 time before the preliminary exams how to approach the ancient medieval part and next decision we will discuss about the modern part in this how in the short span of time you could concentrate on ancient and medieval some says give importance to ancient and less to medieval but do not do like that since we knew very well of that UPS is always unpredictable even why not last two years they are asking question more equal number of question from medieval India also. So, do not consider as such but how and what method you have to approach that differs definitely no doubt at all why normally medieval is not at all studied by many is they considered medieval as the political pure political yes no doubt you have to study Chola you have to study Rastavuta how to study all the file delete Sultanate and sultans of nearly 10 to 15 names and then 6 Mughal rulers in between that shares and Shivaji's political but they are not asking of about the political aspect this is what many importance to the political aspect and they are thinking that questions is not at all come definitely questions would not come if you study just to political alone you cannot expect it. So, in medieval try to give importance to society societal aspect try to give importance to administration admin and the medieval part try to important to the culture culture and heritage that is shortly called the art and culture this part also very important but normally previous experience students would study of this but no doubt at all it is somewhat lengthy one bulky one it would take time but you cannot expect question from this. So, study of society admin and administration culture and the heritage part this part is very important before before coming into this ancient and medieval the core thing what you should know is chronology without knowing chronology never enter into ancient and medieval. So, you first of all you should know chronology for example, ancient if I start ancient with the pre history if I said pre history continuously you should know up to the period of Harsha Vartan with minimum gap then you are good likewise in medieval if I start with Rajput the age of Rajput if I start is to Aurangzeb the continuity political continuity you should know if you knew this political continuity studying these things are very easy for this purpose alone you are studying the political activity apart from that questions from political activities of rare because many are thinking that if you studied Alauddin Gilji if they study Ashwaga or Samutra Gupta they are thinking that ancient medieval is over no that is wrong what you have studied it not history you studied just a political history that you studied just 5 percentage of the history that is 5 percentage of the people these people are the rulers no what is the real history is you have to study the history of the ruled that is the common man common man constitute 95 percentage of the history that is what if you just to study political and do not say that I studied ancient and medieval part. So, concentrate on this other than political, but prior to the political part the society administration and culture part political part is important today in this session Shata Svita what we are going to discuss is in ancient medieval at first what are all the chronological order then how you should study about that if it is possible somewhat topic we will study you take just times of taking better to just listen you will have it in the case of ancient if it starts with the priest if I say prehistory automatically you should know of this one is the palaeolithic mesolithic neolithic another is what one is the chalcolithic and you should know the age definitely you should know the age approximate not exact thing approximation is more than enough for example the priest itself would go for lengthiest thing it will start with the philac BC and it would extend up to 2000 BC the major part of the prehistory history constitute the prehistory that we ancient part the ancient part itself is philac BC and I start and up to the philac BC and up to 750 AD approximately it if I some says 8th century B. A. D. one and the same here in this the prehistory part philac BC to 2000 in this prehistory palaeolithic mesolithic neolithic and chalcolithic these four parts are more than enough what you should know during the palaeolithic during the mesolithic during the neolithic and during the chalcolithic period what happened that is enough important sequence important changes are there for example it was during the palaeolithic period fire so fire human knew how to use the fire you cannot invent the fire you cannot discover the fire so art of making fire that is right that is very important thing of this of the palaeolithic that to the last part of the palaeolithic only key they came to know of this so fire you should know if it is a mesolithic what is the concept of mesolithic is pastoralism pastoralistic society one step ahead that they hunting and gathering but here along with hunting and gathering pastoralistic and here only fishing fishing activity they did it and the most important part of the mesolithic is the painting the mesolithic painting are very very important magnificence of the mesolithic painting once it remains question so definitely you should know that the example of the painting is the rocket place in the bimbatka only the rock shelter it is not manmade it is a nature it is a rock shelter in that nearly 150 such a small small shelters are there in this you could see such a painting so fire in this pastoralism fishing and painting if it is a neolithic three important thing one is the agriculture activity one second thing to store the agriculture activity you need pottery so pottery first second time and third thing is to move the surface from one place to another place what is essential is the transport that led to invention of the weave even today the number one invention is these kinds of human activity is important even this may be asked even chronologically and last in the case of charlotte chalco means copper actually it is the metal each in this completely stone alone was used but here metal stone metal never replaced the stone all together even metal was used just a minimum level 10 or 15 percent alone it was used it so this kinds of information you should know and another thing after charlotte is that is a different in the neolithic pottery was invented but here painted pottery so likewise more related to the societal aspect you have to concentrate this may be asked chronologically so it is a first unit first unit is this the prehistory part second unit if you come down to second unit proto history the proto history is also called industrialization are also called harpens utilization otherwise simpler first urbanization any kind of question or any kind of topic may be considered the following statement about first urbanization or industrialization or IVC are simply called the proto history so this is very important part because either this part or the next part that is very kids every year they are asking because no other choice of this so in this they are asking that is a second unit if you see roughly even though historian differs it roughly 3000 BC to 1500 BC but you can't see the urban element throughout the 1500 years if I draw a graph of like this around the 3000 BC only it started to write it reached the peak actually this alone is the urban after that started to decline after 1500 BC you could see very this phase is the mature actually whenever you are studying about citadel or doctor or what are all the features harpens utilization it always denotes this mature phase so this phase is the early phase and this phase is the late phase even in book you might have early harpens town late harpens town this alone the harpens town whenever you say harpens town it shows that mature phase great bath great granary great bat and so on so so on so all would come this just for 300 to 400 years span this concept you should know in this normally a student would concentrate on architecture wise yes not out IVC people is known for architecture this great civil engineer not out at all up to this but here other aspect you should know of this IVC one is repeatedly asking about the religion religious belief here coasting whether they the agna or the Vedic age any fire altars were there yes you could see in at your place you could see the fire altar Agni gundha to perform rituals so from that they did some kind of ritual but what purpose we don't have concrete evidence this is important and another thing is what kind of religion they practiced don't know from later part we interfere in for that that is the Hinduism but what kind even we do have that terracotta figurine it is called mother goddess but what kind of that goddess which religion exactly different interpretations are there mother goddess another thing in a seal it's like one person in a ship sitting that we always push and over that certain object of protruding so from that the extortion came to know male god male god so this itself is one's question the IVC people worshipped both male god and female the goddess that's a mother goddess so these kind of approach more towards the society you try to study if it is the religion in it's the one second thing they are asked may ask is the trade because IVC people are well known for trade especially for the long-distance trade especially for long-distance trade they had it they had a trade with the contemporary civilization harappa had a comp trade with contemporary civilization like the mesopotamians Sumerians in Iraq egyptian in Africa even they had a trade with the greek yeah we do have evidence what kind of evidence we do have is the greek people purchase the cotton item that cotton item they call it at sundan that's one this greek people use it to call it as that indus cotton or sundan one second thing the mesopotamian this is important the mesopotamian called indus region as meluha so this may be as meluha is another region another name of indus valley civilization so this is the importance of the trade we we got the evidence from them not from ours was from their source one second thing is through the seals through the availability of the seals their seals they are excavated in our sites harapan harapan sites seals were excavated in the mesopotamian and Sumerian cities for example harapan seals were like square or rectangular shape but Sumerian mesopotamian and egyptian their seals were cylindrical and circular shape at a place called lothal such a cylindrical shaped seals were excavated it denotes that two-way communication and trade was maintained with the contemporary civilization in this contemporary civilization no doubt harappa was in india oldest civilization but not worldwide worldwide the oldest civilization was considered as the mesopotamian it date back to around 6000 or 5000 pc so this is another extra information where architecture wise i presume that all people knew very well of this this is important of the trade wise so and another thing they may ask is writing is that even till the date it's yet to decipher about it so probably questions may not come from that part these are concrete definitely they would ask only once they ask about the horse but itself what kind of answer provided itself is the various sources give different explanation about the horse no doubt they are contained with the horse or not it's itself is a questionable some book says no some book says yes but later part one of the harapan site the excavation of the horse bones remains of the horse were was excavated but if not necessarily to belong to the harapan phase this phase it may be later harapan phase so this is the second that is proto that is arbitration whenever it said harapan civilization it denotes only the mature phase okay first is prehistory second is proto history and third third one is the vedic age vedic age 1500 up to 600 this is broadly split into two one is the early vedic age another is the later vedic age so chronologically if you know it's very easy early vedic age is up to 900 that is 1500 to 900 and remaining 900 to 600 is the later vedic age simple you just to derive it you'll get an idea in this early vedic age simple the saptas in the origin here later vedic age gradually migrated and started that's what so here in this basin here gadgetic then question is what forced them or motivated them to move towards the gadgetic basin that to east of deli region that is eastern uterper desi region so here only one thing is around 1000 bc in this here around 1000 bc the iron iron implements iron was started to make and iron implements were used at large scale that led to deforestation deforestation of the area in this area deli and the eastward when deforestation was done gradually started to migrate because of the availability of agricultural land even before that deforestation was done but they used to the copper cutting with a copper implement was slow it's you have to put more human effort but iron it's very easy to cut even one of the brahmana said sattapata brahmana sattapata brahmana says that one of the ruler started to set fire and the fire destroyed everything and he was going on moving on up to behar region actually it's not fire rather than cutting sattapata brahmana says of this so this is what the reason between early vedic and later vedic region so around 1000 bc the iron implements this you should know and the next thing of the vedic age is all would have studied about the social political economic rajah and so on so would have definitely studied in this what is important is vedic vedic literature how indus valley is known for archaeological evidence vedic age is known for literary evidence we have plenty of the literary evidence with that use chronological of of vedic literature some people little bit confused with this if it is vedic literature it's just vedas no absolutely wrong vedic literature constitute five actually all are called vedic literature in that first is veda itself consists of four rig a jur sam adhirvana and the second thing is brahmana and third is aranyaka and fourth is ubanisad and last is vedanga vedanga all this five constitutes the vedic text so you should be very careful whether the question is related to veda veda means this alone if it is related to vedic text you should note it down all you should know the basic of the five even from here question may be asked rig sam yajur for what it's saying that well known thing we come to the brahmanas so what try to say actually vedas are more or less abstract but in this what brahmana tried to say he tried to explain each veda for example rig veda related one or two brahmana text yajur veda to explain about that one or two brahmanical test text sam veda to about that one or two so likewise how rig veda was interpreted how yajur was interpreted brahmana here interpretation is more or less ritualistic basis actually if you touch the brahmana more important thing is ritualistic that too it's called ritualistic explanation ritualistic explanation about the vedas simple for for example here aitriya brahmana kaushittaki brahmana and one of the explanation yajur veda one only that is satabdha brahmana so you should give importance to this that's a brahmana that's a ritualistic explanation and they come to third part that is aranya ka aranya ka also explain they also explain about the each vedas rig sam yajur but its explanatory part is interpretative part is somewhat different both ritual as well as knowledge it didn't completely exclude the ritual ritual as well as knowledge so likewise many aranya ka's were there one or two explain about the rig likewise so this part is important ubanisath if come to if this is completely based on knowledge knowledge each one explain rig sam yajurva so in that only mudha gobanisath mandudskaya ubanisath kena ubanisath brithadaranya ka ubanisath even the famous flow and satyavema jahitha is there in the mudha gobanisath only this is the method of studying the quick one and bedanga if you come to last and before that i should complete with one thing ubanisath actually this is the source of indian philosophy source of indian so most important why not the many bhakti reformer took it if you want to know adhvaita if you want to know vishistha adhvaita or shuddha adhvaita you should know the fundamentals of ubanisath idea this ubanisath ideas were later explained and led to the foundation of the bhakti not only bhakti indian philosophical part at the end of the class i will discuss of ancient i will discuss and vethanga vethanga are of six kind siksha kalpa nirukta vyakarna chanda all to the six six important part this may be asked if it is chanda chanda system is thematic right vyakarna grammar nirukta etymology kalpa ritual likewise i to say one thing this may be asked in problems this is important thing of vedic text so early vedic later vedic definitely you know and only one thing in this this rigveda alone that sorry rigveda alone was composed during early vedic age that is why that the edic age is also called rig vedic age all other sam yajur and remaining were composed in the later vedic so this kind will be useful to study because without this textual sources we cannot actually study both early vedic as well as the later vedic parts so this is important and and next year yes so first we studied the pre-history next to proto history next to vedic and the fourth fourth topic is very very important is the sixth century sixth century bc or age of buddha or age of maha vira or maha janapada maha janapadas so why here sixth century bc is carefully listen in the sprees i said the the vedic the very case was between yes 1500 to 600 bc and the next thing is 599 next is 598 98 and it would go on up to 500 it means that 600 to 500 this week just time continuously 600 to 500 this is called sixth century bc that is what here i mentioned sixth century bc it means that 600 600 to 500 bc this part is very crucial this will be helpful for ancient for both the ancient purpose both for prelims as well as for means especially the religion age of buddha as well as maha vira both for ancient as well as for art and culture yes maximum question concentrate on this two part please never leave this part at any cost even you could concentrate on this buddhist philosophy jain philosophical what all the parts added by maha vira what were already there for example if you see the age of maha vira that's a maha vira history already that history philosophy you could do because everything were propounded by buddha but in the case of maha vira already the jainism was there he was the last dirtangara the concept pancha maha buddha pancha maha buddha all together five principles were there you have to follow in that only last brahmachryam that alone was added maha vira already the four four were already added the last point of the brahmachrya continents that alone was added by maha vira one is killing that is agimsa non-stealing for property other okay so these kinds these kinds were already propounded by others the fifth one brahmachrya likewise another principle is anekantavadha anekantavadha anekant anekana side many sidedness before giving inference you have to look into a object in many side not only an object you have to look into the fact many side and then only you should come to the inference even at the single if you have the first site itself you can't come to this you have to repeat it in various way if if not why why not what what not and at last you should come to conclusion that is called the anekantavadha actually this is pure knowledge oriented it's more logic oriented like such a philosophy you should know as there is no other go philosophy wise you have to understand of this nearly four or five philosophies are there you should know of this studying buddhist philosophy is as much easy very easy in this buddhist philosophy one famous philosophy is madhyamika madhyamika philosophy of naharjuna otherwise it's also called sunyavadha sunyavadha this is important and the last thing is maha janabhada the sixteen maha janabhadas and the rise and fall once they ask question how did they ask question is buddha maha vira actually both were concentrated who was elder buddha buddha was elder engar was maha vira at the same time only great maha janabhada rulers were there with this they asked question whichever the following places are associated with buddha for that you should know the entire movement of the buddha simultaneously what were the maha janabhada even sometime they ask they may ask the king if you see buddha's activity major activities of the not major complete activities of the buddha was confined to only this part especially present day bihar and lupi so he never crossed beyond this buddha maha vira both were contemporary but never met one second thing is when buddha and maha vira were preaching at the time only great ruler ajat chitru was there his father bimbisara then ajat chitru as they so linked political with the religious part what's a question early question is which of the following maha janabhadas were associated is they have given maha then so on so but simultaneously they have given avanti so avanti is located here buddha never visited this place so if you know where the avanti is definitely you could eliminate you could come to conclusion so while studying about this part gave much important first thing second thing while studying buddha and maha vira who were the political contemporary this will be helpful and next unit 50 units unit number five is among the 16 maha janabhadas various maha janabhadas were then maha da kosala avanti gandhara buddhas so so many maha janabhadas were there among that then maha dhan alone started to rise under various dynasties so first hariyanga second decision aha nanda and reached big during the mauryan during mauryan period it reached big yes if it is so the maha dhan empire itself start with the 6th century 6th century bc and itself consists of four hariyanga second is susanna third is nanda fourth is maha da each consider one century 6th century 5th century hariyanga 6th century to the 4th century made 4th century in because susanna nahas and and nahas are small and 4th 4th to 2nd century bc is the mauryas bc is the mauryas so if you know this we will have a clear cut idea always go for chronological first I said maha janabhada 6th century in that one of the maha janabhada maha da that maha da were ruled by four literally so in that empire it is was done by the mauryas understood yes simple at the time only even hariyangas were ruling India India witnessed the foreign invasion actually this country is the first foreign invasion where the first foreign invader is the persian sarsis darius campuses these kinds of people invaded even during the hariyanga period so keep it in mind hariyanga period persian invasion sunghas period not that much nanda period that to dhanananda period that from here from here alexander invader alexander invader up to pancha so hariyanga period persian invasion nanda period alexander invasion that to dhananda period but no fact that's different story so try to link this contemporary sources it's very useful and last are the mauryas if you come down to come to maurya simultaneously you should know southern polity because when maus started to rule and expand in asokan encryption itself it's mentioned that in the south chehra chola right sathya buddhara use the word chehra chola paandi sathya buddhara so here at the time itself that's tamil king started to rise even asoka inscription uh second major rock inscription uh 12th and 13th major rock inscription explained mentioned about the southern tamil king kingdoms i send the medical missionary to such a kingdom likewise he mentioned so first you study then you should know the idea of chronologically deriving of entire ancient this is what so remaining maurya three rulers and so on so that's not at all a matter and next thing is this disintegration part is very important during the period of asoka asoka ruled of afghanistan up to here up to here he ruled here he ruled but after the death of asoka weak successor started to disintegrate in this result the core part sungas and then replaced by kanvas and here in this the urti successor satavanas dekan and this part india witnessed foreign invasion he considered as a too because already we discussed portion and alexander considered as too in that itself four different that too chronological first is indo greeks next is the sakas next to the part n last is the kushana if you know this studying art and culture is very easy architecture painting music whatever it is from pre-history gradually you derive during vedic age what happened during maha janam what happened in the maha janam the harayanga period any culture maurya period any architecture and here and last one if you come down here which was not conquered this age witnessed age called the sangha bridge so this is what post maurya map map of india so earlier whatever i draw in different color is the mauryan this is the post mauryan this is the lengthiest nearly 300 bc to and up to 300 ad so keep it in mind here only we are entering from ancient to the medieval part sorry bc to ad part attention to medieval bc to ad part we are entering this holistic idea one two three four one side is karikala chola was ruling other side india witnessed the indo greeks harsa sakas are part in invasion other side here pusha matra agni matra that people were ruling here is satakaranis were ruling so this is called mapping concept if i said samudra gupta immediately his territorial extent should come immediately mapping should come if i said shershah empire what was the extent of shershah empire 1540 1545 who were the other consumer ruler you just keep it don't want to write it as such it means they would not ask if you know this for studying society culture is very easy chronology is important this is what the post maurya actually this post maurya is well very known for art and culture this part is very very important why why this part is very very important is it passed during this period the great schools of art was started oneness gandhara school here in this area gandhara school second is matura matura school was started here second so i'm i'm imposing i'm imposing the political and the culture and the third satavana satavana period that is the america school if you just to go through it's very easy gandhara matura and ameravadi gandhara it may be indogrix sagas or partenarkushana if it is madhura it may be outsiders or the sunghas and convas and ameravadi no doubts at all this satavana period so great school of arts was started in this period and last sangham age sangham age is well known for literature they are not in problems but frequently they are asking inmates of a tenmark question about the significance of sangham age so never ever missed this topic in the case of asoka maurya period is well known for the architecture that to the buddhist architecture wise maurya period is well known here stupa vice it's a very famous pillar vice this is all very famous but here is art art forms another thing is literature so please concentrate us this political and cultural imposition map is very important over imposition okay now this place is called post maurya we need number i think six six or seven and the next thing complete political disintegration happened again integration can happen in under the leadership of the guptas guptas happen this called guptan age again 300 to up to 600 years guptan age unit number seven i think okay guptas didn't rule the entire parts no doubt they ruled major parts but unlike the maurya they didn't have vast empire building activity why they were challenged by the others particularly here is the presence of the strong vakatakas vakatakas were there below that small chalukyas palavas here palavas but very famous is the vakatakas vakatakas that's our remaining is the gupta in that only you could be chandra gupta samutra gupta marched up to here and left this is another so this age is called the guptan age and guptan age is well known for few things in that entire ancient guptan age is called the golden age not particular ruler okay the entire age is called the golden age why why it is called golden age mean some reasons were there it was during this period the concept of temple architecture so it was during three kind of temple architecture nagara vesara dravidian so don't study separately of this nagara vesara and third one is the dravidian stale was started nagara stale was started by gupta i never said by gupta it is a guptan period dravidian stale was started by palava here and vesara stale was initiated by the chalukyas that's why i'm saying if you know the political structure it's very easy so guptan period is called golden age one is temple architecture that's a culture part what kind of nagara stale dravidian the vesara stale it's important so definitely a question one second reason is it was a classical age of sanskritra so sanskrit age please try to give more importance to this also this too this is main question but anyhow they may ask 2014 or 15 they ask question what is nagara vesara dravidian that's all what's the answer is temple architecture yes now you come to this sanskrit age it's peak of the sanskrit because so many sanskrit kavyas kavyas were written during this period many scientific works were done no then for example the great kavyas kali dasa the stale example vishagadatha these people are very important writers during this scientific wise we do have ariyapatha varahamigra palakapya okay these two other reasons are there for the golden age and the other reasons are trade flourishing trade third and the fourth peace prevailed so these are all the other reasons but for prulims the major one is temple architecture and sanskrit you here you have to buy heart it's even once it's a question what kind of question is in that kali dasa work there is a work called malavika agnimitra malavika agnimitra with the day as question malavika agnimitra is the work of kali dasa is related to which of the following dynasty okay simple malavika agnimitra that's a love story the agnimitra was the ruler of sunga dynasty and sir is sunga dynasty that's all so malavika agnimitra of kali dasa is related to which of the following dynasty is the sunga dynasty so which dynasty what is the main theme just to go through don't no need to study the short story of each it seems to be interesting in this because in the classroom but it would not be helpful for you in the last minute okay again what happens after the guptas started to disintegrate and that is the last part eight is the post guptas post gupta period again it witnessed disintegration and here also three to four started to rule in this in north that's harsha and here chalukya extended and in south palava these three are notable apart from that here are also there here a famous ruler sasanga here the baskar varma amarufa that's a present asm but here notable is harsha chalukya and palava otherwise here they are called pushyaputish because harsha belong to pushyaputish so what's the harsha dynasty pushyaputhi mokari in that pushyaputhi yes this is the political structure you should know and this part around 600 to up to 750 this is what logical division of entire ancient with syllabus wise if you know the syllabus of ancient 30 percent or 40 percent is over with this you just to concentrate on society you'll get a exact framework about this for example with here after if i say during samdra gupta period this happened if you just to come go through definitely your mind would go to that 300 to 600 AD it's a gupta gupta map was like this in the first ruler chandra gupta second rule is samdra gupta okay around 300 or 400 AD 400 AD what about the indian society right for this purpose this political will be helpful now i open one topic just you imagine of this i say you just to think indian philosophy in india indian philosophy as i said ubanisath already contained the fountain head of the philosophy of ubanisath indian philosophy was started around first century bc now i say first century bc immediately your mind would go to that whatever the first century bc of political map just imagine and just close your eye and think it if you consider definitely this map should come out this map so in the first century bc because post moria first you should know first century bc it's a path of the post moria 300 200 bc to 370 in this okay complete disintegration because after that the washwaka disintegrated in this far in invader one among them itself for sunghas khan was here sattavagana and here sangameh okay in this the first century is this method okay during this time only indian philosophy was started in and out why i'm saying is next time going to discuss of a very beef of the indian philosophical aspect so this is odd man out nowadays they're asking 2014 question 16 or 17 question is the philosophical okay indian philosophy are of two kinds one is astig astiga philosophy another is the nastiga philosophy even you used to call athigan athigan okay astiga philosophy nastig pluser what we do define now is different what is astiga now we do whoever believe god consider astiga who don't believe god nastiga no that's a now early is whoever and whatever the source accepted the authority of veda called astiga rejected the authority of veda called nastiga it may be in course of time this itself might have later into into astiga believing god nastiga not believing god but indian connotation ancient time astiga means those who believe the authority of veda those who disbelieve the authority of the reject authority of veda nastiga this nastiga are of many but three are important buddhism jenisam another is charvaka if i say buddhism jenisam means immediately six is in the bc mahavira bimbisara ajachadru your mind should go there okay jenisam okay 24 titangara before that overall the 23 titangara in that way you have to go to the historical thing then only you could easily link all and third are these two philosophies and buddhist and jain philosophy charvaka it's also called loka etha philosophy it's also called it's completely related to happiness actually this is completely odd man out in ethics it's called hedonistic hedonistic that's a right oriented then duty oriented duty oriented are called the deontologist but here hedonistic are called right oriented understood and this astiga consists of six so astiga six nastiga three well defined is this this philosophies are very important oneness vaisesika vedanda mimamsa yoga nyaya philosophy nyaya philosophy not necessarily to be one that's why i'm writing in random not first samkhya not first mimamsa and not first the nyaya these roll the six philosophical parts so astiga and nastiga part just to go through this part a separate nc at the syllabus unit is there for this so among that once goes in odd man out they have history along with that they clubbed this charvaka philosophy answer is charvaka right and this philosophy six philosophies are called darshan so question may be a switch out the following is not part and parcel of darshan indian philosophical or astiga philosophical is this in doubt please go through this one last minute this will highly helpful for yes with this you study architecture for example a studying architecture pre-history what's architecture any architecture part no keep it in mind bimbatka adham the that all the natural case it's not man-made a cave you can't club it into the architecture part end of of ancient medieval is very simple to discuss about this the medieval medieval part is 750 to 1707 80 because political part you have to reduce it chronology alone is enough but you have to study more on the the societal and other parts in this political or the entire medieval can be split into three all together it can be split in one is the early medieval age another is the delhi sultanate another is mughals that's all over medieval part is over early medieval is 750 to 1206 delhi sultan 1206 to 1526 mughals 1526 to 1707 that's all but within that you have to know the mapping that alone would take okay a brief a brief of this everything is based on last minute you will you will get a paka political idea now first part that is a early medieval if i say early medieval or harsha already we discussed here here yes this is a end map this is the end of the ancient how this transition happened from that itself i would start so again i i redraw the map once again from that you will start harsha chalukya pallava okay how here disintegration and led to others this harsha empire himself has itself was started to disintegrate and small small dynasties started to rise here here and here one big and here we already discussed sasa in the in the sasa was replaced actually here that one big is prathihara prathihara and here the successor of sasa that is a palace now harsha empire was disintegrated and meaning prathihara is even extended up to here and another here the notable in gujarat region solangi chalukya chalukya solangi it's very important because without knowing that you can't study the nagara style nagara style of architecture solangi's play a vital role here rajavut this part many many climbed as rajavut rajavut chandelas so and so chaukhans so rajavut this is what the the spate of end of the harsha empire now we come to chalukyas who gradually replaced the chalukyas is the rastakutas rastakutas and here palavas were replaced but later extended with a great empire here is the chalukya now you will get a clear kit idea of this okay if it early medieval medieval india 750 to toll not six these are all important rulers apart from that you should know one thing outside in this part in this part mecca and medina gradually rise of islam here also gradually here and entered into here from afghanistan and from arabia when india witnessed the arab and the persian invasion in this so this is in india outside india is the invasion from here muhammad bin qasim he was earliest simultaneously you should know and 200 year later from here one person repeatedly invaded around 1000 to 1025 muhammad of ghazni over this is ghazni later from a place called gori one person annexed that is muhammad of gori moisuddin muhammad bin sam just i said one unit 750 to toll not six this much of political mapping should know history through mapping is very easy actually how many map i have drawn how many rounds how many dynasties so this is what of early medieval a brief idea but here again they would not ask political structure they would ask the other than political if they want to ask political means they may ask about the choilas chalukyas the contribution in architecture beyond that they would not ask is this people vessera state this people is the dravidian state this will be asked and the unique which is the navy navy another thing is ticket pottery system locally called kudavoli system ticket pottery system these three alone are notable apart from that not that much so political structure here architecture part they they may ask at the here this so long is these people promoted the nagarashtri especially the chandelas chandelas are important bundelkendrijan it was they constructed the gandhari mahadeva temple at gajudaho play a light so this is important of early medieval and next this 1206 to 1526 in this all to the five very easy slave by hat it 1206 to 1290 till this 1290 to 1316 tubulaka 1316 to 1414 say the 1414 to 1451 and last is the low these 1451 to 1526 simple so this this five dynasty keep it in mind while discussing about delhi sultan architecture this will be much helpful to discuss about this delhi sultanate much helpful to study about this in this highly notable one or two rulers alone but you you are that familiar about this one or two ruler about the delhi sultanate so here not that much only one things you should know during the tubulaka period one is the gyasudin to another is muhammad bin tubulaka another is tubulaka it was during muhammad bin tubulaka exactly 1313 in south in south two kingdom were started one is the bahaminis and far south is vijayana so you have to study since the period of muhammad bin tubulaka then first tubulaka then then sayat then lo this well they will they were ruling in the northern part the south was under the bahaminis and vijayana and they were remain in power till the period of aghubar even delhi sultanate over babar humayun aghubar even shajahan period these kingdoms were there okay the history of bahamini and vijayana itself would run for 300 years for example 1330s to 1660s both both extended at the time delhi sultanate was over and at the same time mughals was also started so this is what about the delhi sultanate and last what you come to the mughals in this muhal part very easy 1526 to 1707 all to the six babar humayun aghubar jahangir shajahan and six is aurangzeb this alone in this only two things you the contemporary of the humayun shersha shersha 1540 1545 and temporary of aurangzeb shivaji shivaji so this is what you should know of the contemporary political contemporary and at last the map map of the mughals consider this a rough one not exact to the scale this is Afghanistan if it is related to babar babar from Kabul region he occupied so his empire was only up to this but the humayun period somewhat extended but humayun lost it to shersha and at last minute he regained his empire and it was during aghubar the real founder the real founder of the mughal samraj and he occupied up to here up to this northeast i never touched it this part i never touched it because it was not at all part and so during aghubar period this much of big after that jahangir added few portion shajahan added few portion aurangzeb added few portion most it's it's related to southward southward expansion is witnessed during the remaining part so always keep the political so that it's very easy to study about culture last time question taan saying it's lived in the kothaf aghubar if whenever the question is aghubar now immediately 1556 to 1605 so if you know political the other part is very easy to study about the culture and heritage i think this will be helpful for you people to just to go through about the political but this politically you concentrate on the the administration and society and last thing is while discussing about the society with this assumption and entering into the society part in the society part don't give much interest to the jadi don't give much interest to the varnah system not women position so and so then what kind they they are asking is religious aspect religious aspect is very very important without knowing the religion you can't touch the art and culture itself this is a base in the case of ancient we already discussed about the buddhism and jainism definitely that should be a question about buddhism and jainism otherwise in the vedic test and the evolution of the hinduism itself and in the case of medieval part you should know very well about bhakti bhaktiism and second thing is the sufism sufism and third is Sikhism rarist of rare they are asking Zoroastrianism they are asking anyhow why should we take chance you just to go through what the Zoroastrianism the temple their early textbook the practice even one case recently I think so are some issues in Zoroastrian religion itself and even one important thing is after the death they would not bury the body rather than they would keep it at open so as to eat it by the body would be eaten by the scavengers scavenging birds so just to go through among that no compromise on these two vaktiism and sufism if I started alwars and nayanvars ramanu jacharya you have to continue to study up to mirabai at the 16th century okay if I said ramanu jacharya he was the contemporary of witch ruler definitely you should know ramanu jacharya was the contemporary of klautanga too tulsidas 15 16th century if I said tulsidas contemporary no need of him said contemporary of either sikandar lodi or ibrahim lodi that's enough because with this one's question one's question is sikism sikism that's a question and bhaktiism also what's the question is political and religious what's the question actually is when babar attacked india that is the panipatwan the political and religion when babar attacked india who are the contemporaries they have given all the three religious reformer one is gurunanak yes another exactly I forgot it and a third thing they have given belong to tyagaraja tyagaraja we call it a tyagaraja bhagavadhar that's a 17th and 18th century the great bhakti reformer as well as the musician and one of the founder of the karnatic music they asked it so definitely here tyagaraja and the second definitely not but who was the contemporary gurunanak so gurunanak babar why this question is accidentally going through that you find that babar mentioned himself in the book babarnama tujiki baburi he mentioned that when I was attacking of this one person was spreading the mystic religion in that way he mentioned in his book autobiography that is tujiki baburi that may be the reason they have given so give more importance to bhaktiism and even nc at 11th insert is more than enough there are lot of information and if you want to go beyond the nc at you study not political aspect I think political aspect whatever I have given is more than enough and whatever sobhan sir is given in the class notes that's much more enough and give more importance to this because without knowing that even state question from here and this is the part will have be helpful for the culture and heritage because if you don't know Sufism you can't study what is varga if you don't know Sufism you can't study hindu sani music what is ghazal what is kaya kawali who invented sitha or tabla all originated from here and if you don't know bhaktiism you can't study temple part so always first to concentrate on society that too in the religious aspect and the third third part is the administration sometime they are asking sometime they are not at all but don't go on to buy hot all the administrative terms as such 2009 recently mir bhakti mir bhakti is associated with allowed in this if you just to study medieval definitely you would put that statement as wrong because mir bhakti is the term always used in mughals in the corresponding military department in delhi sultanate is divani aris these are basic terms just if you open the delhi sultanate and mughal you could see in levent inside itself apart from that that they have given so many terms but problem is there definitely accepted what kind of terms how to buy hot and what you have to discard that's a biggest definitely accepted for that only you just saw made have given some terms you come and attend frequently attend that test in the test only what we have not given in the class the notes if it is important we have given it okay that kind of terms are more than apart from that I openly accepted so many terms are there in the administrative part itself so you keep this as the least since already has been questioned we can't expect question would not come next year because we can't predict it yes so this is what related to the study of ancient medieval in this political part always have it in mind but don't go in depth the study useless when in history optional I used to take it never concentrate on the political aspect except two or three even if it is optional where what about the GS chronology if you know that's enough okay with this I think I'll conclude it we'll have an idea how to overlap the political society religion right I hope you thank you you