans Age, Ε δεν γνωρίζω την καίρυκη δημιουργία που δεν βρήκε. Κλειπό внимание, για πολύ πιο δύσκολα, ονομάδαμε two thousand genes that can modulate longevity and more than 400 chemical compounds that can extend life span in model organisms. Λοιπόν, και για παρά, we heard the talk about the benefits of hitting less as well as the development of drugs that can mimic these lifestyle interventions. Λοιπόν, διότι αυτό, why do we still grow old, get sick and die? Οι πρόσοι μας ανοίκησι δημιουργεί does not cause any shortcomings, δυσκολογική στιγμή, δράγματος θα πρέπει να το κάνει στην κλίνηση. Για those who actually make it to clinical trials, the numbers are substantially better, but still very discouraging. 86% of them are going to fail. So what can we do to actually improve the efficiency of this process? In aging research, or for drugs that actually target aging per se, things are even worse because of the long time it takes for aging to develop. And therefore these clinical trials take longer and therefore are even more expensive. So the question goes back to how can we improve the efficiency of this process? This 86% is a huge gap. And in my opinion the answer is called basic research. So I believe that we need to understand before we design and we need to understand before we intervene and we act. Doing clinical research is rather simple. You're working on finding a cure for something. However, when you are in basic research, things are different. So you spend your life trying to understand how self-function, how proteins interact with each other, how genes are expressed. And it's actually very hard to even explain to your family and to your friends and to the public what you're doing and even to some funding agencies. But luckily, funding organizations such as the ERC, the European Research Council, the Max Planck Society, for instance, still appreciate the importance of basic research and continue to support curiosity-driven science, which is the basis for all of these discoveries. So to explain in a simple way our work, what my group does to tackle age-related diseases, I will ask you to think of a very simple example, like a metaphor. Some animals, like bears, they hibernate. They're active, hunting in periods that sufficient food is available in their environment. On the contrary, in the winter, when food is a limiting factor, they lower their metabolism and they kind of sleep until the conditions are optimal again. And this is exactly what ourselves are also doing. So ourselves have very complex mechanisms to sense the availability of nutrients in their environment and modify their metabolism accordingly in order to grow or to lower their metabolic needs and to actually wait until food is available again. But why is that important? Going back to our example, if a bear would stay active during the winter, it wouldn't be able to cover its nutritional needs and would probably starve to death. So similar to this, the molecular sensing mechanisms that ourselves have are very crucial for ourselves to adapt properly to their environment and therefore they're very often linked to aging and disease when they malfunction. So not unexpectedly, interventions such as dietary restriction or diet mimicking drugs aims to restore these exact mechanisms. So far, however, applying these interventions to humans has not been that efficient. On the contrary, it cannot be tolerated that well by most people. It actually doesn't work so well for many, many people. And it's very generic, so in my opinion it's like using a butcher's cleaver to perform a brain surgery. So our work aims to identify how precisely these mechanisms work in healthy cells and what goes wrong in aging and disease. And this way, I believe that we can identify, novel, more targeted ways to actually figure out what exactly we should be targeting in this process and how to modulate these mechanisms in the right organs and at the right time and to the right extent. So by increasing our knowledge on how nutrients the food we eat affects how ourselves function and how we age, we will be able to suggest how to modify our nutritional habits or, more importantly, where exactly we should be targeting to develop these new pharmaceutical interventions. So we as scientists, of course, we need to move as fast as possible to deliver our findings to the clinic. But at the same time we as a society, policymakers, funding agencies, pharma companies need to realize that a future without strong basic research will be simply a future of trials and errors. And that's 86% errors. Thank you very much.