 The introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, PCVs, into the U.S. routine infant vaccination schedule led to substantial reductions of invasive pneumococcal diseases, IPD, and all-cause pneumonia among U.S. children, with difficult to quantify indirect impact on adults. Future evaluations of the direct and indirect effects of current and expanded valency PCVs in the U.S. population are needed to further reduce the burden of pneumonia as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the U.S. This article was offered by Andrew D. Wees, Maria Griffin and Carlos D. Grahova.