 The study investigated how cell-level gene expression dynamics produce population-level phenotypes. They found that after prolonged exposure to glucose, the absence of two proteins, Gal 3p and Gal 1p, resulted in delayed induction of the GAL genes, which was both long and variable. This delay was caused by limited resources available for protein synthesis, and was further exacerbated by randomness in the process. Additionally, they observed that a sub-population of cells induced faster than the others, resulting in a bimodal distribution of expression levels. These findings suggest that cellular memory and resource constraints play a role in determining the response of a population to a new environment.