 Maternal and paternal health and environmental exposures can have long-term effects on offspring health. Poor maternal nutrition, over-nutrition, hypoxia, and stress can lead to adverse offspring outcomes, while paternal factors such as poor preconceptional nutrition and lifestyle, and advanced age can increase the risk of negative outcomes in offspring. Animal studies suggest that these factors can be passed down through epigenetic changes, which can affect the offspring's health throughout their lives. Human studies are needed to confirm these findings.