 So, hello everyone again, I forgot to introduce myself before, I am Monica Jain and I am a professor for the Center for Urban Science and Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. So, I will be giving you a macro level overview of buildings and energy in India and what we mean by green buildings. So, I will talk to you about what is the big picture, why are we talking about energy, why are we talking about buildings, what do we mean by green buildings and then sort of wrapping up into the larger context of urban sustainability. So, why are we talking about energy? There are sort of threefold reasons to that. One and I am sure that all of you are aware of, have heard about climate change, global warming and greenhouse gas emissions. So, use of fossil fuel energy leads to emissions of greenhouses which in turn are responsible for the global warming, which gives rise to unpredictable weather conditions, floods, droughts, heat waves, hurricanes. So, all kinds of weather that is very unpredictable and can be very harmful. Diminishing resources, we know that the mother earth do not have a infinite amount of fossil fuel resources that we are using. So, we need to have a deep thought regarding how to manage the increasing energy demands of the future. And the third aspect is really urbanization and it applies very much to India because we are in an increasing population and a lot of people are migrating to the urban areas for job opportunities and for a better quality of life. So, these are, this is kind of a big picture, why we are talking about energy. So, just a very brief overview of what we mean by global warming, the global solar radiation that reaches the earth surface, some of it is reflected back by the, by this layer of greenhouse gases and some is absorbed by the earth surface. And I am giving this as a very sort of a simple explanation, but when the amount of greenhouse gases increase the solar radiation that is trapped on the earth surface increases, that in turn gives rise to the temperature, the overall temperature of the surface and that has been responsible for melting of the ice caps at the poles and increasing the sea level and that in turn is responsible for the unpredictable weather events. So, that in a nutshell. So, and all of this is the result of basically after industrialization this has increased and this is a result of the increase in the fossil fuel use. So, this is the chart that shows the greenhouse gas emissions, what are the different kinds of gases that when we say greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide forms the biggest chunk of this greenhouse gases and if you see in blue almost 60 percent of the greenhouse of the carbon dioxide emissions. Carbon emissions are due to the use of fossil fuels and by fossil fuels we mean coal, petroleum, natural gas things like that. Here are the different sources that produce these greenhouse gas emissions and so that includes agriculture, forestry, industry, but I would like you to focus on these three sort of these three sectors where energy supply transport and buildings form almost half of the greenhouse gas emissions that are emitted through these three sectors and this is basically where very directly correlated to the human beings and the increase in population and the buildings that are coming up. So, and this is the distribution of these emissions by country and India actually comes in the top four or five when you compare the entire world, but still it is one fourth of what China produces, but we, but and mostly this is because of the supply of power is through use of coal, but although at this point or in 2008 this was the distribution we are rapidly urbanizing. So, this is a chart that shows in red it shows the urban population increase and this is 2050. So, by 2050 if you consider the world 80 percent of the people will be living in urban areas currently in India it is around 30 percent that are living in urban areas, but in the next few decades the increase in Asia will be the maximum in terms of the immigration from rural areas to urban areas and India itself will be adding around 500 million people in the next few, next three to four decades which is equivalent to hundreds of tier two cities or the we are in Mumbai. So, I compared it to Mumbai 38 Mumbai cities. So, that is what does that mean that means that you are adding lot of cars to the roads which in turn means increasing the amount of fuel that is being used and greenhouse gas emissions. There are there is rapidly increasing construction sector that is booming. So, you are adding buildings you are using the building materials and air conditioning loads and other kinds of energy consumption is being added. So, the in future electricity consumption in India is expected to rise to around 2000 to 80 billion kilowatt hour in 2020's and it will double in the next 10 years. So, this is this is a cause for concern and that is why we are talking about energy and buildings in India particularly. This chart shows you the energy consumption in buildings in India and you see from 70's to 2010 it has been rising continuously and there is there will be a sharp increase when we go in the next few years because of the urbanizing population. And if you see in 70's 15 percent of the electrical consumption was attributed to the buildings in 2010 to 11 it is more than it is almost one third which is equivalent to the industrial sector which includes the power generation through coal. And among this 34 percent 28 percent is attributed to commercial and 72 percent is attributed to residential. So, this is again an important number where more than three quarters of the energy or around three quarters of the energy is attributed to housing. And so, again that becomes an important number that when we are thinking about accommodating the increase in population and increasing the number of households we have to consider what kind of energy efficiency measures we can incorporate. This chart I thought is an interesting chart this is mapping the quality of life of people in different countries with the energy consumption per capita. So, in the green you see are the countries that have a very low quality of life and the quality of life is measured through health through GDP and various other factors. The red is the average quality of life and the blue is mostly the developed nations where the quality of life is the highest. So, the blue line shows you that this is kind of the point where this much energy is needed to have a quality of life that is a improved quality of life. And India is somewhere here where 540 kilogram of emissions are emitted per person. So, that is the amount of energy and we have to we will be reaching there if we want to be a nation with a good quality of life. So, this there is a direct correlation between the quality of life and energy consumption. So, this is also something that we have to keep in mind when we think about improvement of quality life of the humans in the country. So, let us come to the sort of the details of where the energy is used in buildings. So, the first part is the building operations throughout the life of the building you are using your lights, your fans, air conditioning, coolers, refrigeration. Now, there is an increase in electronic equipments that we use and so many different things. So, this is a division for residential and commercial buildings. And if you notice that most of the big chunk of the electrical electricity consumption is by lighting and cooling both in the residential buildings and commercial buildings, the lighting forms almost 60 percent of the part and the rest of it is the air conditioning load. So, these are the two lighting and cooling loads contribute to maximum to the energy consumption of buildings and hence this these are the areas that need great focus in terms of how we can conserve energy and think about alternatives to provide a comfortable environment in buildings. And today one-third of the energy consumption is attributed to buildings, 20 percent to transportation. So, both the buildings and transportation is related to the urbanizing population and here in the picture I show the kind of buildings that are being built usually there are glass facades. If you see the shopping malls or the offices that are being built are usually glass facades and designs have been copied directly from the western countries which have much colder climate. And in India most of the places you would not the climate only in the north is colder. So, you have to be climate sensitive when the buildings are being designed and there are multiple factors that affect the efficiency and comfort of the buildings. So, here I list a few of them, building envelope and I will talk about some of them in a little more detail. Building envelope is basically the outer facade of the building that separates the external weather from the inside conditions. Building materials what kind of materials we use are they sustainable locally available. Energy harvesting, thinking about alternative ways in which we can capture energy. So, solar energy, wind energy and also using the waste that is produced as a alternative source of energy. And then the last picture shows that you have to the climate although there are 5 climatic regions in India, but the micro climate which is what surrounds a particular area. If you have a lake or trees around you the you will feel the difference in climate as opposed to when you are in a situation where is where there are buildings in traffic. So, the micro climate has to be considered while designing a building and how the building orientation and windows and other things have to be placed. So, again as I mentioned building envelope would include external walls, windows, skylights, external doors, roofs, floors, foundation systems. So, any anything that is interacting with the external climate and these are the elements from which you can either lose heat if you are heating your inside rooms or you can gain heat through the solar radiation. So, this has to be designed in a way that it basically creates a comfortable climate in terms of temperature, humidity, ventilation and if that can be achieved through passive means or minimum artificial building systems. Then comes the building materials. So, we talked about the building operations which is what you are using throughout the life of the building, the building envelope and then comes the building materials. So, it has when we talk about building materials we have to consider from the beginning where is the raw material coming from what kind of energy is being used in manufacturing of that material extraction, processing, packaging, shipping. Then the energy used while construction and installation of those materials and then what happens to those materials after the life of the building say 50, 60 or 100 years life of the building. So, the best scenario would be if the building material can be reused to build another building which will decrease the amount of energy that is being used. The second best would be if you are able to recycle the material and create a new material for building the building, but if it goes to waste then there is no recovery of energy. So, those are also the aspects that you have to keep in mind when you are thinking about what material to use and this chart shows you a general overview of some of the common construction materials that are used and what is the embodied energy. So, embodied energy is the sum of all the energy that is required to produce the materials. So, the phase one that we saw in the last diagram. So, steel has the highest embodied energy followed by cement. If you see the common materials used in India concrete and bricks, but this is giving you a kilogram carbon emissions per ton. So, the amount of material that is used concrete and bricks actually is a lot more than steel. So, there is a high component of embodied energy in the materials that we are using today in the building industry. And here this shows how transportation adds to the embodied energy of these materials. So, this is this was a study done in UK and so that is why if UK is getting the natural stone from the nearby places and the embodied energies is less, whereas if it is getting it from China then the transportation element adds a lot more to the building material energy. So, transportation of materials. So, we should try to see if we can get locally available materials which will make our buildings more sustainable. So, that was sort of a background leading to how do we want to define green buildings and this is this is the overall picture if we can we talked about the building operations which is using different kind of equipments lighting etcetera throughout the building life. The building materials that we choose which incorporates both the embodied energy and the local availability and the design of the building. So, if we can optimize on all the three and make buildings that are context and climate sensitive that is how we will define green buildings. The buildings that can conserve energy, water use and reduce waste through the life cycle of the building. The buildings that can use passive resources for building operations and the most important one is that it can provide health and comfort while optimizing the amount of energy and water that is being used in the buildings. Some of the ingredients and benefits of green buildings. So, by designing your envelope you can save energy you can reduce the amount of utility bills, the electricity bills that you get in the water bills. You can also produce energy by installing solar photovoltaic solar thermal or wind turbines in the buildings save water conserving water through efficient faucets and through rain water harvesting which is capturing the rain water and using it for different purposes. You can plant the areas on the roof or around the building so that the rain water can be captured. You can produce food basically you can grow vegetables and plants in your building. So, all of these features combined define what green buildings could be and this not only provides savings and health and comfort to the individuals who are in living in the buildings. It also reduces the burden on the municipal infrastructure like the electrical grid or the sewer system because you are not drawing more energy or producing more waste to be that burdens the system. And this also brings you closer to the nature that you have greenery around you and it improves the biodiversity around the buildings and improves the air quality. So, that is how we define the green buildings and that was more in a subjective manner, but there are evaluation systems that have been developed to evaluate how the buildings perform and what can we call a green building and there are different kinds of ratings that are given to these buildings and the performance is evaluated during the design construction and operation of these buildings. So, I have listed some of these systems that are in place and I would if you are interested you can read more about these systems which will give you a deeper insight into what kind of factors are considered when evaluating the building. So, LEED which is leadership in energy and environment design was developed in the US and that has been adopted in India by the IGBC Indian Green Building Council. Other things like green, green globes, Caspi. So, there are lots of these systems where each country adapts it to their own context. GRIHA is a system that assesses the habitat and then there are other systems which actually are much more rigorous and intensively living building challenge and life cycle analysis. So, if you are interested you can look these up and understand more about it and as I mentioned in the introduction if you want to learn more about any of these aspects please give feedback to us through the model. So, just going back to just wrapping up and sort of giving a bigger picture. So, although there are these rating systems which will give rating of say silver, gold or platinum, but if you just consider the building. So, here is an example of a building that has all the green features that we talked about. It has solar PV, it has a good envelope energy conservation everything, but if everyone drives to this building, if everyone uses the cars then they are adding a lot to the carbon emissions and if you look in a larger context this is not really a green building. So, we have to think about a larger context and that means the urban sustainability. So, it is and I define it as a network of buildings and services and services would include roads, water services, energy transmission, access to education and health that can be arranged in a way that can improve the quality of life of people. And I want to end with this that what do people really need if you think about it in their daily lives. They want access to all the daily needs like grocery, workplace, going to school, amenities like open spaces, parks, recreation and necessary services like water, food, electricity and then they want these access with improved health safety and aesthetics and which leads to good quality of life. So, that is all I wanted to say. So, you focus on the building part of it, how can you conserve energy and then think about the larger context when your building sits. Thank you.