 This session basically will discuss how we can mobilize international coordination or to address migration governance and reflect on concrete policies and programs to prevent, address and sustainable resolve migrant vulnerability. We'll consider a variety of approaches, regional and international, to address migrant vulnerability and explore how to mainstream these approaches into the development of the global compact. We will have the opportunity to really examine this from completely different perspectives as we have a representative of a government, a regional body, the UN and the private sector. So basically, all trying to incorporate all the different stakeholders in the elaboration of the global compact. So let me start by introducing briefly the colleagues that are sitting with me. First of all, on my right, you know him already. He had not only been part of a panel already in this IDM, but he served as a chair in office of the Global Forum on Migration and Development, Mr. Shahidul Haq, foreign secretary of the government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh since 2013 and an extremely appreciated colleague before that here in IOM. He is also serving as an independent expert to the committee on the rights of all migrant workers and members of their families for the term 2014-2017. I'm also pleased to present Ambassador Mahbub Malin, the secretary of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, IGAD since 2008. IGAD is for those that you're not familiar with the term. The primary objective is to promote the economic development, peace and security, and regional integration in the south. Prior to this assignment, Ambassador Malin served as a permanent secretary at the Ministry of State for Special Programs in the office of the President and the Ministry of Water and Irrigation of Kenya. Also, we have with us Ms. Christine Mathews, that is the senior policy advisor to the office of the Special Representative of the Secretary of General on Migration. Prior to this, Ms. Mathews worked with UNHCR as deputy director IE of UNHCR's office in New York, which engaged extensively in the preparation of the New York Declaration, so she's a well-known person in New York. Over her 20-year career she has served in a vast array of field operations addressing multiple complex and contracted refugee and displaced emergencies. And finally, we have our representative of the private sector, Mirella Stoya, the director of the Immigration Service of Price Waterhouse Coppers, Switzerland, where she is responsible for leading the immigration practice of PWC Switzerland, providing clients with a range of immigration services. And Ms. Stoya is also a member of PWC's immigration network leader, Steve. So I welcome all of you very warmly to this panel. Thank you very much for your participation. And in order to try to start a little bit the discussion, I would like to ask two or three questions through which maybe you can elaborate a little bit further. First one is what roles do the various actors that you represent have in preventing and addressing migrant vulnerability? Second, how can international cooperation coordination efforts to address migrant vulnerability and empower migrants be strengthened and what is concrete proposals about that? And how can the multilateral system foster discussions and consensus on the inclusion of these issues in the global compact of migration? Without any further delay, I have the honor to give floor to Mr. Hake. Thank you very much, distinguished Deputy Director General. I have a power point to share with you today because in the other panel I realized that I must have confused you a lot, so let's bring in some bit of a clarity towards the end. And I have titled my presentation as migrant vulnerability and the global compact. I will try and share with you, focusing on three areas. First, is try and see whether we could have some bit of a conceptual clarity in terms of migrant vulnerability, picking up from the deliberation that we had over the last two days. And then what is the challenge that normally a state face, I have been asked to focus more on state in terms of ensuring that people are not moving in a vulnerable situation. And the third, where I will take little more time to share with you ideas on migrant compact. So this is how I will go. Before I do that, I would like to sort of a flag that migrants does not become vulnerable in a vacuum. There is a situation, there is internal and external factors and forces that often push people to become vulnerable, not only as migrant but also as individuals. So that we need to keep in mind. And for that, I normally use this particular slide where I try and explain what is the contemporary migration space that we are talking about. We often feel that migration is a very technical issue. It is labour mobility and that's what it is not. It is a geopolitical issue. Migrants and migration plays out in the bigger context of geopolitics and geoeconomics. That we have to keep in contact and that's from where a lot of vulnerability comes out. Now, if you look at the left from my side, there's a changing development paradigm and there's a changing geopolitics which works together to create a world which we are currently seeing, which is going through a huge transformation. The world that we see, even for migrants today, wasn't there ten years back and in next ten years, the world will change for all of us, including for migrants. So that we have to keep in context in order to identify the vulnerability that occurs in the process of mobility. And that is why we, in our foreign relations parallel, we say the world is passing through a very uncertain period and which we often like to call tumultuous time. And in this tumultuous time, it's not only migrants, there are 97% people who often feel extremely vulnerable and face this. So this is what the context. As I said that, as I said that I will try and conceptualize migrant vulnerability, that is extremely important. I picked it up from the deliberations. Both in the IUM's presentations and some of our discussions, it was very clear that migrant vulnerability is still an ambiguous time and often very fluid. We don't know what it means. So that's there. But when a phenomenon is ambiguous and fluid, there's a need to conceptualize it for the benefit of protection and other reasons. We can look at it in a different way. I'll try in two ways. That migrants' vulnerability refers to the inability of migrants to effectively address or deal with adverse effect of migratory process. So it's a very simplistic, non-legal way of narrating it. Second, it could be more little mathematical and it could be a function of three things. One is the migrants' ability to survive in an adverse situation. So I put it in a more positive twist. First, but that's not the end. The second one is the capacity to return to normal life and livelihood. That's the second. There are many situations from which migrants and come out quite successful. And the last is the largest socioeconomic and political situation which determines whether someone would be vulnerable and wouldn't be vulnerable. Now, the core of these definitions is what you call access to resources and power. If you have these two, you're never vulnerable in any circumstances. So we have to go back to that fundamental issues and within that context, we have to think of migrants' vulnerability. There are broad four kinds of flow. This is not something written in stone, but for our own simplicity and for my own understanding, I look at the global flows in this form and that's how we will try and look at the compact. First is the migration for sustainable development with talent mobility, mobility for a job and all kinds of flows where we actually need very little intervention. If you take compact, possibly compact, we'll focus less on that. And then comes the whole issue of irregular migration in human trafficking. There we have Palermo declaration. We have little more structured interventions both in terms of national and international instruments. So that's the second flow. The third flow where it is really the huge gap and vagueness is the cross-border displacement. And I think the most vulnerability that arises during the mobility is from the cross-border displacement. And the third is refugees for which there's a regime and a much more structured system. Now, this is what the four flow that I think we can think of and then look at how to protect their rights. Now, what are the challenges in doing so? Why a state fails to take care of these four flows and create interventions on protections and right? Where is the challenge? The first challenge that state face. And I'm representing the state I know because we have a similar problem. We are an origin country, destination country and transit country. The state often struggles to balance between economic gain that one can make out of migratory processes and maintaining state security. Let's say extremely critical, delicate, balancing act that state operators often struggle with. On one hand, the state has to decide so that people can go abroad, send all kinds of financial and non-financial benefit. But at the same time state is struggled with the situation but the security comes in, the national security. So that's one dilemma and that's why often most of the vulnerable people fails to get the protection from the state. Second, the traditional conflict between the state sovereignty and the universal human rights of citizens. We continue to struggle how much rights we would entitle to our own citizens and non-citizens who are in our country as migrants or refugees. So this is the two struggles that state often goes. And that's why I think within the compact we'll see huge debate. The root, the sense of this discussion on non-convergence will come out of it. And the third which possibly we can address in longer term is the capacity and resources to manage a governed migration. Migration, most of the states, especially the developing countries, started addressing these issues 20, 25 years back. Before that, the state thought this is a temporary phenomenon. It doesn't need governance. So in last 20, 25 years the state, including my own, realized that no, this is something we have to deliberately plan and address. So this is what the three challenges and these challenges as long as we cannot address, it will continue to haunt us not only in the vulnerable context but also in many other contexts. Quick, I wanted to give this clarity before we move in. Now, although in the compact first time we talked about orderly, safe, regular, but if you go back in goal 17, target and see you'll see, there was another concept which is called responsible. There has to be responsibility sharing also. We cannot continue to go and talk about orderly, safe and regular without talking about the responsibility of all the stakeholders. So that should also be brought in when we would have the negotiations. Okay. In April 2016 when there was a discussion in the UN about about the September event, there was initially a discussion to have a compact for the refugees and something else for the migrants and that's the time Bangladesh as a GMG, as a GFMG chair, wrote a letter to the then Deputy Secretary-General and in that letter we outlined a proposal as to how the global compact on migration should look like and in that letter we had six approaches that we outlined and some bit of it still survived in the final report. First one is the opportunity and challenge of migration deserves to be weighted in an integrated manner within the broader context of development context. We cannot take migration out of the development context and put it in the security context and deal with it. That was the first we wrote in our letter. Second, if you're talking about not leaving anyone, don't leave migrants behind, well especially the vulnerable migrants who need your help more than anyone else. Third, we need a new way of governing migration. It cannot be dealt with the traditional way of approaching and which I will come back later and then you have to have a peace and stability along the migration pathway. If there's no peace and stability along the migration pathway then possibly you'd have more vulnerabilities and conflict and then implement normative frameworks and need for a bold, focused and measurable migration compact. We say we have to also measure the way we're measuring SDGs and others. So this is the six areas we thought and we also let down some bigger element as to what that need to be there in the compact. I'm glad that some bit of it survived. Naturally others will try and see how it comes out in the bigger context. So this is the background of the compact. I think you need to know as to how it evolved. I'm not going to that. Now we have now Bangladesh things. We have possibilities of four different kind of an instrument that we could negotiate. First, we can go for a migration convention which would be binding in nature. One option. Second, we can go for guiding principles and guidelines which would be non-binding but hopefully there'll be enough consensus to take it forward. Then third is that we could have an SDG type instrument where there'll be, we're in the process of drafting a paper, five migration goal along with at least 15 migration target and then we'll see indicator based on the countries which is basically SDG model. That could also be negotiated and then implemented. Or we could have the fourth option which is more of a Paris agreement on climate change where part of the instrument could be binding on all of us and rest of it which where we'll have no convergence of opinion could have a, could be included but voluntary in nature. States could accept, couldn't accept. So these are the four different types that we think eventually we'll see the instrument is coming out. What's the way forward? This is my last slide. The most important thing right now is the leadership from the state. The process has to be led by state and there has to be leadership and leadership has to be ambitious but at the same time balanced. Second, and I saw that has also been came out in the last session. We cannot politicize or securitize migration. If you do it, rest of our civilization will struggle to govern it. So trying it, migration is a political issue but don't politicize it. Even it is equally applicable from our own country. If there are questions I will say how we have resolved this in Bangladesh. And there's a need for UN system-wide coordination. I'm very sort of happy that I can say this here positively but there's a huge negative aspect of it. And that's why the leadership of the state is so crucial. But in order to take forward this very heavily loaded fluid idea of mobility and migration, we have to have a new and constructive partnership. Breaking the UN's normal traditional partnership. Here you need a much more innovative partnership. Time has come for a new migration compact. Thank you very much. Thank you very much Mr. Hake. And let me now give the floor to Ambassador Malin for your intervention. Thank you so much Madam Chair. Thank you colleagues. For the Horn of Africa, migration is as old as mankind. And in all the readings I do and all the listening that I do, hardly does this narrative come out. And in the Horn of Africa normally at that time there has been various terminologies used by local groups over the years to describe vulnerability. And migration was because of three main reasons. One was basically on drought. The other was on raids. And the last and not the least was on disease outbreaks. Unfortunately fast-forward so many thousands of years later the three factors still are domiciled in the region. And the normal system of self-cleansing early on where droughts would come, there will be a regeneration of the vegetation. And life would come back to normality. It's now normal because of encroaching range lands and change conditions. And so are raids because raids which used to be ordinarily something which was aimed at basically taking away property mainly in form of livestock by young men as a basis for paying bright price for example without being seen to bother or put too much pressure on his or her parents and acquire for himself. Now turned into basically almost like warfare and into an armed and militarized kind of fights mainly with political ideology or reasons. And so are diseases outbreaks. So much more outbreaks in terms of some of the mainly livestock diseases in the region, terapia, psoriasis, render pest and what have you. And the fact that some of these diminished range lands, the situation is worse than it was over time. And therefore these are still the basis for some of the migration that we see that has traditionally been at the hallmark of the Horn of Africa. You know the dilapidation of the ecosystems and vulnerability of the ecosystems and lack of resilience for example. So three quick main areas just to give you an impression of what our view are on this. One as actors on the ground and as an organization that has membership of countries in the Horn of Africa as local actors. We aim as a contribution to any compact of migration to provide platform, the necessary platforms provide a stable level base upon which all issues and discussions and parameters that required we put in place can be used as a building block. Therefore provide that platform is important that we are doing and we're doing this through our each country what we call the national coordination mechanisms at our country levels. At the regional level we provide political leverage and cooperation as well as an operational platform where migration issues which otherwise is obvious cannot be done within the premise of only one country's border is done between our countries on an open border system we have recently launched many programs that are cross regional programs and migration being one of those examples that would benefit from this. And this also gives an opportunity for dialogue so member states discuss periodically among themselves and of course invitation but the rest of you and with IOM all the time being chief technical groups that support the region on issues of migration. We have a relationship in kind of programming but at the same time we have also as a region developed and finalized our regional migration policy and an associated migration action plan which we think forms a basis for our contribution to any further discussions at the global level when it comes to propagation of the global compact. Recently a couple of weeks ago we've had a main business consultation on the GCM where we already have our own position which we think is going to be part and parcel of our contribution to the African Union agenda and therefore as we go towards the general assembly we will be prepared as a region and again as a continent. In March this year we convened the Heads of States Summit where the Heads of States of EGAD are deliberated on the issues of durable solutions on refugee issues in our region and if you look at the metrics of the action plan of that deliberation a lot of it has to do with migration issues because of the thin line between migration and refugees and therefore this we think is already a basis for adaptation, for understanding and for partnership. Secondly at the international scenario if you look at the international scenario we call upon proper coordination which we think really is right now pretty much one thing. We think that if we put the question to everybody here and we're going to be coordinated on this everybody most probably is going to answer yes. The problem will be what we call for the first meeting next Tuesday and they will start getting people quoting subsections of their regulations on why to not coordinate. This is important. We also provide an operational point of anchor for the operations of any programming that we think internationally and globally agreed upon but that slips through the fingers because of the tragedy of the commons. Look at examples of the cartoon process. Look at examples of the Valetta process. Excellent processes, excellent agreements, high level consultations. Very well done but what is the results? We had a couple of very quick meetings over successively and very close to each other over some time. Then the meeting started becoming very far apart and now I think there are no more meetings almost but if we had the kind of operational anchor that we provide as regional organization then we'll go to these international conferences to provide a status of some of the operations of that agreement at our region and this can be done in all other regions the ASEAN region, southern region, western region. I think this is going to be this is going to help us stand against the tragedy of the commons where we have very, very high level agreements and you know our priority areas that we never follow. Right now we are suffering from that as I said the tragedy of the commons and lastly on the multilateral systems and here I'm talking about the multilateral finance institutions. I think here we need to call upon multilateral finance institutions to develop appropriate instruments for financing because I think financing is core to everything that we do. Right now there are specific windows that are aimed at budgetary allocations to member states only. We need to expand to have regional allocations. We need to expand to have specific priority area allocations that then people can develop concepts against and borrow against. Member states must be ready to borrow against a common programming framework and borrow for common purpose on things like these that have a global implication. So I think these are issues that we think we need to take it up to the level that the main discussion comes as we run down towards the global compact. Thank you very much. Thank you very much Ambassador. Let me now give the floor to Miss Matthews. Thank you. Deputy Director, Excellencies, distinguished panelists, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for inviting me to speak today at the International Dialogue on Migration. I'm honored to deliver the following remarks on behalf of the Special Representative of the Secretary General, Miss Louise Arbor. Miss Arbor spoke at the IDM in April of this year noting that our task is formidable and our timelines are tight, but we are on the eve of harnessing the positive forces of human mobility and setting a new course for governance of international migration. Our efforts will be transformative for the lives of millions, our fellow human beings, our neighbors. We have moved forward quickly towards this end, towards better governance of international migration, three of the six thematic sessions of the preparatory phase for the global compact on migration have taken place. These include sessions on human rights of migrants, drivers of migration and governance. These discussions to date have highlighted many key areas of convergence, which together with the sessions to come, I am sure, will lay the groundwork for the stock taking meeting in December, the zero draft of the global compact and the subsequent intergovernmental negotiations. A key area of convergence most relevant for today's discussion continues to be the recognition that as human rights are universal and apply to all migrants, there is an interest of member states to ensuring the concrete implementation of human rights in practical terms. While we continue to seek to define terminology around vulnerable migrants, the heart of the matter is clear that whether we are speaking of vulnerable migrants such as unaccompanied children or victims of trafficking, or we are speaking of migrants in vulnerable situations such as those abused by smugglers or abandoned on unseaworthy ships, all have specific needs that must be met in accordance with international law, particularly international human rights law. We should avoid becoming bogged down in debates around definitions and terminology. While recognizing the legal distinction between refugees and migrants, it is evident that specific vulnerabilities requiring specific humanitarian and assistance responses affect individuals in both groups irrespective of their legal status and of the reasons that propelled or compelled them to move. It is evident that the existing legal frameworks, both national and international, provide sufficient basis for the protection of migrants who are vulnerable due to individual characteristics or due to circumstance. For migrants, while the basis for protection is clear, there are gaps in both the specificity of measures to be taken as well as implementation. For refugees, the specific protection needs are addressed through the body of international refugee law and its domestic implementation. It is important to recognize that incomplete and inconsistent application of the relevant legal frameworks, which results in gaps, requires a more robust implementation, not new legislation. In facilitating orderly and regular migration, the end goal, improved migration governance will make significant progress towards preventing migrants from becoming vulnerable in the first instance and meeting the specific needs of those with existing vulnerabilities. International cooperation aimed at increasing regular pathways for migration will reduce vulnerability of migrants. Better governance and international cooperation can reduce the drivers of irregular migration, provide alternatives for those resorting to risky journeys, combat smuggling and trafficking, mitigate the risks of exploitation of migrants and increase the ability of states and stakeholders to identify those most at risk, providing them with appropriate protection and assistance. The global compact on migration is an opportunity for states to develop a comprehensive framework for international cooperation on international migration. A framework that reconciles individual states own responsibilities and interests with those of the international community more broadly. The success of the global compact of migration will depend on effective international cooperation and political leadership. The compact provides a unique opportunity to address some of the gaps and shortcomings in the way states cooperate with one another on migration governance. In order to be effective in advancing cooperation and promoting good governance, it will be important for the global compact to rest on agreed international commitments, including reflecting the people-centered spirit of the SDGs. The global compact should provide a practical roadmap on how to achieve the SDG target 10.7, facilitating orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility of people, including through the implementation of a planned and well-managed migration policies. It should deal with all aspects of international migration, including development linkages, human rights protection, humanitarian needs and the institutional framework on migration more broadly. This framework will include cooperation between states, but it will also need the expertise and participation of non-governmental organizations, civil society organizations, academic institutions, parliaments, diaspora communities, the private sector, national human rights institution, migrant organizations and the migrants themselves all have important roles to play. In conclusion, we need collectively to strengthen the narrative, one which has the virtue of truth that recognizes human mobility and diversity as a contribution to evolving societies and strong economies and devise a global compact in that spirit. Thank you. Thank you very much. And now to conclude, Ms. Toye, your remarks from the private sector perspective. Ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon. I would like to start by thanking the IOM and in particular Mrs. Laura Thompson, the Deputy Director General of the IOM for allowing a private sector representative to participate in this dialogue on the very important topic of migrant vulnerability. The workshop to date has sought to define the concept of vulnerable migrants, understand what factors exacerbate the vulnerabilities and what actions can be taken to mitigate the issues faced by vulnerable migrants, for example racism, marginalization of migrants and human rights abuses. From a private sector perspective, we tend to deal with migrants who arrive in host countries through legitimate and regular routes. Thus, this means the extent of migrant vulnerability encountered by us is not at the same level as those who engage with migrants arriving into host countries as refugees, victims of trafficking or irregular routes. However, this does not mean to say that migrants arriving to work for a private company through a work permit scheme or are not vulnerable. It is simply that the challenges they may face and the means to address this may slightly differ. Nonetheless, the empowerment of migrants in whatever capacity they arrive into a host country can be achieved through the same means. Migrants coming to a host country in order to take up pre-approved employment or join family members may have the support of their employers or their families together with financial support. However, they may still face the following challenges which can result in them becoming vulnerable and marginalized members of our communities. Racism and xenophobia. Language barriers. Cultural barriers, for example, not being familiar with work ethics, working patterns, work processes, day-to-day cultural norms and traditions of the host country. This could be something as simple as queuing. Administrative processes relating to registration, school or banking. Understanding the requirement to obtain a certain type of insurance, for example, health insurance or car insurance. Procedures for accessing medical and healthcare services. Accessing emergency services. Or last but not least, social etiquette. For example, engaging socially with work colleagues outside of work. These challenges are broadly the same as those experienced by migrants arriving via irregular migration routes. However, it is acknowledged that migrants arriving, for example, as refugees or victims of trafficking, are more likely not just to encounter these challenges but also to face them in a much harsher form, given that they do not have the support circles comprising of their families, colleagues and employers. It is important to recognize, however, that even some migrants arriving via regular migration routes may be exposed to challenges in a harsh form, particularly if they are being exploited by unscrupulous employers or victims, for example, of forced marriages. Private sector organizations must ensure that they operate processes and policies whilst providing full support and opportunity for migrants to address the challenges they face, whilst empowering them to assist others in the same situation. Private sector organizations must firstly acknowledge the challenges that may be faced by migrants who are either permanent hires or international assignees. Secondly, private actors, in particular multinational companies, could operate and implement the following processes. Pre-arrival cultural orientation sessions and relocation support for migrants who will be arriving in the host country. Provision of local host country HR, or global mobility contact point, with whom migrants can raise their concerns and seek support and guidance. Arrival orientation, training and guidance with regards to local customs, work processes and sign posting to services such as healthcare, schools and so on. Regular points for 6 to 12 month period at which the host country HR, global mobility contact, checks in with a migrant to discuss any concerns, issues, well-being and obtain general feedback. Ongoing communication, training and engagement with all staff regarding diversity and discrimination policies to ensure that migrants feel welcome and host country employees understand the necessity for respect and tolerance. Engagement with government bodies and policy makers through responding to consultation and request for contribution to policy making to ensure that immigration rules and regulations, both existing and proposed, will not be discriminatory to migrants and afford the same employment rights as far as practicable to migrants as those applicable to resident workers. Whereas immigration conditions may be imposed on migrants it is important for the private sector to challenge and represent the interest of both the business and its migrant workforce to ensure migrants do not suffer detriment from a career perspective and any immigration policies allow migrant integration into the host country. Conversely, private sector organizations, employers should not make recommendations to policy makers which will result in undercutting the resident labour market whilst enabling exploitation of migrant workers. Legislative and government bodies charged with immigration policy making must ensure that incorporating the interests of the private sector into any immigration laws, any vulnerabilities faced by migrants will not be exacerbated. Private sector organizations and employers must also ensure that there is an educational strategy in place which enables stakeholders to recognize and support particularly vulnerable migrants who may be employed within the organizations, for example refugees. Private sector actors need to be aware of and acknowledge the support mechanisms that will be necessary to address the vulnerabilities of specific types of migrants, for example refugees or victims of trafficking. For example, additional counseling services, confidential advice and support contacts for particularly vulnerable migrants should be made available. Further, stakeholders involved in the recruitment and retention of particular vulnerable migrants must have their appropriate training and support available to them so that they can address the vulnerabilities of such migrants whilst enabling their empowerment. The private sector can play a key role in helping empower migrants through the internal processes and support procedures and advocating on behalf of migrants and the value they bring to the workforce. For example, migrants may suffer xenophobia and by advocating on behalf of migrants private sector actors can outline the benefits of having a diverse and multicultural workforce that can compete in an increasingly globalized market whilst emphasizing migrants' contribution to the economic and industrial strategy of a host country. For example, by addressing demographic challenges. In doing so, private sector actors with the power of their brands can reassure the public and help address negative perceptions on migrants which in turn can lead to empowering migrants as they will feel more included and integrated in the host community. It is important for private sector organizations and employers to share best practices and engage with one another with regards to the mechanisms and processes that can address migrant vulnerabilities. Sharing of best practice at local, national and international level can lead to a consistent and efficient approach in addressing vulnerabilities and empowering migrants. Private sector engagement with policymakers at all levels is also important as reviewing practices in other jurisdictions can lead to international cooperation and coordination of consistent policies such as dealt with by the GFMD business mechanism. In conclusion, in the last 12 to 24 months there has been an increased focus on engaging the private sector on thought leadership with regards to the integration and empowerment of migrants, both regular and irregular, and the GFMD business mechanism has been playing a very important and active role in this process. It is crucial that this engagement continues as private sector organizations can use the power of their brands to support integration and inclusion initiatives as they pertain to migrants. Further, private sector organizations operate on a global level and can utilize their extensive networks and experience to share best practices and advice on not just the theoretical aspects of addressing migrant vulnerabilities, but also the practical steps that can be taken to implement mechanisms to empower migrants. Inclusion of private sector organizations in multilateral systems, round table and conferences is an ideal opportunity for the sharing of ideas with the NGOs, government agencies and those operating on the ground. Further, the private sector can learn from those directly involved humanitarian and policy arenas as they relate to migrants. In doing so, private sector actors can better focus their HR strategy not just for employing migrants, but for the benefit of talent acquisition. Specifically, if private sector actors can better understand the push and pull factors which instigate migrant movement from their home countries, they can look at their global expansion and business strategies to evaluate whether they can reach or provide opportunities to individuals based in jurisdictions which are the focus of any such strategic plans. This can potentially lead to business growth for private sector organizations in countries of interest whilst assisting with the economic development of those countries. This can in some ways stem the flow of migration where this is instigated by lack of economic opportunities. Thank you. Thank you very much for having shared with us the experiences and very practical points about what private sector can do to help all of us in this process. Now I would like to open the floor thanking the four panelists for their presentations. I would like to open the floor and I have already several requests for the floor. Let me start by El Salvador. Thank you very much, director. We thank all the delegations who have shared valuable information about the good practices that are being carried out in their countries in order to support the migrants. We consider that the different points of view expressed by all in these two days have led us to a frank dialogue and that will help us find convergence. A great point of importance that we all have highlighted is that all migrants are subject to rights and they must respect that vulnerability has different external factors of each migrant, as well as the conditions of the country of origin. Some were mentioned as gender, economic situation, lack of documentation, disabilities, children of children, among others. However, we consider that this does not mean that there are other migrants who are not vulnerable. What we should focus on is that the rights of all migrants must be guaranteed and that they should pay special attention to those vulnerable situations. We consider that it is necessary that there is a political will to be able to advance and that all countries, both origin, transit and destination, have shared responsibilities, so that they must work together to protect and respect the human rights of all migrants. The achievement of this World Act is a unique opportunity to improve the governance of the migration in which the rights of all migrants are respected, international obligations and where they consider social inclusion, education, access to health, as the necessary elements to find and face the vulnerability of the migrants. We congratulate that the majority has expressed the need to work to understand the problems and the needs of the migrants, especially the efforts of migrant in vulnerable situations, especially the children not accompanied. El Salvador hopes that we will remember in 2018 to make a special reference to the need to address the situation of the vulnerable groups of migrants, such as non-migrant children and the need to leave because child interest is always prevailing. We hope that the Act is an instrument that supports the goals of sustainable development so that we can achieve what we remember that no one stays behind. Thank you very much. El Salvador, Libya, you have the floor. Madam moderator, we would just say that Libya is committed to protecting, respecting and promoting human rights of migrants regardless of their status and we believe that the grievous violation of human rights of migrants is to let them fall in the hands of smugglers, human traffickers organized crime networks. We better stand together in the countries of origin, transit and destination hand in hand to help as we do agree to fight and counter terrorism. We should stand together and counter smugglers and human traffickers because they are the only cause of this plight of migrants. We do believe in this and also I want everybody here to know that we are not criminalizing irregular migration per se because it's on itself in nature is irregular and it's against the law. So I know that migrants are human beings just like you and me just like everybody. It means every human being has good and evil. I know that there are many smart migrants contribute positively to the economy of the host countries but don't forget that there are other migrants who contribute negatively by pushing crimes into the societies they're going to be integrated to. This is something we should not ignore because we're all human beings. So, again, thanks very much for hosting such a workshop and we're looking forward to the day when we're going to have a real instrument a legal instrument for safe, orderly and regular migration. I thank you. Thank you. And now I will give the floor to I.I. Errol. Thank you. Thank you very much. Senegal. I had several comments to make during this panel, but I forced myself to summarize them in four points, which are related to the World Pact on immigration. The very first concerns the nature of the Pact. So, in order to develop Moushehak, I appreciated his presentation a lot, because it was a question I had been waiting for several months. Since the beginning of the consultation process, this point has not been addressed. The main question I raised is the negotiation of a project that involves a great importance to the World Pact on immigration, but until now, we don't know if we're going to adopt an instrument that is currently being trained, if we're going to adopt the General Principle, if we're going to adopt a program on the use of ODD, or as the professor said earlier, an instrument on the use of the Paris Agreement. And I think it's also really worth being elucidated, because the fact of engaging in intergovernmental negotiations and we don't know yet the final document that could be adopted to create a limit for the continuation of negotiations. The second point I would like to address is leadership, the state, which also took the professor's hand. At this level, I would like to just pay attention to the fact that the state is embodying this leadership. Could it not have reached the contribution of our government actors, especially the civil society and the private sector? We know that government actors provide a precise contribution in the negotiation process of this pact. It's also a question that I would really like to raise. The third point concerns the contribution of the IEM. As we all know, the IEM embodies an important role in the negotiation process. I would like to just suggest that the contribution of the IEM surpasses the coordination aspect and the secretariat they have. Because, given the experience they have capitalized on, they will be able to contribute much more during the negotiation process. The last point I would like to address is the pact. Will the pact, lessen the migration, respond to our expectations? Senegal, for example, could be inspired by several programmes that were adopted by the University of the United Nations. But nowadays, these programmes are not followed. There is no effective implementation. After adopting these programmes, all the states applaud, all the actors are reduced, but at the end of the day, it has never been followed. I am sure that the IEM will escape this malediction and once the pact is adopted, it will be followed by concrete work. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. United States, you have the floor. We must set and pursue realistic expectations. Pursuing lofty commitments that are unrealistic could potentially derail the migration compact altogether. A migration compact should call for practical actions that states can take to reaffirm in policy and practice the fundamental importance of respecting, promoting, and fulfilling the human rights of all migrants. Where gaps in existing frameworks are identified, we have several good practices that can be used to ensure that one such model being in the development of the MICIC guidelines, a state-led multi-stakeholder process that has been highlighted several times over the past days. We have already begun to see the practical benefits of these guidelines through the establishment of several projects that incorporate these guidelines into training curriculum and tools to communicate with migrant populations. It is a priority for the U.S. and U.S. to ensure that these guidelines are in place for all migrant populations. It is a priority for the United States to ensure complementarity and to avoid conflation between the refugee and migration compacts. We must account for the challenges faced by both refugees and migrants and mixed migration settings without blurring important distinctions in their status, needs, and rights. It will be important to highlight the roles of UNHCR, IOM, and other UN organizations in responding to mixed migration. Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you to General and the UK wants to take this opportunity to thank the IOM for organizing this really excellent dialogue. It's been full of content and we're very proud to have been part of it. So thank you. I want to take the opportunity just briefly to reiterate one thing in particular at the beginning, which is that to be clear to this room, as we have been in all of the consultative meetings, leading up to the global compact negotiations, UK expects the GCM to be a set of non-binding guidelines that help us think practically about how we can collectively manage migration better. And I think what this dialogue has shown us is that there's quite a lot of agreement about what could go into that compact and some of your panelists now have referred to that and some panelists earlier. I think we see some agreement that what is needed is not necessarily new norms or frameworks, but that what we need to do is work together to get better at implementing the existing protections we have, protecting the rights and reducing the vulnerabilities of all citizens and, of course, including in that migrants. We, like the US, would agree that there is a need that I think has come across here to maintain and be clear about the separation of refugees and migrants in the two compacts. Because of the different protections regimes that apply to them, I think it's only by being clear we can ensure that we are really looking at implementation of practical solutions of exactly the kind we've talked about in these two days that will actually tackle the issue of providing the right protection to migrants in vulnerable situations. This dialogue has brought quite a variety of voices to the floor. We've listened to lots of ideas we've heard, as I've said, really interesting practical things for what we can do to ensure that protection happens, whether that might be ideas for actions from states or indeed from migrants themselves. Some, I think, might not in the end gain full consensus, but I think what's really encouraging is that there's plenty here that we can all agree on. And I think the UK would certainly say that either way, this international dialogue for migration has fulfilled its role in providing us with challenge, asking all of us to challenge ourselves and to think about what those possible solutions might be. So thank you very much. Thank you. Now I give the floor to Denmark. You have the floor. Thank you very much. I think the discussion over all of the past two days have shown the importance of focusing on concrete takeaways for addressing the issues connected to migrants in vulnerable situations. I'd like to refer to the EU delegation statement yesterday on behalf of the EU and its member states, where we basically said that we need to have a clear focus on what could specifically be achieved by a global compact on the issues addressed during the workshop, particularly how to operationalize these issues so we can achieve implementation of existing legal frameworks. To go further down that road, it would be greatly appreciated to have even more input from practitioners, from local authorities, responsible for solving migration issues, such as integration on the ground as we proceed towards the actual negotiations on the compact. Let me then point to three specific takeaways from the discussions over the last two days. First of all, and here I think we're in line with other visiting speakers, we very much support the statement made by UNHCR, particularly the need for upholding the distinction between refugees and migrants. It's important that we do not put the international protection regime for refugees at risk. That's my first point. The second point, we also greatly appreciated the statement made by Director General Sving, clarifying that we are not looking to create a new category of vulnerable migrants, but rather address implementation gaps in practice for migrants in vulnerable situations. The third point is that this discussion has contributed towards operationalizing the goals that we have set in New York Declaration, helping us achieve a realistic outcome for the global compact on safe orderly and regular migration. But let me add that even though these, of course, are complicated issues, we do not have to invent the wheel meeting after meeting. In the New York Declaration, we have already agreed, both on the scope and the podalities, for what we have discussed over the last two days. We agreed in the New York Declaration to consider developing non-binding guidance, guiding principles and voluntary guidelines consistent with international law on the treatment of migrants in vulnerable situations. And that is the direction we have jointly set all on 193 member states, and this is the direction we should take. Thank you. Thank you very much. Ethiopia. Thank you. Thank you, Madam Moderator. We believe that with regard to the takeaways, we have seen that we need to have a very balanced view of migration. If we take the case of Africa, much of the migration happens within the African continent. And there are also, as presented by His Excellency, Mr. Mahbub Malim, there are regional peculiarities within each region, for instance, within EGAD region. Cross-border mobility of people because of climate-induced drought and a pastoral way of life, I think we need to take into consideration these peculiarities as we move along in drawing the contours of the global compact on migration. I think the other issue is the issue of the human rights. We have seen that we have sufficient instruments that cover the situation of migrants in different scenarios, including migrants in a vulnerable situation. So the issue is all about implementation and policy coherence in this regard. We have seen that there is no mutual exclusivity between sovereign prerogative of states in allowing who is coming to their country and who is not. And in honouring their commitment to human rights instruments, it's also emphasised the importance of having an innovative multilateral governance framework and the inadequacies of the current existing mechanisms I think was quite clear. And in addressing vulnerability, we have also seen that individual and situational matters should be taken into consideration. My question to General Mahbub is the IGAD region has done a very good work in laying out regional policy instrument, but there are gaps in implementation in collaboration between several national and regional authorities. And there is also a knowledge gap with regard to determinants of migrants, migration and the complexity of addressing issues. That was the issue of capacity and I would like to hear from General Mahbub what IGAD is working to address this issue. Thank you. Thank you to you. Sweden, you have the floor. Deputy Director General, I'd like to come back to a few points that was raised by Foreign Secretary Hack. And I think it was very good that he reminded us of the weighing of interests in doing this. We have to make sure that migrants in vulnerable situations ensure that human rights at the same time we have to address issues of sovereignty and security. And I think we have to also weigh in the public support for the policies that we are actually pursuing. Another thing I think also was raised by Foreign Secretary Hack is the call for UN system-wide coherence, which is important. And of course that is also homework to all of us to make sure that we have a government approach in addressing those issues. I also would like to come back to what a lot of other delegations raised before me on the need to build on existing norms first and foremost and to make sure that we implement those norms. That is where also the cost consistency and coherence of our own systems and the UN system comes in. Thank you. Thank you very much. Mr. President, just because I listened to comments that made reference to the conclusions in the next few days, to prevent the risk of bad interpretations it is clear that nothing is defined if that global pact is going to be related or not. That we are going to decide there is that there is no consensus on how long it will be created to create new legal commitments that are also to be defined. That's all. To conclude, a round of very short interventions to the panelists. I think mine is just to call upon governments represented here and those who are not here who eventually have to be part and parcel of the global mechanisms to institutionalize processes within that then enables ownership and enables support and enables financial resource mobilization in this very important subject if we have to even stretch the surface. Thank you. Thank you very much. From a private sector perspective, I'd like to thank you all for letting us participate in these important discussions and we will continue to be very much involved in the GFMD business mechanism. Thank you. Thank you very much. Just two very brief points. The issue of combating trafficking and smuggling has come up throughout the course of the discussion and I just wanted to mention that the fifth dramatic session which will take place in Vienna in September addresses that issue specifically. So hopefully we will get more thinking around how to move forward on those issues. The other issue that I wanted to emphasize was the importance of expanding legal pathways for regular migration as a means of reducing irregular migration and that has come up a bit in the discussion over the past few days but it's an essential element and that issue is going to be discussed in October at the sixth dramatic session here in Geneva, I believe. Thank you very much. I'm extremely happy and delighted to see the comments that were made on all of our presentations. One thing is very clear that there is an issue that we all politically committed to deal with which is help migrants protect their rights. So there's no dispute on that. There were times when we were not had that consensus so that's a big positive. Now how the negotiation will go as our distinguished colleague from Columbia has rightly pointed out. We are yet to decide. We all will have a discussion and we'll see which way is the best way to protect the rights of migrant workers and possibly our joint wisdom will guide us in the right path. There's another issue that I sort of shared my own views about it. Yes, there will be two compact. One for refugees, one for migrants. But these two cannot be developed in silo. There has to be a proper coordination and coherence between the two. I think in the past we have made a blunder if I am allowed to use the word by not having proper coordination between the two organizations and between the two flow of people. And that's why we have a problem now. We don't know when someone becomes refugees, become migrants and when that particular person becomes traffic victims. So this time I hope that we all will have the joint wisdom to make the proper coherence between the two silos. Otherwise in the New York Declaration we wouldn't have put the two together. They would have still be separate the way we developed in the early 50s. Thank you. Thank you very much. So again, thank you very much for being here. And I would like to really start by thanking all of you and obviously the active participation that you have had and the engaged way in which you have participated in this today's IBM. I would also like to thank very much all the key actors of the GCN process, the President of the General Assembly, the Special Representative of the Secretary General, the two co-facilitators, the two ambassadors of Mexico and Switzerland because I think these have obviously been led with a very exemplary way and in a very inclusive manner and really with inspiring leadership that is guiding all of us and putting all our efforts together to try to get towards a balanced and comprehensive global compact on migration. This was, as several of you know, the second of the International Dialogue on Migration schedule in 2017 as part of the contributions that IOM is doing to the preparatory process of the global compact on migration. And in response to the call in the modalities resolution to use IOM's principal policy on migration to gather views from all relevant stakeholders for consideration by member states in the elaboration of the global compact. The discussions and numerous valuable views and the experiences that were shared during this workshop highlight really the importance of placing the rights, vulnerabilities and agency of migrants at the center of the international community's effort to address migration in a holistic and comprehensive manner. I believe that the ideas that have emerged at this IDM can make an important contribution to the elaboration of the global compact. Range of views expressed at the workshop no doubt improved our understanding of the kinds of vulnerabilities migrants face as well as existing and potential measures to reduce situations of vulnerability and respond to the protection and assistance needs that migrants have at different stages of their migrator journey. Yesterday and today we heard inspiring and valuable remarks from His Excellency the Deputy Minister Mohammed, His Excellency Minister Hussein, Her Excellency Minister Thomas, Her Excellency the Minister Barak Fal, the representatives of diaspora and civil society in the migrants voice panel and from many senior experts and distinguished representatives of government, civil society, international organizations, academia and the private sector. Together they contributed critical views and enriched this timely discussion with their experiences. I wish really to thank all of them again for having made time to join our discussion and present their important views. To summarize the main conclusions that have emerged from this rich dialogue I would like to highlight seven main take-aways. The first one is that migrants are not inherently vulnerable or uniformly victims. It is important not to generalize or stigmatize. Rather migrants are heterogeneous human beings with rights, agency and capacities and not a homogeneous vulnerable group. Appropriately discussions have been migrant centric. Migration is after all about people. It is about how and why people move. Our efforts here to look at situations of vulnerability is not intended as we discussed before and was detailed by the Director General a new category of vulnerable migrants for international protection. Rather we need to understand and identify situations of vulnerability for migrants and their impact to achieve well managed, safe and orderly migration. Identifying and talking seriously situations of vulnerability for migrants is a matter of responsibility and of common sense to ensure effective protection of the rights on the ground and safer and more orderly migration. Equally important, you underline the importance of distinguishing between refugees and migrants given the separate legal frameworks involved and the need for international protection in the case of refugees while recognizing that in practice migrants and refugees can experience many of the same vulnerabilities. Many speakers emphasized the need to address the vulnerabilities caused by being in an irregular situation by creating more legal pathways for migration. Discussions highlighted the need for the international community to better clarify the concept of vulnerability. Considering each individual migrant's particular situation the factors that contribute to that vulnerability and the factors that contribute in their resilience. Speakers highlighted the need for stakeholders to differentiate the responses to vulnerabilities distinguishing between those that require an immediate short-term response and those that require prevention and long-term consideration. There is a need to consider implementation of a standardized pre-departure and post-arrival orientation for migrant workers that empowers them with information regarding the migration process, life in the country of destination and the rights and responsibilities in the workplace as residents. Many of you agreed that responding effectively to the immediate needs of vulnerable migrants demands also appropriate programmatic responses and distribution of tasks. Building national and regional responses on a shared and comprehensive approach that addresses the root causes of vulnerabilities are important steps to be taken. Moreover, the importance of comprehensive inclusive migration policies at the national level was stressed. Towards this aim, promoting a whole of government and a whole of society approach is necessary. Considering the role of local authorities, communities, civil society, private sector and the migrant associations themselves. The fourth takeaway is that while policies and operational frameworks are important they must be implemented in order to address vulnerabilities. Several of you said that there are already a robust international legal framework. The key challenge is not really creating new norms but rather effectively implementing those that already exist regardless of a migrant's administrative status and ensuring in practice the rule of law. Applying instruments available to ensure respect for human rights of migrants at borders in return, readmission and post return monitoring and establishing accountability mechanisms. Existing legal frameworks protect all individuals regardless of categories and all individuals are right holders. But effective implementations needs to be better geared to meet the needs of vulnerable migrants. An example of these is the need to implement measures to regulate labor recruitment including the ratification of the Convention 181 on private employment agencies. The fifth takeaway is that successful integration and social inclusion are critical to address and mitigate migrant vulnerabilities and promote migrant resilience. This message resounded strongly at the first IDM event in New York in April and was reiterated again by many discussions over the last two days. Migrants are an integral part of today's societies and if well integrated and included socially and economically they are more likely to find the needed support to be less prone to vulnerabilities and to be more resilient. If well integrated they can contribute to development and prosperity of the destination country. At the same time respecting, protecting and fulfilling migrant rights is itself a powerful means to facilitate social cohesion, respect and future development. In this sense as our distinguished panelists from Spain, Ecuador, UK, Ireland, US and Kazakhstan showed us in today's panel on integration we must acknowledge and promote the role of integration, inclusion, access to health services, education, linguistic and cultural skills as important means to reduce situations of vulnerability on the ground and to enable them to contribute to development of both their destination and their origin country. It was noted that vulnerabilities can also apply to citizens. Fixes put in place for citizens should also apply equally to migrants. This should take the form of measures to foster self-resilience by pledging to expand opportunities for migrants, especially the most vulnerable to access as appropriate livelihoods opportunities and labour markets without discrimination and in a manner which also supports host communities. Equitable access to health for migrants can reduce the social costs, improve social cohesion and protect public health and human rights. States, diaspora, private sector, civil society, health personnel, schools and local institutions have all a crucial role in combating all forms of discrimination against migrants. Rejecting all hateful rhetoric and narratives to avoid marginalization of migrants and combat it in line with relevant domestic and international laws. Our speakers today presented valuable practices in doing so. The sixth message that we want you to take away is that international cooperation is at the heart of the GCM. The GCM is an opportunity to strengthen cooperation between all stakeholders to ensure the effectiveness and coherence of the efforts of the international communities in support of vulnerable migrants. Many of you called for better coordination between all parties. International cooperation, including bilateral cooperation, measures to respond to cross-border migration flows are essential to GCM and to addressing vulnerabilities. As the representative of Italy and the Philippines mentioned, there is need for a shared responsibility. When dealing with such a complex and dynamic phenomenon as migration is, especially when we look at the great challenges that migrants and states are faced with, one can only agree that cooperation and coordination are the only realistic option to respond to this quickly and efficiently. The GCM comes at this timely moment to strengthen states' commitment on migration and enhance cooperation with all stakeholders involved. And the seventh and the last takeaway is the need to carefully plan the implementation phase following the adoption of the Global Compact for Migration. As many of you rightly pointed out, a global compact without implementation and monitoring instruments would be an empty exercise. We must ensure that commitments made are fulfilled and follow up on. The GCM should set goals, benchmarks and propose review mechanisms to ensure or measure progress. To this end, we would need data and concrete tools to measure the progress of implementation. In conclusion, we must place migrants under right vulnerabilities, needs, responsibilities and capacities at the heart of our efforts and address migration comprehensively, including in relation to development, humanitarian, climate change and peace and security matters. The Global Compact for Migration presents a historic and unique opportunity for the international community to reach common understandings and clear commitments to manage the global phenomenon of migration in a safe, orderly and regular manner through a comprehensive cooperation framework. A more elaborated summary of the discussions and proposals gathered in the past two days will be shared with you in the coming days. The outcome of this discussion and of the first workshop will be consolidated in a publication that we will aim to finalize in time for the stock taking conference in December in Mexico to inform the development of the Global Compact on Migration. I would like to thank again all of you and all the panelists for all the contributions that you have made. It was great to have such a numerous audience here during these two days. And finally, last but not least, I would really like to thank all my colleagues in IOM that have made this event possible. I know a lot of them that you have seen here and here, but there are a lot behind and in front that have made this event possible and the organization a smooth organization of these two days. So thank you very much again. Thank you for coming. Have a nice trip for those that are going back to your countries. This session is closed.