 I met someone recently and he's about 40, I guess, and I said, you know, what do you do? And he says, I want to make movies. He wants to be a movie producer. I said, wow, that sounds exciting. It must be a lot of fun doing that. And he says, well, let me tell you something. Let me tell you a check. He said, what's the difference between extra-large pizza and movie producer? He said, an extra-large pizza can feed a family of four. So it's funny. So you guys are in biological sciences and there are a lot of careers. There are a lot of things you can do. So you won't wind up gathering useless information while you're in school or information that's very exciting but you're frustrated and you can't use it. So there's so many things you can do and you can make a living doing this and feed a family of four because, you know, he was struggling. He was this guy. He had a wife and two kids but still was not able to make money and not to support the family. Well, he was making hardly any money. His wife was supporting the family while he pursued his dream of making movies. So let's see. So there's a lot of things you can do with career. So you had a whole session on careers. I didn't know that. So the things that are here, you can go into academics. I'm an academic. I didn't have the advantage of having this wonderful program that you have. I kind of showed up and, wow, there's some courses and I took some courses and halfway through somebody said, hey, you're pretty good at this stuff. Why don't you consider being a scientist? I said, I could be a scientist. And so then it turned out I was pretty good at that so I was able to have a career in academics. There's not a large number of academic positions at a research university so that's, you know, give it a shot but you may or may not make it there. But there's biotechnologies exploding. Now there's all kinds of jobs in biotechnology for a biological sciences major. And then the area that I'm in is health sciences. And I saw that many of you are interested in going to medical school but I just want to point out if you're interested in health sciences there's a lot of other jobs in health sciences other than being a physician. There's public health, physical therapy, there's nursing, nurse practitioners, physician assistants. There's a whole huge area of mental health and I think that's been an area that's not been given the attention that it's due. In the future I predict that there'll be more attention paid to mental health so you could be a psychologist, a therapist, all kinds of jobs in mental health. Pharmaceutical sciences have made great strides in the last years and probably will increase in personalized medicine as we know the sequence of the genome now. And finally there's a physician. So one aspect I want to stress is that physicians mostly deal with illness, not with health. And so this whole area is called health sciences but physicians mostly deal with disease and illness and not for promoting health. One of the opportunities I've had with this job is to travel to different countries and see how they view the medical healthcare system. And other countries, I just got back from Australia, not too long ago and so if they have a medical school with it there will be a nursing school, physical therapy school, mental health training, all the peripherals. Their view is that we want to have a healthy population of people. They don't just treat the emergency in the emergency room. If somebody comes in the emergency room they treat them and then send them home but then they'll be often follow-up visits by a physical therapist that will go to the house and make sure they get completely well, not just treat the acute problem. And so we are moving with the, we're going to have to have health care reform in this nation. There's no way around it. The way we practice medicine now just doesn't work and it's going to change and there will be more opportunity for trying to focus on health rather than the very high-tech expensive ways of focusing on emergencies after they come in. It's estimated, and I'd like to draw a difference between disease and illness. I mean, these two words sound the same but disease is, if I get the flu, that's a disease, a microbe has invaded me. If I get diabetes, something's going wrong. Well, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes is a good example of the fact that various estimates say that upwards to half of our illness is self-induced, smoking cigarettes, obesity, drunk driving, and having accidents. So estimates say between 40% of our lack of health may be things that we could change with lifestyle choices. But thinking about health sciences careers, if we get smarter as a society, as we go forward, we will have people that are intervening and causing health by that reason. So I encourage you to think of careers not just as physicians. So how many want to go to medical school? Okay, why do you want to go to medical school? I want to be an oncologist because I want to do cancer treatment. I've had a lot of people in my family, but I just want to be able to make a step forward and find a cure, and I want to treat patients. Okay, great. Should I stand in one place? Is this important? Okay, who else? What do you want to do? The doctors go to the ER, and they have the surgery. When they have the accident, for example, when they have the accident, are they close to dying? I want to become an ER surgeon. So at that moment, I can have the surgery. To help people. Who else wants to go to medical school? I want to go to medical school because I'm going to be taking care of the kids. So that's just something that will be interesting. Okay. And we could go on and on. And most of the reasons that will be listed, you could choose a number of careers on this list. So a lot of the reasons, you know, I read all of that. Here's why I want to go to medical school. And you read through that. And not many of them uniquely focus on being a physician. You could do a number of other things on this list and still pursue that career. And so I want to just encourage all of you to look deep inside about what's the real reason. We know the reasons you're going to put on the application. It might not match the real, really deep reasons. And some people, okay, you do feel those. You feel these noble reasons. And you could pick any of these things. And maybe somebody picks their physician because that's highly paid. And has great respect in our society. So if you're choosing physician because of money or prestige, it's a bad choice. There are a lot easier ways to make money. And physicians, they're esteemous. They're going to be more into the general area of healthcare providers in the future. It's not the prestige within our society of physicians is probably peaked in the fall. So I just want you to look at one of my people that I admire greatly is somebody that went to our medical school. And he decided, you know, this isn't for me. They're training us. You know, I'll see the patient for 15 minutes and then they're on. And I see another one. So there's a whole wheel of 15-minute visits. I would like to spend more time, get to know them better. And he quit medical school and went to nursing school. So you will be happy in your life if you find something that resonates with what you really feel. And also there's no gender bias in any of these fields. You can be a woman and be a surgeon. You can be a man and be a nurse. There's really no gender bias in any of these. So that's general discussion of careers and encouraging you to find your real, you know, what really works for you. Sample things. Go to the hospital. See if you like being with sick people. See if that works for you. Go to a research lab. Maybe research really works for you. And maybe you're more nurturing something. So one of the other fields would work for you. Part of this is there's not enough room in medical school for all the applicants. So a lot of you will have to choose another area. Just one other general comment. People that are underrepresented in medicine, groups that are underrepresented, often tend to aim too low. I encourage you to aim high because you may have been programmed to aim low. And my experience is that, you know, it's the slope. If you have this passion within you and maybe have not been provided the opportunity some other people have, you get into this environment and you're really sore. So I encourage you to consider that. So this is more editorial stuff. And I'll shift from that to talking about medical school, specifics of medical school. And how it relates to your bioscience major. So first thing, this is a photograph that I took from an article in the early 1920s. It's the original article that reported insulin to the biomedical community. So this is a kid with type 1 diabetes. Three years old weighs 15 pounds. And before the discovery of insulin, every single kid with that died. I mean 100%. It was just 100% that they died. And then insulin was discovered and you can treat type 1 diabetics with insulin. And here's one of the first kids treated. This is just two months after the photo on the left. And went from 15 pounds to 29 pounds. So this is miraculous. So if you want to go to medical school, this is the type of thing you can do. Or other health sciences areas, you know, participate in helping people recover like this. So before, you know, I would say roughly within the lifetime of my dad the whole practice of, the whole health care sciences has blossomed because biomedical research has provided these seemingly, to the people before this era, seemingly magic tools like insulin that can do this. So the thing, you know, you want to go into medicine and you want to have a caring, compassionate view of people. But you also want to be able to use the tools that you'll have in your toolbox like insulin. So as you go through your studies, you'll take physics and you'll say, I'm studying physics. I want to help people. I want to heal people. I don't want to study physics and the math involved in the physics. And you'll be doing Gibbs, Don and equilibrium. And they'll be a semi-permeable membrane. And you'll be calculating the forces, the osmotic pressure that makes the fluids go this way or that way. Well, this kid has osmotic diuresis. They get dehydrated because they have osmotic diuresis. If you don't know Gibbs, Don and equilibrium stuff, you're not going to be able to understand the path of physiology of this disease Why do they urinate so much because of osmotic diuresis? Because glucose is spilling into the urine and through osmotic action pulling the water with it. And you won't be able to understand it. So I encourage you to take a long-term view of what you need to develop to have a scientific foundation for practicing medicine because the magic bullets that we have for doing miracles like this come from the scientific foundation that you'll get as you go through your undergraduate studies. So any questions about this? You can interrupt me at any time. It's a problem. I don't know you well, so I don't know what you're most interested in. So I'm going to go now to some aspects of applying to medical school. Any general questions for me before we go to that section? You're too old. Thank you. I have one question about what you just said. Because it seems really important, this whole idea of taking the long view. But if you are motivated by a truly deep desire to help people and the science is difficult for you, I mean you may not be able to answer this in terms of what goes on in your undergraduate career because it's not what we deal with every day. But in the early terms of medical school, is there something that you, how do you work with students or what do you recommend for students to keep that balance? I mean how do you really stick with the science of it's hard for you and stay with that long view and keep the fire of the passion burning as well? Yeah. Well, a couple of things. There's a clinical foundation stuff that starts at the very beginning of medical school so you're doing history and physical and stuff from the very beginning. But the first two years you spend most of your time doing the sciences but it's related to the practice of medicine. I think the selection process to get through a science undergraduate and they've proven they have the focus, even if that's not what they want to do, enough interest or enough delayed gratification to do that. I think to succeed at this in the long term you have to have some natural inclination to be curious and interested in the science behind medicine because you wouldn't have been able to put together a competitive package to go to medical school. And the people that are most, and the degree of interest varies. There are people that come to medical school that have established, they've done remarkable things in the social arena. They've established a community hospital in Africa, a school in Africa. They've organized things that started a community clinic in an underserved area. They see the need and they're just chomping at the bit to get there. But they also realize that they want to go there as a physician in which they have the knowledge base to really help the people. So there are people who think, oh, okay, I should do public health or business. I mean, if their passion is more for providing public health related changes, it's better to take that route and pursue that. There's political things that we could do that would be marvelous for changing. There's actions that we know we should take. It's just getting people to be smart enough to take those actions. So some of the kids start out in pursuing a medical career and then see that this is a better route to take. Question? As a psychology major, I'm wondering, you mentioned two years of knowledge acquisition in order to get into medical school. Is that a good estimation of time that it would take? Because I've been told that it's okay. You can get into medical school not as a biology major. Yeah, I'll go over some of the majors. There's a slide on that. So we'll come back to that in a second. So, yeah, let's look at some of the... What do you need to do to get into medical school? Well, you need to... So academics is central. It's very competitive. I'll show you some numbers. What kind of grades do you need? So academics ought to be in big bold letters there. It's not just one of the several things. If you don't have the numbers, you need to get by the computer screen to be looked at initially at all. You need some clinical exposure. You need to know that you like working with sick people. You need to know what you're getting into. There'll be an interview, you know, personal qualities. You need to be able to interact with people. We'd like for you to have at least some research exposure. Knowledge doesn't come out of textbooks. Somebody put that stuff in the textbooks. And we don't want you to worship the knowledge that's in the textbooks. We want you to question it. We want you to add to it. We want you to go in every day and see your patient and realize that what you've learned is an incomplete explanation of what's going on there. Because we don't know everything. So we want you to understand... You don't have to make major contributions to science and have major publications, but some appreciation of where did our knowledge come from and you need to be exposed to research so you can do that. And then, you know, we're looking for exceptional human beings. There are people in our class. Currently there's somebody who was on the UCI National Championship water polo team. There's a woman that swam on the Stanford swimming team. There's accomplished musicians. Somebody had played tennis for Stanford. So this will count if you make it past the initial screen. And, you know, some indication that you are eager to live a life of service that you really want to do something to help other people. So... You have a question. Yes? Could community services be applicable to your sort of need? Like both of them? Could it be knocked out by law? Not if it's Hoke. If it's SOS, the Save Ourselves Clinic, it could be. So who's your... If you do hospital experience for cosmetic surgery, well, that's serving a community, but that's not exactly what we had in mind with community services. So it's underserved community. Some people that need help but aren't getting it. Yes? Any service must it be related to medical state? No, not necessarily. So these are things that are on the med school application. So you'll look at your grade point average from undergraduate and your medical college aptitude test. And so... Let's see. So there's the... So this is at UC... The bar graph is people that applied to UCI. I think this was a couple of years ago. So approaching... 4700 people applied and they were... 1700 were looked at in detail to consider whether to ask them for an interview. So the computer just went through and screened the GPA and MCAT and just locked off over half of the people right there. So you've got to have your academics in order to even be considered. So then they reviewed it and so they would look at letters of recommendation, extracurricular activities and the personal statement. So what have you done with your life? Have you done nothing but study so that you could get the required academics to be admitted? And okay, this person had a little bit low GPA but she was at Stanford and on the swimming team and they practiced 20 hours a week. That's okay. So that's a significant commitment. Letters of recommendation. Get to know somebody well. If your letter of recommendation says, this person was in my 400 student introductory biology class and made good grades. And it's not a real strong recommendation. Get to know someone maybe through research. If you do research, get those people to say, boy, this kid has an inquiring mind and is highest integrity, highest motivation. And somebody that really knows you and the more they are embedded in, how much would we respect their recommendation if it's a recommendation from a hedge fund operator where you worked some summer. Okay, yeah, thanks. So the quality of letters of recommendation. So then about 500 people were interviewed, 265 were accepted and 104 actually enrolled. So we accept that many, because they're multiple acceptances. So that gives you, it's not an easy path. So this gives you some idea of how you want to hit the ground running and get those academics in order. Oh, there's an interview when you get invited for the interview, how you come across to the, if you're cold and nervous and are you somebody, are you talking to someone that you would like to go see as your physician? Okay, so this is our class. They just started this Monday. So here's what the class looks like for this year. Their MCAT scores, here's their average, their range, median. Grade point average. The grade point average in the sciences was 3.7. So that's the pretty high grade point average. You got to be honest. You know, the ones, I don't know what the low and maybe that was it. There's one student from Caltech. I don't know whether it was her or not. Any questions about this? You want to pause? How many previous UCL students? The next slide. So this year's class is two more males and females. Last year it was the flip. So it's the last several years. It's been about exactly 50-50 by chance, not by design. The average age is 24. The range was 21 through 33 this year. So here's where people went. 17 are from UCI. Our biggest contributor this year was UCLA. The UC schools are our biggest contributor. Interestingly, UC Riverside and Santa Cruz are all down the list. There's one from Riverside and Santa Cruz. We got a student from Harvard. There's one from Caltech. So there is a strong preference, very strong preference for in-state California residents. But you can go out to another state for your undergraduate and apply. But UCI is a major contributor to our current class, as it always is. What did the undergraduates major in? Biological sciences, biochemistry, physiology, human biology, neuroscience, neurobiology. There's not a huge difference in those. So it's the sciences. But it's not all the sciences. There's somebody's major was dance, English, music, sociology. So there are two people that were previously nurses this year. So you can have a psychology, psychology, psychobiology is a little different than psychology. But you can be an English major and then take the science courses. Some people finish one degree, they change fields. They can go back and then take the required undergraduate courses. And they will look at your grades as cumulative grade point average and your science grades. So there are people that are good at both. Each year we have a talent show in which one evening there's just an evening event in which the students perform. There's some amazing talent, you know, classical piano, classical dance, rock and roll bands. It's really remarkable the things people accomplish. And there's an enthusiasm about living. Weasing each day and making the most out of it. Don't sit around and watch TV or waste your time hanging out with people that aren't going anywhere. So just, you know, live. Do something worthwhile and exciting and be excited about life and then bring that A game to medical school is what we're looking for. So shifting gears, now you got in. What will you do? So the first year, the upper bar shows you the classes you'll take. You'll start with biochemistry and histology, anatomy later in the year, genetics, neuroscience, immunology. And down in the bottom in the brain there's clinical foundations. From the beginning you'll start examining a patient, learning how to take history and physical and follow that during the course of the year. So to put this in some sort of broader perspective, for you guys I can stick this in. So in undergraduate school you'll spend more time. You'll take chemistry. You'll take chemistry and organic chemistry. You'll study atoms and molecules and some molecular biology. What's this chemistry doing in the cells? You may get a cell biology course and go from cells into tissue. And medical school, you'll look at the biochemistry and focus on the areas of biochemistry that we know are most related to disease. So you go back to diabetes. Diabetes is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism. So we'll be sure you know carbohydrate biochemistry back and forth. In physiology we take this into organs and organ systems. So how the testosterone produced in the test is interacting with muscle tissue to cause muscle hypertrophy, et cetera. So in the spectrum of the sciences, this is the area that's useful to us. And the first year we'll spend most of your time looking at normal biology with a significant fraction doing clinical science and anatomy. You still do dissections. You'll have your own cadaver and do dissections and learn the body that you'll be working with. Second year you shift from normal to more orientation to disease. So you take general and systemic pathology, microbiology, clinical pathology, pharmacology. What drugs do we have to treat the things when they go wrong? Continue with clinical foundations more advanced. At the end of the second year you take the National Board of Medical Examiner step one test. It's a test. You know the basic sciences. You need to pass medicine. So this is a test that's given throughout North America. So it's U.S. and Canada. And you have to pass that to be able to move on to transition into the clinics. So then there's a clinical foundation. It's three to prepare you to go into the clinics. And then the third and fourth year you spend your time doing clinical clerkships. So you'll spend six weeks on internal medicine. Six weeks in surgery. Six weeks in psychiatry. Six weeks in what did I forget? But I think there's about six specialties. You get through those and you really immerse yourself in clinical medicine then. Okay, so that's the curriculum. Other schools have something that would be similar to this. I'll pause and invite questions before moving on to talk about UCI School of Medicine in general. How long for an interview? You have two 30-minute interviews. No pressure. Your future is resting on this 30-minute interview. One with a faculty and one with a student. Usually for an interview, what are the people interviewing you working for? Interesting. These little check marks, do you make eye contact? You know, there are people like, yeah, I was good at that, I was good at that. You want to say, are you articulate? Can you describe what you've done? Is there a personal, is there a feeling of personal interaction? Because that's important in the practice of medicine. You want to engage at a personal, comfortable level. So they'll ask you, it varies all over the place. So be yourself. Just describe your enthusiasm for life and what have you done? How have you spent your time? And be able to, you know, just have a conversation and exchange information comfortably. Listen to the question. If somebody asks you, did you ever work in a lab? You say, yes, and I really enjoyed working in the underserved community, and I did this, listen to the question, talk about what they want to talk about. Yes? They told me that usually the process for application takes up to a year to actually get accepted to the school. So some people apply in their third year in undergraduate. Do you have any recommendations? Yeah, because I'm almost telling you, it takes like a whole, like, do you apply during your year? No, no, no, you would apply after you've finished. It's, you know, you apply, when do you apply? In the fall of your senior year, fall or winter of your senior year, and then you could get acceptance up to the day before medical school started. I mean, most people will get accepted months ahead, but this year, two days before medical school started, one of our, somebody in our, that we had accepted got accepted at Harvard, I think, so off they went, so we had to find somebody else to fill that slot, so wow, one person's really excited, they felt, and so, you know, the classes it sat until it starts in August, and then people that don't get accepted then, you know, you'll have time to, you won't, you'll have time to apply for the next year, so you don't, you don't need to, you just think about one year ahead of time. Yes? My own question. So I'd like to say we apply in the fall, and then like, while we apply in the fall and then the year comes around and we don't get in, should we, like, apply to the school again, or should we apply to, like, a different school to our second try? So yeah, no, apply again, it's a noisy process, the interview, like you said, you know, you get, you could get matched up with someone through no fault of your own that is a grumpy that day and so that, I don't like this person, and so apply, apply again, particularly, did you get on the waiting list, were you invited for an interview, if you weren't invited for an interview? Well, ask, talk to Dr. Peterson, Dr. Peterson is the Director of Admissions, why? Say, well, you had a low MCAT, everything else was fine, but your MCAT was low, and say, and ask her, you know, say, we would say, if you could get your MCAT score up, we will consider you. And you know, you can take a course, so don't give up. A high percentage of the people are accepted on their second or third try, and you can take other courses, you can, there are post-bac programs that help people, particularly, what's your profile? If you go through and you struggle the first year, and you just don't catch on, and then it gets better and better, and by the end of undergraduate you're doing great, but you have a low grade point average because of this. Well, the slope, it extrapolates to, you know, you can get there, so there are other things you can do to reapply and take other courses, study to take the MCAT. There are people that have become great medical students that had lousy MCATs, and there are people I see that particularly disadvantage students. They come to the United States, they don't speak English, they don't have a support system, they don't have a vision of you can do something beyond this, and then they go to community college and work their way into UC, and then, you know, they catch on, and those are the people. We will go out of our way to help you reach your potential if that's you. So make, you know, direct contact with the director of admissions, if that's the case, and plan a course of action to get in. And because you're rejected once, some of our students did honors throughout and then are going to go into orthopedic surgery and highly competitive specialty, so they were rejected the first time. So it's not, don't give up if you're rejected the first time. Oh, no, that's my more question. Do some students, like, do they have priority over the others? No. In what way do you mean priority over the others? Well, in state students have priority around the state students, but it's open, and it's open. But there's a consideration of a background. If you have had every opportunity, you know, every special program, everything, and you're kind of, yeah, and I'm an entitled person, I ought to be admitted, and you have a low GPA versus someone who worked 20 hours a week and took care of their mother who had cancer and took care of the kids and the family and got that same GPA, they would have priority. But it's on an individual case. But there's not, like, will we get priority to, like, the minorities to give them a chance or like how they do for an undergrad? That, you know, it would be, it's not on a, let's say, a genetic basis, but if there's a, there could be someone that's Latino that had a privileged background. So they would be treated as anyone with a privileged background. But if there's someone who had a difficult background, you would understand that. We do, we certainly would like to recruit students that would allow us to have a class that represented the population we serve. The population, a physician is going to be a better physician if they belong to the, you would like to have groups that represent the population we serve. A black physician is going to be more effective in a black community than a white physician. So we struggle mightily to recruit people that represent the population we serve. And so we would develop programs to help, but it's not, there's no quota or anything like that. But certainly there is an effort to identify and recruit people with a difficult, they've had a difficult background and would make a good position. Your turn. Which do you think they don't care? I don't know, I'm, let's see, I work on the curriculum side, not the admissions side. Certainly you should have it ready when you're applying your senior year. I don't know whether you should take it earlier to get some feel for how you're doing. There are courses that offer preparation and you can get a pretty good idea of what general range of score you'll get by taking these tests. And I don't know if it prejudices your future if you take an MCAT that isn't, that's low. So ask admissions about that, yeah. Would it be ideal for me to finish my degree in my major and then take the courses that I would need to gain that knowledge base or would it be more ideal to integrate those classes throughout? That would be a personal choice, you know, those personal, yeah. I was wondering if you could go up to the previous slide. Okay, I'll just leave that out. Yes. I'm curious, I understand that a lot of medical students or school applicants come from many different undergraduate majors. So I was just wondering, does that kind of different background or like for students who apply with a major that isn't in science, does that give them an advantage in that they are different from the rest of the applicants? Or how important is that? The science courses will be a little easier for them. It depends on what you want to do. And so somebody might want to have a career in public health or, you know, it depends on your particular situation. Certainly the courses will be easier for you if you have a solid biological science background. Yes. When you talk about recruiting a class that represents the community that you serve, does that mean the state of California? That's tricky, yeah. It doesn't mean Irvine and Turtle Rock. So there's debate of what does that mean. So it's state of California, Southern California. But we kind of see us as being, including Santa Ana for sure, and there's a lot of Latino students. And we have a program, there is, okay, what specialized programs do we have? We have a program that you can get an MD and PhD. So you can, this takes a lot of years, so you can do science. And a number of our students do an MBA also, so they can go out. And for you think, oh, these are the greedy people. They're more the people that want to go out and do progressive health care finances. But the program that I was thinking about, that I just wanted to put in a broader perspective, we have a program in medical education for the Latino community. It's called Prime LC. So this is a program in which we try to recruit students that will be leaders in providing care for the Latino community. And they, not just knowledgeable physicians, but leaders in directing this also. So the, and you don't have to be a Latino. You have to speak Spanish fluently. So there have been some white, black students, but mostly they're Latino. And the, so they, it's a five-year program. You'll spend one year getting some extra degree, public health, MBA, something to develop your leadership abilities to not just practice medicine, but to direct the medical care system. And so there's 10 students this year that are in Prime LC. And that is kind of a new grader of the medical school? The, usually they, the vast majority of the students will do the extra degree between the second and third year. They do their basic sciences, their other degree, and then the, and then the clinical years. Yes. You have said that the computer, they like basically choose like who made it after they applied. How do they, how, well how does the computer know what's been like the grade and somebody's responsibilities that like affected the grade? Yeah, so the, the, it will, it won't. So that means, so it is, it'll do an initial screen of these are within the range we'll look at further. So if we go back, so the drop between the applicants and then reviewed for an interview, you lost that many people just based on numbers. And then these, you lost this many people after you looked at the file. So that if you make it here, they'll say, oh, now we will consider your difficult background, et cetera. And if you didn't make it here, then you can talk to Dr. Peterson and she'll say your MCATs were live, work only with MCATs. So that was basically sprayed with people that didn't break the minimum requirements? For, for the grades and MCAT scores. So that's what happened here to here. And then some judgment comes in here to here. And then more evaluation. Different kinds of doctors do the same for years? Yes. Everybody does the same four year curriculum for the first two years and in the basic court ships. But then what you would do in the fourth year, you would start having time to specialize. There's a, it's called a sub-IS of internship. You could, you have some choices in your electives and things so you could choose to do surgery. And you also can go to another university at in the fourth year to say, I want to do, say I want to do orthopedic surgery. So I can go to other schools and do an orthopedic surgery residence. Orthopedic surgery elective there and let them, you know, you go there and you just work your butt off and say, let them know, yeah, you want to, you want to take me, take me, take me, you know. One thing I want to do at the very end, I can tell you about our school but we were running out of time. But this, this is a slide I want you to look at for a second because the, the, our society gives a special scrutiny to physicians. We expect a higher standard of professional behavior. If you, while you're an undergraduate student, get a DUI, you can go on and be an investment banker. No problem though. That may, that may, may help your CV there. I don't know. But it's not, it's not good for, so I want you to start this year. Let me, here's the best way to tell it. This year four people were accepted to medical school, were offered acceptance pending scrutiny of their record and then were said, no, we don't want you after all. They've done all of this hard work, were admitted to medical school pending a record review and then were said, no, we withdraw our acceptance. One, so if you have an incident and a public drunkenness, you know, everybody's going to do a little something crazy in undergraduate school. Try to do it in the privacy of your own room. But if you get out in public and get something on your record, be absolutely honest about it. Put it out in front and get it examined because they'll, they'll screen these things and they'll tell you in the application, we're going to check anything you want to disclose. And if you don't disclose and try to hide it, we'll find it in your, no, no question, gone. If you have a record, a disorderly contact, they'll look at it. One, if you have one, you know, they'll look at it and put it in perspective, you know, what happened. And that, that often will slide. If you have two, you know, two DUIs, no, one DUI and didn't disclose it now. So you're going to be, you're going to be trusted with a lot to take care of people's bodies. And so if you're going to lie about something like that, you just don't want you into the, in the profession. You would not even, with certain things, you wouldn't even be able to get a physician's license even if you went through medical school. So if this is the pathway you want to follow, think about it and realize that one careless Saturday night, and you could be denied this pathway. So just keep that in mind. Well, on that cheery note. Thank you. Okay.