 Let's let's kick off. So I'd like to thank the speakers ever so much for being willing to Take part in this huge experiment and you know our our attempt to make this whole meeting virtual online and Particularly our US colleagues that had to get up at about 4.30 in the morning to join us for this session We've got a lineup of six absolutely fantastic speakers and I'm I'm Really it is a marvelous lineup The first three are going to focus on Earth observation from space and then the second three focus primarily on plantry science and space and In case you're unsure where you are you should be listening to Union session Five which is on the future of earth of earth and planet science from space and our first speaker Is Takeshi Hirabayashi and he is director of the earth observation research center at the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency JAXA. So Takeshi, please Go ahead Hello, everyone. My name is Takeshi Hirabayashi I'm director of Earth observation satellite Earth observation is the center of JAXA It's a great honor for me to make a presentation in this union symposium Today, I would like to talk about the outline of JAXA's earth observation activities and Contributions to various issues In this slide, I would like to talk about our satellite roles for the earth environmental change studies We believe that there are three major scientific successes regarding the earth environment first, to where heat energy goes second, how fresh water variates and third, to where carbon and pollutant goes If we can find answers to these successes, we shall predict extreme events that go to disasters And we will be able to make ready for them by predicting future status of air temperature and water environment To resolve these questions, we need an approach utilizing numerical models based on precise observation Satellites of the observation are quite effective to this approach Because satellite can measure variation of earth's environment continuously, consistently and precisely JAXA believe our satellite data greatly contributes to understand major scientific successes such as earth energy budget, global water cycle and carbon and material cycle To this purpose, we are actively collaborating with both domestic and international research communities JAXA currently operate 6 earth observation satellite or sensors on orbit to contribute both science and social benefit These satellites monitor cloud aerosol vegetation greenhouse gases water cycle precipitation forest disaster and so on In this slide, I will talk about GCOM-C GCOM-C observe spatial distribution seasonal change and year-to-year change of the key environment variables such as cloud, aerosol, vegetation, ocean color and so on JAXA can contribute to monitoring and prediction of the energy budget and carbon cycle through improvement of the earth's system model For example, please see the left figures Global distribution and global change of ecosystem such as vegetation index and chlorophyllate 2a concentration will be a variation of difference through the earth system model As you know, global warming is one of the big issues in recent years It impacts the most notable in the cryosphere Here, I'd like to show some long-term trends of cryosphere in northern hemisphere rebuilt by the long-term satellite observations Upper middle panel shows as sea ice concentrations in the Arctic on 17th September 2019 On that day, the second minimum sea ice extent was recorded in the satellite observation history since 1978 Upper right panel is a long-term variation of daily sea ice extent in the Arctic since 1978 observed by several satellites including GCOM-W Clear degreasing trend was found in the Arctic and impact of global warming to cryosphere is not only limited to sea ice coverage Our lower right panel shows seasonal snow cover extent in northern hemisphere analyzed by JAXA using several optical imagers Y axis is snow cover extent and X axis is here from 1978 to present There are degreasing trends in all four seasons Here is another example of importance of water cycle monitoring Too much or too less precipitation sometimes cause undesirable impact of life JAXA recently released a website called JAXA climate rainfall watch This provides information of extreme heavy rainfalls and drought in worldwide Lower left panel is monthly mean rainfall in december to 2019 and right panel is calculated drought index Strong drought was indicated in eastern or australian in red crust due to less rainfall compared to usual years Greenhouse gasses observating satellite GOSAT and its successor GOSAT2 a joint mission among ministry of environment in japan national institute for environmental studies and JAXA GOSAT series satellites provide accurate measurement of greenhouse gasses for researchers and policy makers GOSAT has been operated for more than 11 years since 2009 and GOSAT2 was launched in 2018 Left figure shows the CO2 concentrations observed by GOSAT and GOSAT2 Compared to GOSAT, GOSAT has expanded the observation range over the ocean and also GOSAT improves the performance of mission instrument so GOSAT can observe the CO2 concentration of africa, amazon, india, better than GOSAT GOSAT is also equipped with a new function to observe CO, carbon monoxide Lower right panel shows the CO concentration observed by GOSAT2 You can see the high emission of CO from forest fires in amazon area Next I'll show you example of global forest monitoring as a sync of CO2 This image shows the map of amazon rainforest in 2007 and 2017 and the changes there the green colored area rainforest and yellow indicate non forest areas that indicates the deforestation area during 2007 and 2017 GOSAT has accumulated vast experience of air-banned synthetic aperture radar instrument for more than 25 years since JERS-1 Meanwhile, we have proved the effectiveness of air-banned SAR to solve social problems through the forest monitoring, disaster monitoring, and so on We'd like to contribute to the solution of various issues including SDDs with air-banned SAR on board L3s Here are upcoming earth observation missions These four satellites are under development At the left hand side describes L3, which is the next high resolution optical satellite L3 will be launched in this Japanese fiscal year It carries an optical instrument that has 0.8 meters resolution of panchromatic band and 3.2 meters resolution of multi-spectral 6 band with 70 kilometer swath The right hand side shows ALOS 4, which is the next air-banned SAR mission followed on ALOS 2 and will be launched in Japan's fiscal year 2021 ALOS 4 has capability of high resolution as same as ALOS 2 and wide operation swath that is four times larger than ALOS 2 The left map is Hawaii Island And ALOS 4 can observe the entire island of Hawaii at once ALOS 4 will achieve much frequent observation in global with high resolution The left hand side shows the earth care mission This is Europe and Japan joint mission to contribute precise understanding of climate change by measuring three-dimensional global distribution of the cloud and air zone JAXA and NICT are developing the cloud profiling radar CPR CPR provides the world's first satellite-based cloud vertical motion ESA provides the other three sensors The right hand side shows the GOSAT GW It carries two missions One is AMSAR 3, a successor mission of G.com W for continuous water cycle monitoring AMSAR 3 has improved observation capability of snowfall and water vapor by additional high-frequency channels The other one is TANSO 3, a successor mission of GOSAT series for continuous and improved observation of greenhouse gases GOSAT GW is planning to be launched in Japan's fiscal year 2023 Three minutes, Takashi To predict future of Earth's environment, we also need numerical models of Earth's system JAXA collaborates with various model communities to utilize satellite data in their models to enhance future prediction and contribute to science and society I would like to summarize my presentation The main target of JAXA's Earth observation mission is contribution to water cycle and climate studies disaster mitigation and various operation applications such as weather forecasts, fishery and agriculture JAXA currently operates six Earth observation satellites for missions on orbit for this purpose and we will continue this contribution by launching for satellites in the near future Regarding the next generation precipitation radar mission JAXA joins the ongoing ACCP architecture study in the U.S. JAXA proposes an advanced KU band precipitation radar with Doppler capability, higher sensibility and wider swaths We also collaborate with various model communities to utilize satellite data in their models to enhance future prediction and contribution to science and society I would like to close my presentation Thank you for your attention Thank you very much, Takashi, for that presentation Apologies to the audience for the slight issue with the aspect ratio and cutting off the edge of the slides We're aware of that problem and hopefully it will be fixed for the next speakers I forgot to mention that we're not going to take questions immediately after each speaker but we have about 15 to 20 minutes at the end of this session where any questions that you've written in the chat box We'll try and collate and put together and put to all our speakers right at the end so we'll gather them all together and actually try and separate them into Earth Observation Plan for Science So our next speaker is Josef Aschbacher and he is Director of Earth Observation Programs and Head of Eserin in Frascati, Italy as part of the European Space Agency so she shows it far away Okay, thank you, Jonathan, and welcome everyone and I'm really glad to be in this group of very eminent speakers Also, we have just heard Takashi-san introducing the Chakza program and also as Isa, we are working closely with Chakza Sandra from NASA will speak after me Again, we are also working very closely with NASA and I'm very glad to introduce the European part of the European Space Agency on how our Earth Observation Program fits into this international context So what are we doing with our Earth Observation missions? What you see here is showing our motto We call it taking the pulse of our planet So we really use our satellites to make sure that we measure the key parameters of the Earth System That means the atmosphere, the oceans, the land surface, the polar regions and see and understand how they interact and how our Earth System functions as a whole in order to make sure that we have a good understanding of it but also helping us to make use of these data for predictions, for simulations which of course are important information needed by citizens and decision makers So this is the Earth Observation Program of Isa It is grouped into three main categories We have missions that are fully funded by Isa member states We call them Earth Explorers which is the greenish color on this slide on the left hand side and there are a few of them launched Five of them have been launched, others are in preparation and I will introduce them later on but they are really missions that are using cutting edge technology to address burning questions of science and this is exactly what these missions are doing and the way they are being conceived Then we are also developing the Copernicus missions Copernicus obviously well known is the operational program of environmental monitoring of our planet Again there we are working very closely with the European Commission and the member states of the European Union Copernicus is co-funded by the European Space Agency together with the European Union and Isa is implementing developing all these satellites and then operating some of them some others are being operated by UMEDSAT with whom we are working very close together but obviously the European Commission and the European Union are leading the overall program from a programmatic and strategic point of view Then we have the orange part which is the meteorological missions geostationary and polar orbiting satellites where we work with UMEDSAT Again UMEDSAT is our partner they are defining the user requirements they're handing them over to our Isa colleagues We designed the satellites we developed the satellites and we put them on the launch pad and at launch we hand them over to UMEDSAT for operation who is operating these satellites and again feeding back requirements to assess Isa So altogether as you see we have 34 satellites under development this is by far the largest portfolio which Isa ever had in Earth observation and we are operating a good number of those ourselves and others are operated by colleagues across Europe So this is a very solid portfolio of missions We are developing and building some of them in cooperation with our partners in the US and Japan some of them are done with European partners and some are done by Isa member states alone So what are these satellites measuring and I'm showing now a few examples to highlight some of these capabilities Probably well read in the more recent days and weeks have been publications of our Sentinel-5B satellite measuring in this case NO2 NO2 as you know is a gas that is a pollutant and you see here the concentrations of NO2 before and after COVID or in 2019 in a similar period as compared to 2020 or when the lockdowns have been reducing industry and traffic or pollution from industry and traffic and you see that immediately these values are drastically reduced about 50 percent on different places varies even a bit more 54 percent where there's an immediate effect of reduction of pollution due to the lockdowns that took place or they are taking place still due to COVID and these are measurements obviously extremely relevant and we have done these measurements also over China, over the Wuhan area obviously the United States and other parts of the world India just was published recently with very similar figures and you see the immediate effect and the impact of people on the quality of our atmosphere and here is a photographic picture of Milano Milano has been very highly impacted as you have all seen in the news on the left hand side before the lockdown on the right hand side afterwards and I don't need to explain much to this picture it just shows what you also see when you look outside your home office window that the air has become much cleaner and the quality has really improved drastically unfortunately this is short-lived news because the moment we go out of the lockdown and the industrial activity is picking up again of course pollution will immediately come back to the levels as we had them before presumably in some cases but even worse which is one big worry which many of my colleagues and myself have at the moment other examples and we have seen the example before of Takeshi-san of deforestation in this case another area Borneo from 2000 to 2018 you see the encroaching here of tropical forest in the red-orange color don't need to explain this picture this is well understood but just to show the magnitude of deforestation as it is happening but also the power of satellites to monitor these changes on a regular basis and this example I've selected because it's particularly relevant also in our discussion on COVID and pandemic crisis and health threats and this little picture which is inserted here on the left corner is actually highlighting a much wider story that the change of our land use deforestation degradation of agricultural areas and this massive change at global scale also is linked with the appearance of some of the health pandemic crisis elements which we see COVID being one of them but also Ebola, HIV, swine flu and similar crisis that have been reported especially when they come from animals to humans as these zoonotic crisis are being called and there again the power of earth observation is very important let me show you in one slide some activities which we have initiated and as soon as we went into lockdown here in Europe and I'm sitting at the moment in Italy in just outside Rome as you know this has been a heavily affected area so I've asked my teams to really put together very fast activities where earth observation can help also during the coronavirus health crisis and which information can be provided so what you see here is we have been putting together some information on indicators that show the lockdowns or the reduction of say air pollution due to lockdowns as we went into the crisis and obviously when we go out of the lockdowns we monitor their changes again back to more normalized values not only air pollution you have seen the example of N2 before but we also are monitoring traffic congestion at borders national borders some national borders have had lockdowns or closures and there we had huge traffic jams on these borders and our president of the European Commission Mrs. Osofa and the lion was relying on our data and even referring to them in one of the news broadcasts that Copernicus data have been very helpful in monitoring the situation also traffic on roads on boats Venice was highlighted recently where basically tourism has gone down to almost zero including also the traffic on the canals factory parking lots agricultural harvest and so on we are constantly taking these images we're doing this very closely with our partners in Europe European Commission but also with NASA and with Chaksa and have initiated an international collaboration also on this to make sure that the power of our satellites is being used in a harmonic way to monitor the various impacts in China in Japan in Europe and in the US and we have comparable data of the situation as it is ongoing and it is evolving another example and this is quite an interesting one for the use of one of the earth explorers this is IELOS IELOS is one quite remarkable satellite I don't want to go into the technical details but it is quite a unique satellite measuring wind speed and direction in cloud free atmosphere with a LiDAR in ultraviolet spectrum but what you see here on the left hand side in this graph is measurements taken from aircraft that are usually used in numerical weather prediction forecasts by ECMWF in this case the green curve is the one of the data which I actually used and the blue one that are made available and you see there's a big decrease from about 60,000 data sets being used sorry 600,000 data sets being used down to 200,000 due to reduction of air traffic which has really gone down drastically as you know on the right hand side you see the impact of these measurements because these aircraft also have temperature, humidity air pollution sensors and you see here that before covid a lot of aircraft data have been used afterwards not anymore because the planes are not flying but the IELOS data have been partially compensating this gap and have been filling in to compensate some information which has not become available due to international air traffic another example is the Osunhole this is something that is quite remarkable our scientists have been observing an Osunhole not over the Antarctic which usually is the place where it happened but over the Arctic this is a smaller Osunhole that's not the same size as the Antarctic one but it has been an unusual feature the Dobson values have been going down to about 220 and this would say fortunately has been reopening so the hole has disappeared now just a few days ago but this has been a feature which has been observed here with Sentinel-5B another example, permafrost this is work done by Obu and colleagues three minutes yes thank you and this is showing really the permafrost and how it expands don't need to explain that but this is an international effort we are also engaging with NASA to see methane emissions coming from permafrost let me go a bit fast in the next examples this is showing the Arctic Oceans which are predicted to be ice-free by 2050 you see the various predictions here again our satellites provide crucial information to go exactly there and another example shown here is the carbon pump of the oceans the phytoplankton activity which is in the ocean of course we know very well the role of rainforests or their reduced contribution to produce oxygen or absorb carbon dioxide on the other side the oceans have similar functions and you see here with our measurements the net primary production which is shown on these examples here and this is done with our Earth explorers which I've mentioned before here they are listed as mentioned before FIFI in orbit the others are being prepared for launch EarthCare, biomass and flex and the next one in raw which we have just got approved and funded is FORUM which is quite a unique satellite which will measure the far infrared range of the top of atmosphere emissions from six micrometers all the way up to 100 it's the first instrument that will do that and will obviously help us better understand the dynamics of the radiation balances for a better understanding of the Earth system and just to mention that other candidates for Earth explorers are in the pipeline you see here Earth Explorer 10 and Earth Explorer 11 so just to say that into the 2030s we have a program of science missions lined up this is showing the Copernicus missions we have six families of satellites underdeveloped right now seven satellites are flying another set is being launched the next couple of years and this is the next generation with the new instruments and new satellites that are being kicked off very soon we have just received the industrial proposal for phase B2CD and they will be kicked off towards the end of the year because time is a bit short I'm not going into these details but just to say that they do address climate, atmosphere, Africa food as main topics in order to have new information a small highlight coming very soon in about a month's time is the launch of FISAAT which is a small satellite which is actually the first one of FISAAT of this category we are doing with an AI chip on board so intelligence in space in order to have an AI chip to monitor, distinguish, clouded from cloud-free areas and therefore reduce drastically data flows and this works a bit towards the concept I'm developing at the moment which is called digital twin Earth where we want to combine observations with AI with Earth system modeling in order to better simulate parts of our planet and really ensure to have a good information basis to inform politicians the citizens of different impacts of our climate and the various situations time is short so I will conclude with this slide which is actually an announcement I am happy to announce that we have agreed with the EGU and Jonathan is playing a very important role in this that we will have an award for Earth observation excellence which will be starting next year but we will start the process this year in order to select the candidate but next year the first time this award will be handed over at EGU hopefully in Vienna next time and not by virtually by screen in fact I would much prefer being in Vienna right now among all the colleagues but we will have a very nice prize awarding ceremony and you will hear very soon an announcement on this website on how it works and how you can participate but we are really targeting young early career scientists and researchers to hand over this award and I thank you all for your attention Oh thank you so much for that Joseph and thanks for the exciting announcement I think there will be more details about the award both from ESA and hopefully communicated from EGU on our website and through our social media channels as well in due course when the details come out and I think the call will be sometime in June I think thanks very much for that very with all those amazing topical examples Joseph our final speaker talking about Earth observation is Sandra Kaufman who is the Acting Director of the Earth Science Division at NASA HQ in Washington DC and Sandra I'll hand over to you now Okay and I just wanted to say good morning again and it is quite an honor to be here with Takeshi-san and Joseph from Earth Observation and of course Lauren Anatoli from Planetary and Gunther from Solar Systems so I'll just give you a very big top level broad view of what we're doing on Earth Science and then scroll here just for topics the overview what we're doing and dedicated big data and what we're doing related to COVID so of course in the NASA Earth Science that we pretty much it's a very comprehensive program and you know our ability to quantify the limits of Earth systems predictability is completely dependent on our sustained fundamental research effort that we have measuring atmospheric composition carbon cycle climate variability and so on so forth you know so the quantity of these observations and the modeling that we use to predict and simulate it is you know what drives them our scientific discovery and of course you know how we can apply them all of these to societal benefits so in Earth Science at NASA we have basically sub-to-nutz complete program you know flight element research and analysis and the applied sciences and technology and we combine all of these in order to to do the work that we do so this is a timeline of current and future Earth Science missions that we have in Earth Science and I'm not going to go in any detail in any of the missions but I just wanted to highlight currently we have 20 satellites on orbit measuring you know all of the the quantities that you saw before then and more and and we have quite a few number of satellites under development currently I believe is 14 that we are going to launch between now and by 2027 and it is about a two billion dollar program annually of course that we couldn't do the work that we do without the partnerships that we have with many countries around the world and we are very grateful for them be able to work with them and learn from them and be able to combine our data and be able to do measurements and discoveries that we couldn't do otherwise so these coming I would say year year and a half we only have two launches of course the Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich which is done in partnership with ESA, Kinesa, EZ, Yumetsat and NOAA and Landsat 9 we just had the KDPD and we are the launching it in June 2021 that's the the LRD however we are saving the March time frame in case we can launch it a little bit earlier but this is Landsat 9 we've been going at it for a long time the same thing with the type of measurements with Sentinel-6 and we have a very I will say mature now commercial ESMOS that data acquisition program we began acquiring data from commercial entities originally we did a pilot with three companies Digital Globe Planet Labs Inspire and the program the pilot results indicated that the data out of sufficient quality for continued access and we are currently negotiating long-term contracts I think the Planet Labs contract is pretty much all settled and we are going to continue buying data from them with unlimited access to the Planet Scope data for NASA research activities we are on-born in a new company and then we are going to release a photo and ramp an RFI in late 2020 so the KETL survey so in 2017 the KETL survey the National Academy of Sciences or Science KETL survey was released and we have a number of measurements and observables that we that we need to make in the future and that is what our future of Earth Sciences is headed right now of course you know you saw the comprehensive program that we have in the number of missions that we have on orbit and the number of missions that we are currently developing in our program of record but as we proceed with launching those missions we are currently studying and developing the architectures for these designated observables these targeted observables in these aspects that the KETL survey is requiring us to do so we have the five designated observables that are the mandated ones that we are supposed to do which are the aerosol clouds conversion and precipitation mass change surface biology and biology and surface deformations and those are the basically some of them are in a continuity of data from from past missions for example mass change it will be a continuity of the the grace follow-up type measurements the aerosol clouds conversion and precipitation is in almost a continuation of the type of QPM kind of data plus you know and and if you look at it you know we are using looking to use new technologies looking to use new partnerships looking to use commercial data by we are going to be doing campaigns so it is a lot of work that we have ahead of us so on the Earth Science Explorers there we have six new observables that we need to implement and in the Earth Venture continuity we just selected the first mission and we targeted the radiation budget the mission is that Libra being implemented by last and a couple of measurements that the decadal dictated that we do that we target for the incubation and those are planetary boundary layer then surface topography and vegetation and those kinds of things are currently working to define activities that we need to do in order to mature those observables so just a little bit more in depth on those measurements the decadal observables you know the ACCP this one has identified like 13 applications and the way that we are working in defining these observing systems is by looking at applications right at the beginning at the forefront you know of course we want to do the research in the analysis but in the end what drives Earth observation is the societal benefit and and how we can use this data for the benefit for the global benefits for the benefit of all on Earth you know so in relation the relation to ACCP we are looking at you know as we cultural modeling monitoring aerosols aviation climate model modeling disasters etc and designing the the missions right at front with the applications in mind the same for mass change looking at large-scale Earth dynamics measurements and of course this one is little more of a continuity of what we have with grace follow-on but you know we are looking partnerships across the other agencies across the world you know in trying to figure out what what is you know how we can enhance the science that we that we want to get in the future for mass change surface biology and geology this is almost the newer one for us because these are going to be a hyper spectral nation and we are working a lot of different angles of partnerships associated with SBG and and and looking at these work-up measurements you know and we have a number of agencies already participating in the studies with us and trying to figure out what is the the best way to implement this mission this is likely the mission that is going to be the first one being implemented in the of the five measurements that we have designated from the decadal and and the last one the last study we have in here is the surface deformation and change and this is you know a lot of the lines of what we are working with ISRO on NISR with NISR of course you know we haven't launched NISR yet you know so this mission is likely to be the very last mission that we implement way in the future so and I'm not going to brief this this slide but this is this is just the top level of certain priorities extracted from from the decadal and the type of target observables that they want us to do and it's going to talk about the technology aspects you know we have a very large portfolio in ISRO are the our science technology office and in this slide you can see how we have lined up all of the 20 observables highlighted in the decadal and you can see all of the investments in technology that we have in each and every one of those observables the colors the open circles you know we have investments in information systems in observation technology and technology validation and we we continue to find investments in all of these areas plus you know more this is just a summary of what is applicable to the earth science decadal and and what we are doing in that in that line and so just that one one slide I have on on data systems but you know in minutes okay thank you so to officially officially handle the storage and compute the needs for the large missions that we have as well the needs are we we need to you know acquire and process and procure and distribute all this observational data and we need to find a way to do it um in a more cost-effective flexible in a scalable way and we are looking at artificial intelligence machine learning and and all of those new aspects that that we can we are looking to going from the current size of approximately 30 petabytes to approximately 250 petabytes in 2025 so it is a lot of data and the last couple of the slides I have just on this time you know of COVID we have a number of activities and I'm not going to read every bullet but as Joseph explained we are collaborating with Issa and Jaxa in in looking at this thematic focus dashboard for the air quality number of ships number of cars climate etc and also the COVID-19 space ops challenge at the end of May served we have a lot of mapping support and exploring methods with them and I'm going to a couple of aspects you know disastrous sub-program we have continue to support preparedness in everything COVID-19 high performance computer consortium that's Issa White House initiative to bring together all of the excess performance in the computers in the federal government for the COVID-19 research and we've been working with other partners across cities in the United States and in the rest of the world and we also released a call for any additional suggestive research that we might be able to get ideas across the the the rest of the US and we have our space ops challenge as I mentioned May 30th and 31st and again we're working with Justin Issa on these and we hope that you all will participate in in these space ops hackathon just go to the space ops challenge that organ that you're going to be able to find the information and how to participate and I believe that is my last night thank you so much that's great thank you very much Sandra again a number of very topical elements and topics that you you're including in that um I'm going to hand over um chairing of the session now to your hack and we'll move on to the pantry science is part of this session yeah thank you Jonathan so we go on with the planetary talks here now even though some of them may even touch on on our observations as well so the first speaker out now is Laura Glaze of NASA headquarters in Washington DC so thank you very much for coming up this early hour of the day and Lori is she's the director of the planetary science division so we're all excited to see what's what's going on there so please Gloria go ahead thank you Hakan and good morning and thank you to everybody for inviting me to speak with you this morning a little bit about NASA's planetary science program I'd like to begin with a slide showing our planetary science fleet this fleet is is made up of about 25 missions right now if you look at the legend in the top right corner the missions that have fonts in green or blue are the missions that are in their primary or extended operations there are about 13 of those currently in operations and there another 12 listed here in the yellow or orange fonts that are either in formulation or implementation and of those 12 missions those are all planned to launch over the next six years between now and 2026 so it really is an amazing time for planetary science and we're so excited to have such a compelling portfolio right now and part of what makes it so strong is our international participations and our international collaborations and so here I've highlighted those those missions in the planetary fleet that have substantial planetary substantial international participation those with the pink are NASA led and those that are have the blue circles are those that are led by our international national partners and you can see there are number of missions across the solar system and in particular if you look in the Mars box you can see that the international participation international collaboration has really made for a strong presence at Mars and an amazing consistent and long lasting Mars science program while I'm looking at the the Mars box here let me just point out that the Mars 2020 rover down here in the bottom right corner is is actually on schedule for launch in July the window opens on July 17th as we've gone through all of the impacts of COVID NASA has had a very measured and conservative response with attention and hands on work on only a very very few activities across the agency but Mars 2020 is is one of those activities that's being kept on schedule or we're making sure that we're keeping all the personnel safe and that we have lots of precautions in place for their health and safety but that activity is moving forward on schedule almost all of the hardware is at Kennedy Space Center and being prepared for launch and of course the rover also recently received its name was named by a young man from Virginia and the name of the rover is now Perseverance we also just recently named the technology demonstration helicopter that will ride on Mars 2020 and that is called ingenuity and perseverance and ingenuity are the human qualities that are going to get us through this whole COVID-19 experience I'm certain so I wanted to talk a little bit about our approach to international collaborations and how we decide where we're going to collaborate and where to make those investments one of the most important things of course is to expand our capabilities to build beyond what we're able to do alone and work together and especially on things that are are ambitious very ambitious maybe larger than could be done by a single agency for example Mars Sample Return which I'll get to in just a moment and speak a little bit more about the partnerships that enable that particular activity there's also we're seeing many many more for emerging from other agencies around the world that want to begin exploring further into the solar system such as South Korea India Israel United Arab Emirates all exploring and trying to move beyond earth orbit and there are a lot of opportunities there to work with those agencies and start to build new capabilities across the solar system when we collaborate great from NASA you can expect that delivery of excellence in science and engineering reliability from us as a partner and that we'll adhere to a set of principles such as the peaceful use of outer space always ensuring open data one of our core principles is that all data collected from our missions are made available to the public as well as models that are used for interpretation of the data another core principle is merit-based competition we have many of our programs that are based on on competitive models that allowed creative new ideas to come to the and then a transparency in that whole review process and how we make selections for the various missions that are going to go forward as well as our responsiveness and ensuring that we have methodical decisions that are made in a timely manner so everyone knows what to expect I thought I'd give a few examples I can't talk about all of the missions here there's just not enough time but I would like to give a few examples of our partnerships that are ongoing at the moment we're very very excited to be working with Issa and Jaxa on Vepi Colombo this of course is a mission that launched in 2018 and it's now on its way to Mercury will arrive in 2025 NASA contributed the strophio instrument to this mission which will study the exosphere of Mercury but in addition to that we've also providing some deep space network support and we just recently participated with Issa and Jaxa in the selection of some additional scientists to support the mission and we were able to select three U.S. scientists to participate in Vepi Colombo an interdisciplinary scientists and two guest investigators with an emphasis on analysis of the data that Vepi Colombo will collect as it flies by Venus so there's an opportunity there to collect additional data and do more science in that in that area so very very very excited to be a part of that mission looking forward toward we're also participating with Issa on the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer or June two minutes Laurie thank you and so on Jews were providing several instruments I'll speed up up we're also Jaxa on the Mars Moon Explorer Jaxa has really demonstrated their ability to do sample return missions with Hayabusa and Hayabusa too now on its way back from Ryugu I'm very excited to participate with Jaxa on the Mars Moon Explorer to land on Phobos to collect samples and return those where we're providing the Magatana instrument as well as pneumatic sampler and then the Mars sample return as I mentioned an ambitious effort to bring samples back when perseverance lands on the surface of Mars it will collect samples in Jezero of sample return and will launch in 2026 a launch from within Issa leading an earth return orbiter and NASA leading the sample return lander working together in partnership to bring the samples back we also work together on competed missions such as one type example would be the insight mission currently on Mars carrying seismometers from France a heat probe from Germany many of now after two years on the surface that's collected hundreds of seismic signals and starting to interpret what's going on in the interior of Mars we're also partnering with Issa on the Envision mission concept which is currently in competition medium class mission in the M5 competition where we're working to potentially provide a synthetic aperture radar for that mission I'm looking forward in planetary science in NASA we are just kicking off our decadal survey looking to the the next decade forward to seeing what the science priorities will be going forward and we continue to work with our traditional partners where we're continuing to deliver the high quality collaborative science that comes from those partnerships as I mentioned more and more nations are merging with interests in planetary exploration and we're exploring ways to engage in that growing expertise we're also working with to develop new frameworks with existing partners such as Issa to identify new ways for Issa to engage on our PI led our competed missions in addition to the individual member state agencies that already provide instrumentation find new ways to partner directly with NASA and Issa on those PI led missions I feel like we're in a golden age of planetary exploration with incredible interest around the world we have an amazing portfolio we're getting an incredible amount of science return they're more and more nations than ever participating and if I working together we're going to enable even more science for the global community thank you thank you very much Rory this is an impressive program indeed and I think I and many people with me approach appreciate very much your approach to international collaboration that's really great and of course everybody appreciates the open data policies that you have so thank you thank you a lot for this and for coming up this early hour we need to proceed to the next speaker and the next speaker is towards the east from Europe rather than from the west and it is the director of the space research Institute Iki in Moscow and Russia Anatoly Petrukovich Iki as you may know has contributed to a large number of the Russian and the Soviet research in the past and of course also in the future and as I'm working myself now on Mars we have a strong collaboration with ExoMars also so Anatoly please go ahead with your presentation let me start first of all I want to start with a disclaimer Space Research Institute is not a part of Russian space agency so this my presentation is a view of Russian science Russian space science on Russian space planetary program it is not an official point of Russian space agency but otherwise it is complete and I think you will enjoy if you look in the history in Soviet and post-Soviet times we have a lot of missions with the most successful the Venus missions and unfortunately starting from 21st century there was not so many planetary launches from Russian spacecraft but we thanks to our international partners and they open programs of guest instruments on European and American spacecraft have launched a lot of Russian-funded instruments on lunar, mars and Venus missions and recently on BP Colombo Russian participation there is in three instruments FABUS, MSACI and MGMS and these Russian contributed instruments are paid by officially paid by Russian space agency so they are very thankful to Russian space agency also and there are some examples this is a Russian instrument on Curiosity rover which is working already seven years it is active instrument including neutron sounding actually it is a this instrument is used on in geology to probe oil drills but now it used also in space and fortunately for us official lifetime of this instrument because it has some expendable resource this neutron generator was one or two years but it actually works already for seven years both intensity of the beam is not that large so and there is a unique trace we can see for example a unique trace of water content along the Curiosity path another example a bright example of our international collaboration is ExoMars project of the European space agency and at least Russian scientists are applaud to brave European space agency and Russian space agency officials who agreed on such a deep collaboration very extensive collaboration I would say unprecedented level collaboration in hard way of this mission the simple first launch was trace gas explorer in 2006 trace gas observer in 2016 when Russia contributed to instrument two or four instruments these are infrared spectrometers and collimated neutron detector much more difficult part will be in 2022 which include the rover and landing platform and currently flight models of the all Russian instruments are in Europe including rover two rover instruments and 13 instruments on landing platform and we are still waiting to launch in 2022 another important part of and new part of ExoMars project which is always which is sometimes overlooked is that for the first time Russian ground segment Russian deep space network antennas are converted into mode which are fully internationally internationally compatible and so currently 50 percent more than 50 percent of ExoMars data regularly received on Russian antennas and this experience is now used in other projects and I hope in more planetary projects in the future but now just recent days we had the first time that regularly download from Russian astronomy mission space X-ray mission spectrum X-ray mission was received by European station so I think this is also very good contribution very nice contribution to our future collaboration looking on first results this is one of first results from collimated neutron spectrometer which was used for detailed water mapping it is actually a close copy of the spectrometer which is flying for 10 years already on NASA LRO mission and so its requirement is the main goal is to make a detailed maps of the water content and ice water ice content on Mars and here you can see the first map of first 250 days of mapping which shows the details which were previously not observed the more with less with less with less collimated instruments in the previous missions another bright example is the first results on methane on with astral atmospheric chemistry suite which is a high-performance occultation spectrometer and the first results of methane is that unfortunately this particular occultation measurements does not confirm the growth of methane by seen by other missions but there is always still have so many years to find some variations of methane across the across Mars in the in the more future we have very an interesting the important club now on level of side-definition team with NASA just Venus me in about 2030 which will include a lander and long life stations we also consider an atmospheric probe be upset as a petal to see to test plasma and exosphere environment and this mission is now being very seriously considered by Russian space agency to be included in the official space program and this I will I hope will happen in this year or maybe next year here I think I am gradually switching to our moon programs and here is the first slide is the history of the Russian and Soviet moon exploration in free pictures so there was a bright program of automatic landings on moon which ended with the in in 1976 with the lunar sample return mission lunar 20 24 in the mid-May there was a Russian made instrument on the NASA LRO which also this climate that neutrons spectrometer which made one of the most precise map of the possible water rise content which we now measure as one to 10 to percent at one at the subsurface layer of regolith and based on these maps we plan our future lunar program with the focus on the landing in the sub in the polar regions and the first landing should be already in 2021 it's mission which we now call lunar 25 and the mission is practically ready for this date and there's at least scientific instruments are supposed to be delivered to the industry in the end of this in the beginning of the summer in more detail if you look on this first Russian missions lunar missions in more detail in 2021 as I said we will have a lunar 25 lender which is supposed to be mostly to test safe landing in the sub polar region in 2024 there will be an orbiter with a target to do some stereotapography exasperic studies subsurface radar and it will include also data relaying international standard to be used for some with some lenders in 2025 there will be next landing missions for lunar 27 the main goal is to drill about 100 meters inside the subsurface polar regalif and analyze volatiles we plan to have a sample return mission which is now not fully confirmed I mean the date which is now expected to be launched in around 2020 2027 or 2028 and this all these missions have a significant international participation many european countries contribute instruments on the national level and is a take parts with them so precise landing systems drill machine and some also individual instruments and finally I would like to comment shortly on the Space Registry Institute activity in Earth observation it's of course definitely not has a scope of european agency or other other agencies we do not operate satellites we mostly operate with data and within this activity we created open access almost open access archive of the global remote sensing data which now includes more than 3.5 petabytes online and then is operates more than 100 servers across Russia we have a more than 100 science institutes as users and more than 20 government services are provided with government contracts delivering some specific data and the key speciality of our data center is that we oriented low and middle resolution data which have global regular global coverage and which cover more than 20 years so we can track climate change look on sustainable agriculture technologies monitor natural systems like forest and waters and here are some examples of the coverage during last some week in February this includes international partners like Landsat or Centennial and also Russian observation can assess on onboard meteor these are some examples of our level three products which are regularly made including some involvement already scientists these are the maps of land cover in Russia of arable lands of forest fires of tree volume and there are many other products these are just examples and using long term data archives we can do we can visualize for example climate change visible and changing forest type on the then on the area of forest types in Russia so on this plot you can see that the dark needle leaf forests which are mostly noven forest they little bit decreased during last 15 years while most southern type forests stay at the same level or gradually increase so this this is actually a signature of two processes here first process is change of climate warming of climate and the second aspect is is forest industry which is targeted mostly on dark needle leaf forest which is mostly economically productive finally there is a short summary of the systems which we deliver J information systems which we deliver to Russian agencies which includes environments which provide information on meteor parameters on forest fires in real time on fisheries in the nearby seas of agricultural inventory of remote validity of inventory of agricultural lands and also some more scientific system like water quality in seas and volcanic activity monitoring systems so thanks a lot that's my final slide thank you very much Antonio and also thank you for including the slides on Earth observation I was not aware about that you had so many activities on Earth observations going on in IKI so I'll remind also the audience to put questions in the Q&A box if you have you can just add that anytime during the talks and then we take them after the last talk which will come now and the final speaker is Gudter Hassinger who is the director of science at European Space Agency and is located in Spain outside Madrid so in isolation is all of us so Gudter please go ahead yes thank you very much it's I'm very happy that we can present in this way in these difficult times and I'm very happy about so many people joining the session and I will now concentrate on the solar system missions in the ESA science program so planetary but also heliospheric missions and what you see in this slide is the summary of all the solar system explorers and it is sorted into four different categories the first one is the legacy category so we are standing on the shoulders of giants like Rosetta, Cassini, Huygens, Ulysses and on others and then this middle line is the number of missions which we are currently operating in orbit and there are the two new elements that I want to focus a little bit today solar orbiter on one hand and then Beppi Kolombo that has got some excitement in the last few weeks we are currently preparing a large number of new missions Laurie has already mentioned Jews has also mentioned MMX together with Traxar we are participating in the EXO Mars in the whole Mars fleet and I come to comet interceptor and then there is a category about the dreams one of them is Envision which is a Venus mission together with NASA as a competition in the M5 slot and another one that I want to mention at the end is the possible ice giant mission that is hopefully on the horizon so let's start with solar orbiter so this happened in February just before the crisis really hit us hard and so we are very glad the launch was so beautiful originally it looked like the rocket is flying directly to the moon but it right made its way into the solar system and since yesterday solar orbiter has actually entered inside the Venus orbit so it is on its way towards the sun and the very first activities were to switch on all the instruments and this is a nice sequence where the magnetometers have been switched on the booms fold it out and I'm coming back to the magnetic field because this is an important element of the fleet that we now have in the meantime all the 10 instruments have been tested and switched on and there is actually the commissioning phase will end in June and we will make a major announcement about the successes so far but everything looks really good the launch of solar orbiter reminded us of another beautiful launch which was just in October 2018 Beppe Colombo again the moon was up and this was launched from Kuru in French Guyana and Beppe Colombo over Easter in the middle of the corona crisis actually was playing billiards with the earth Beppe Colombo is on its way in the solar system it has to go several times around the sun and it is doing gravity assist maneuvers both in the earth and then later Venus and then later Mercury and the first one of these gravity assist maneuvers was actually happening on good Friday unfortunately the weeks before the European space operations center had to reduce the operations of their planetary missions because of a covid situation but right in time for the for the Beppe Colombo fly by to the earth everything was working very well most of it remotely but there was a small number of people in the operation center and what I will show you first is there is a little selfie camera on or several selfie cameras on board of Beppe Colombo and they have been switched on and when Beppe Colombo was approaching and then when it was actually flying by and then when it was moving away and this is a little movie that was taken by the selfie cameras okay and on its way several of the instruments were actually switched on also also Beppe Colombo is still packed together in three stack of three satellites but we were able to operate several instruments and I can show you a few results of these instruments the first one is the magnetic field which has been acoustified here and so you see when Beppe Colombo is entering the magnetopause the magnetic field becomes very quiet and this is what you hear with the sound of the magnetic field during the flyby in parallel to the magnetic field there were also particle sensors that were measuring the particles and so here you see the magnetic field and here you see the signal of those particle sensors at the time when the magnetoshis was crossed and then later when on its way out when Beppe Colombo flew through a more quiet area you could also see the particles together with the magnetic field and then there was a very interesting first because we were training the Mertis instrument which is a mid-infrared thermal image a thermal infrared imager which was actually observing the moon and what you see here is the raw data and this is the calibration source and so you see it's completely dominated by calibration source but when you subtract the two from each other this is the signal of the moon and when you project the signal then you see here the pixels on the surface of the moon so this is the first time we trained an infrared thermal camera on one of the solar system bodies that this is very powerful when we arrive at the Venus flyby we will use that instrument and also when we finally will arrive at Mercury and we also have asked amateur astronomers to look at the signal from Beppe Colombo what you see here is there was an eclipse this was the first time that Beppe Colombo was actually not seeing the sun and so you saw the the spacecraft on the sky with the stars going through and now it's reappearing here and you see it again after the eclipse and we have actually created competition of photo contests and the winners of that photo contest have actually been announced just yesterday and so if you look at the social media you can actually see all the beautiful remaining images that have been taken from ground and what was very nice in this particular case was that our orchestra of heliophysics instruments was actually observing simultaneously we were able to switch on solar orbiter right after the covid situation and we also measured with cluster simultaneously with Beppe Colombo during the flyby and this gives us a very good calibration intercalibration between all these instruments and we are looking forward when when solar orbiter actually very soon will reach a situation where it can observe simultaneously with Parker Solar Probe on the NASA side and so this orchestra of systems and actually I have to mention also there's the earth observations swarm which is closer in here and we are also preparing the smile mission together with our Chinese partners so we will have a whole orchestra of instruments available to really study the inner heliosphere now let me move on to the longer term plans to the longer term vision this is actually a slide that shows not only the planetary missions but all the ESA missions in the science program and it shows roughly the size of the bars are roughly the amount of money that is spent on all these missions and you know that when you are building a large mission like Beppe Colombo for instance you are roughly building for 10 years and then you launch it and so currently at the year 2020 we are preparing Jews for a launch in 22 we are preparing smile I mean I'm only mentioning the planetary and solar system mission I'm coming to Comet Interceptor then there is the M5 potential candidate for Envision and then we are also talking about the possibility of another fast and flexi mission that I will come to this is the signature of the launch contract for Jews which is always a kind of celebratory aspect so Jews is on its way to for a launch despite the COVID situation we are still convinced that we can launch it at 22 we are working very hard and I'm glad that NASA very thankful to NASA for the support also of that mission and then I would like to mention this interesting case we have just a year or so ago selected a completely new type of flexi mission it was realized that we could actually use some of the launch capacities of our medium class launch for the Ariel spacecraft and we selected the Comet Interceptor which was an idea to launch to an L2 position and then to wait until a new fresh comet is coming in or even as it becomes more and more realistic maybe an interstellar visitor that enters the solar system for the first time and then the Comet Interceptor would basically fly to that place and then intercept that and makes three-dimensional measurements with two satellites so this is a new type of mission that we were able to approve and we are working very hard to prepare it for a launch in 2028 and then let me come at towards the end to the discussion about the potential ice giant mission you know that both Neptune and Uranus the only time they have been visited was by the Voyager 2 spacecraft many many years ago and we got these beautiful pictures and in the meantime both of these planets have turned out to be extremely interesting and not only on their own right but also because it turned out that in the exoplanet statistics most of the exoplanets are somewhere between Neptune, Uranus and Earth and so those two ice giant planets become a very important element of understanding the formation of solar systems in general now the situation is a bit difficult and Laurie has mentioned the NASA Decadal Survey last year we have made three ESA studies to study potential contributions to such an ice giant mission but it turns out that the window for a possible joint mission where you could launch something to both Uranus and Neptune is already partially practically closed because that would have to be launched before the end of the decade however a Uranus mission only could still be launched in 2034 so we are very kind of interested in the decisions that NASA and the National Academy of Sciences will do and so the ice giant mission is currently a very interesting potential for the future and the way it's yes thank you very much and that brings me to our even longer term future as you know ESA is planning their strategic plans in typically 25 year time scales we're still living off the Horizon 2000 program and have just started implementing the cosmic vision program but already 25 years before you have to prepare for the next challenges you have to prepare technologies and so on and so we have kicked off what we call voyage 2050 which is the strategic plan for the years after the last cosmic vision mission has been launched after MISA has been launched and this was a workshop that was held here in Madrid a few months ago and it was actually attracting a very large interest and we got on the order of 100 white papers for mission concepts and science topics and we also have large interest in the applications for the topical teams to select the priorities for that we got about 10,000 or more responses from the broad public in our engagement study and so currently despite the COVID situation the topical teams are working and we are expecting the recommendations for the future in this fall and I'm pretty sure that the planetary system is very heavily also represented in these recommendations and so with this I would like to end and would like to thank you very much for being with us and for keeping the interest up thanks thank you very much Gunther and it's great to see that there's a good future on in Europe and also in many other countries in the world so we I think we have a good good number of presentations here so thank you all for contributing to this and we have had a good audience as well with still well about 300 participants they were receiving up to almost 500 for a moment yeah up to about 500 I think so yeah I'd like to thank all the speakers for being so professional sticking to time and working with this kind of new approach and all the vagaries of the technology and everything I think actually work really well and we have a few questions from the audience also thank you to to the speakers who have been answering questions as we go along but there are some I want to kick off with a question really for all of you which comes from Hans Huybrick I think it is he says to all the speakers actually I want to slightly expand on this question I had a related question he says how do you think you acted as new space companies with in brackets interplanetary ambitions such as space exploration will affect the future of Earth and planetary observations in space but it's I'd like to expand it so you know the space agencies try and cooperate on certainly on the space segment maybe less on the ground segment in terms of not competing in terms of the kind of missions but with increasing number of private companies launching bloke Earth observation and planetary missions how does that work in terms of you know collaborating and making sure there's not duplication of resource and missions and then related to that is this age of the perennial question of space junk you know we had some really clear sky conditions in in the UK in April and I went out at 9pm and I could see Starlink you know what is that 60 satellites that are up there in low Earth orbit right now and what a few thousand that are planned or something so um could could I know there's a lot in there but you know it's it's a really a growing problem both in terms of competing programs and a space debut I don't know who wants to kick off if you wish I can yeah how should we how should we do this um and are you looking given to go ahead Sandra ladies first yeah yeah I'm happy to to start that if it's okay and I'll be brief but you know related to the space access of the world and all of the new launch companies I think it's it's an opportunity to attempt to lower the cost of the space you know in many ways you know that doesn't mean that they are competing with the the work that we do as agencies in particular with with NASA I mean we continue to push new technologies we continue to work with the launch services and we continue to have our own launch vehicles but you know in in the in the long run you know we we also give these companies contracts to to do what they do and to help us put our satellites into space or take them anyplace else you know so I think it is a symbiotic relationship that is very much needed and access to spaces is always expensive we need to find a way to to do it in a more efficient way and in a cheaper way and and we continue to work with you know with these partnerships that we have with the industry to to ensure that we have reasonable access to space related to space junk of course we have all these other little companies that are launching CubeSats now you know so we have a lot other commercial entities that are launching their their their satellites they provide an amazing products that that we are using and is beneficial we have to continue the developing technologies in order to figure the way to dispose of all of those things so we we haven't been very good at it and I'm going to leave it at that Joseph No, thank you Sandra and I I can just mollice confirm what Sandra is saying I mean we are as ESA we are a space agency we are by no means in competition with these private companies it's the opposite as a space agency we are a development agency and we want to develop the space sector at large so we have lots of contracts with these new space companies and they have different angles in some cases it is technology development to help them sorting out one or the other problem they have or they may have we have also contracts with some of them on data buy that we buy their data and therefore give them a prospect for business development and we integrate their data with the other more conventional data from bigger satellites so I really want to foster an an end-to-end system architecture of combining big and small bigger satellites which are certainly much more accurate and have would say in terms of quality at a different measure to then the smaller ones but the smaller ones usually fill the gaps in terms of observation frequencies so these two things go perfectly well together and Ines have really launched a number of activities to do exactly that to support these new space companies we have FILAB we have the FIWEEK we have a lot of initiatives where we really want to work with those and hopefully make them successful players on the market Joseph actually I just briefly we had a question about you mentioned the digital twin earth concept and we had a few questions about that do you want to say just a couple of words on that yeah it's many people are interested it's a very new concept I would say it's probably something that is being developed I've answered some of the questions online so that's why we don't see them anymore but just to say it's what I feel is that and this is a big of a larger debate we have excellent capabilities being built up in space right now by NASA by JAXA by Russia by ESA and other space agencies and I think on the observation part we have either good capacities in space already or a clear plan of where we want to go and you have seen all these plans just a few minutes ago in the presentations where I think where we have a gap which is certainly which needs to be addressed that takes time is to make sure that this excellence in space is matched with an excellence on ground meaning access to this data transform forming this data into useful information but even more to use them to simulate situations of our planet and this is the digital twin earth concept that we combine the observation excellence we have in space or coming up in space with the earth system understanding from a science and the modeling point of view with AI and similar means that come into in order to make predictions of certain elements of our planet let me take maybe an extreme example just to highlight a bit what what I mean you all have followed last year the debate of two different heads of state of Bolsonaro and Macron for example on the deforestation of the of the rainforest of the Amazon and I'm not taking size of either one but there was a debate one was claiming this is this is a forest that has a global implication and therefore global implication for climate and the people and the other one was more saying no no this is on my territory don't don't bother this is my right what I do with with the forest or deforestation and I think what we really need is to simulate cases of what does it mean for if you never nobody wants to see a complete deforestation obviously of the Amazon but that you can simulate what would it mean just to either completely deforest or deforest 10% or 3% or 2% or reforest and what does this mean in terms of climate change temperature increase CO2 you know all the aspects sea level rise at the end but also the local impact on the people it's itself and you need a tool that allows you to simulate all this with all the information from space and in the ground and I would say all the modeling aspects you have of course you can look for better examples that are not so drastic like sea level rise or food security and so on and this is exactly what we want to do okay yeah no that I can see why there's so much yeah go on Jonathan can I can I say a word on from the planetary point of view on hunt's high price question that's the word so so and I'd like to take a and then lower it yes yes yes yes quite so point so yeah yeah indeed so I think new space companies in particular the ones that are doing small satellites CubeSats and so on they are exploding in near Earth's environment but actually there's now a development that also these smaller systems are being used for planetary exploration so I have already mentioned the comet interceptor spacecraft which will carry two of these small CubeSats there is also the here our mission which is following the dark mission that NASA is become is intercepting an asteroid which also has two small sub satellites and I think Lori will tell us about the helicopters and other things so so I believe that small company expertise and the things doing things fast as smaller is encroaching into planetary science but on the other hand it is still very far from dominating it's we still need these large missions that are going into the outer solar system which cannot be done by I think the new space companies so Lori sorry Lori no no it's okay I just had a couple of things I wanted to mention that are I think add a little bit of dimension to the conversation there's a conversation about the importance of SpaceX and the new space competition in the launch market which has been really important but they're also incredible amount of new interest in providing services and so we're experimenting now with some those capabilities right now in our commercial lunar payload services program where we're buying services from commercial providers we now have two companies under contract that are scheduled to launch in 2021 and a third that wants to launch in 2022 I mean in these cases we are not procuring a specific you know like a normal contract with them to to launch our payloads what we do is we buy a service from them where we pay them according to the amount of payload that we want to fly they have other customers beyond just NASA at this point but we can fly our payloads they're then required to provide the power and the communications and the thermal control etc but then you know they return the data to us and and and that's all they have to do they just deliver our payloads they they turn them on they we run them and they return the data so we buy that service from them and rely on them to procure the launch and they are responsible for all of that we'll see how all of that goes so far it seems to be working really well there's opportunities there as well for international participation and collaborations we've had discussions with several international agencies that have interest in providing payload onto those commercial providers they could either work directly with the commercial provider or they can work through NASA where we have a partnership and then we can provide a an instrument suite or a payload suite to the commercial providers and so we're already working that for the moon and also beginning conversations with some of those commercial providers that have interest in going beyond the moon perhaps even to Mars ideas are out there for things like communications relay capabilities throughout the solar system or Mars and so I think there's a it's an expanding and growing area where there's a lot of interest I do think it's going to have an impact on how we do our science in a good way in a positive way enabling more access to these various destinations across the solar system and more opportunities for us to to fly the science payloads that we want to that we want to fly and do the science we want to do in combination with with what we do with our kind of agency-led missions I don't think there's a again no competition it's it's it all works together I'm hoping to provide more science and enable more science so we're keeping an eye on the the commercial lunar payloads and see see how that goes yeah okay thanks I mean that's that's that's that's sort of related to the the space segment but maybe I direct direct this to Anatolia and Takeshi a little bit because both of them mentioned that they their agencies are developing databases of Earth Observation data and Sandra showed an example of I can't remember how many petabytes you were expecting by 2025 but it was like absolutely vast number of fully available right right I mean absolutely huge a database of of Earth Observation data freely available to whoever wants it and so I mean it's it's not necessarily competition but what what is the role of your agency Anatolia and and Jack so in terms of developing you know similar but perhaps less extensive databases and grant segments actually Jackson use various observation based data and we can if with entry of private company to as opposed to the patient field more satellite data will be we can we can use much more data satellite and we can progress our science understandings and I would like point out one thing we have to take care of space debris issues all organizations to follow the global standard regarding the space debris mitigation uh for the protection of us environment and sustainable development sustainable space activities so space debris issues very important um Anatolia I I mean I I see that you you mentioned that you you had a earth observation database that is being used by I think something like 100 institutes across Russia is does that have if you like a national focus is it for issues that are specifically relevant to to Russia or or how does that work okay thanks a lot for this question of course we first of all our goal is to cover the Russian territory and for Russian territory we probably have maybe not 100 but 90 percent of everything freely available in the world we have all in our data set and of course managing such huge data and we expect 10 fold increase in about five years is a significant problem but what we implement here is some community approach we distribute servers and the expertise across our colleagues in all other scientific institutes and universities and this universities also contribute us with algorithms and we've expertise in specific in specific areas like Volcanology for example we completely our source to Jeffy to this scientific community as for global coverage we are involved in some international programs on on the United Nation umbrella or European Union umbrella which develop some instruments we which can be used globally but here the main problem is ground truth because for example in Russia we definitely know what is happening on the ground we can access this relatively fast but when we start interpreting data somewhere in South America or Africa we definitely need some local expertise to confirm our conclusions and this is the main problem I think of the global coverage issues we and I think it's the maybe some not only European Union or the United Nation maybe main space agencies can also collaborate here to join the efforts to provide this ground truth support from some remote areas then this will be will help a lot to contribute our algorithms which we deliver on the national level to accommodate them to the some other territories okay thanks for that I'm I'm realize I'm aware that time is ticking on and I guess we should properly wrap things up there are a small number of quite specific questions about particular missions that address to different speakers that you might have time just to type an answer to I should mention that the video of this in entire session is going to be posted on the EGU YouTube channel in the next day or so and edited version and if it's agreeable with the speakers perhaps if you're happy to provide the slides from your presentations to Chloe Hill if it's okay you know may not be but if you're happy with that then she can post those alongside the the video and anyone that's interested can view them at their leisure in a bit more time so I'd like to wrap up the session and and thank again really thank again our fabulous list of speakers thank you so much for joining us I think we can all agree that the the future of Earth observation and planetary science from space is it looks really incredibly exciting from the missions that you've discussed and presented and you know thank all of you for joining us and the audience for participating in this session