 Hello friends, I am Satish Parjani working as an assistant professor in Vulture Institute of Technology in Mechanical Engineering Department. Today, we are at the end of this session, we are able to study the relationship between work study techniques. Now, the contents of this session are work study, techniques of work study, method study, work measurement and the relationship between work study techniques. Coming to work study, work study may be defined as analysis of the job for the purpose of finding the preferred method of doing it, determining the standard time to perform it by the preferred or given method. Work study therefore comprises of two areas. The first one is method study, which is also called as motion study, where the processes are being set. And second is the time study, which is also called as a work measurement, where we have to note the time, how much time that process or input process is required. Both can be carried out simultaneously or the one also can be carried out depending upon whether the process has been stable or process has been accepted. So now, we will note that what the work study means. Work study is a generic term for those techniques, method study and work measurement both included, which are used in the examination of human work in all its context and which leads to systematic investigation of all factors affecting efficiency and economic of the situation under review in order to effect improvement. Now what are the techniques of work study? First technique is method study, as I told you in previous slide also, it is related to process. It is a technique of systematic recording and critical examination. I am repeating, it is a technique of systematic recording and critical examination of existing and proposed method of doing work for developing and applying easier and more effective methods at producing costs. And the second one is work measurement. It is application of techniques designed to establish the time for the qualified worker to carry out specified job at defined level of performance. Now we will come to method study. Method study is mainly concerned with reduction of added work content in the job. It is mostly used to improve the method of doing work or develop an effective method for new jobs. For existing jobs, method study aims to find the better method which is economical and safe, require less human efforts or making human life more easier and third one needs shorter, make ready or put away time. Now the second part of the is work measurement. It is mostly concerned with investigation and reduction of any ineffective time associated with the existing job. Subsequently, establishment of the time standard for the operation which has been improved by the method study. There is no hard and fast rule whether method study or work measurement is to be applied. We can say that if the process has been stable in any organization, we can directly apply the work measurement techniques and reduce their time. Or if we have to improve the process, first we will improve the process and then we apply the work measurement techniques which is to be applied and finally we have to improve the productivity or which leads to higher productivity. It depends upon whether operation for the job has been perfected or not. If the job operation is perfected, yes, work measurement can be easily or immediate can be applied. If it is not, first the process has been stabilized and then that work measurement techniques or time reduction activity has to be done. Now we see the relationship is a simple diagram which shows the higher productivity related to relationship between the work study techniques. As a work study as I told you in the previous slide also, work study consists of two major things. First is method study and then is work measurement. Now we see the graph also in the diagram also that method study can be carried out or directly work measurement can be carried out or after carrying out the method study we can carry out the work measurement which leads to higher productivity. Now the method study is to simplify the job and develop the more economical methods of doing the job. So what does that mean? First we have to select the job then record the techniques. This recording or selection of the jobs can be done, selection can be done on the basis of three economical factors, technical factor or human factors. Economical factors whether the job is more costlier. So we have to take into consideration that job. Second it is human efforts if it is taking more so we have to target that job and set that process for doing that job. And third one technical if it is leading to every time some technical issues then the method study again can be carried out or the process has to be set again and again. Then the second part in method study comes the recording techniques. In recording techniques what is major charts and symbols are being used? The charts and symbols are various different charts are being used different symbols are being different activities can be done. So this is one of the again the framework where visualization can be done by the management and the team can come together and decide how that be is being performed. So different types of chart, travel chart, string diagrams and flow charts, man machine can chart, simultaneously can be seen together and finally from that chart examination can be done. The third step in the method study is called critical examination. In critical examination we have to apply the questions why that place? For what the reason is being carried out? What is the reason? What are the methods? Why only that method? So different questions are being asked that there are some primary questions in the future in the future further slides we will understand what is the main reason or main motto in asking the critical examination. So in short we have to understand first whether first in critical examination what are the primary questions, what are the secondary questions is being asked and finally that into that. Then finally the analysis comes in the analysis part what we have to there is a some statistical analysis can be done the job in the statistical analysis this this can be the help with the help of different techniques. Many times even the study engineer uses the different techniques like PDPC or 6-signal also can be used which are useful to carry out further activity of the chart. Now coming to the work measurement what does this mean it is to determine how long it should take to carry out the activity. Suppose in this activity initial job which current process in the manufacturing organization suppose it takes 10 minutes now our target is to reduce by 20 percent. So by seeing now 8 minutes is the target whether that is possible or not first thing we have to ask it or whether the process has to be changed if the process has to be changed then method study has been carried out then work measurement. Now if the process is stable now we are confirmed that whether now the process has been stable so what has to be done. So the first part is to determine what are the times what are the allowances given. Now we have to see that a certain any any job or work carries out some observed time first it is observed time then second it is multiplied by the factor called the rating factor and the rating factor it means whether that part or the the job or is being carried out some qualified worker at some higher level or by the lower level if it is carried out by higher level then it has to be normalized. Second the allowances are to be added there are some allowances like contingency allowance interference allowance which has to be fatigue allowance personal allowance has to be added. Now these allowances even has to be added because we cannot assume or it is not possible that it is continuous we have to get same output in per hour every time same and same so that these different allowances are being added again and again which leads to final higher productivity now. So overall we can summarize the in the work study there is a method study and work measurement. In the method study the basic aim of the method study from the work study technique is to simplify the job okay and then to develop the more economical methods for doing the job first to simplify it many times simplified the job as as possible we have to simplify the job and that job we have to develop the more economical methods of doing that job. The second one in that case is the work measurement in the work measurement what we have done it to analyze to determine how long that has been carried out as I have told in the previous sentences also that work measurement should be carried out to we have to reduce the time in that case in that case we have to if we are reducing the time means we are leading to higher productivity now there is observed time rating factor we have multiplied it and allowances we have to add it. So this gives us after giving see observed time into rating factor plus allowances give us the standard time let us assume that observed time is 10 and that it is fully automatic so we have to take the rating factor of 100 so 10 minutes plus allowances of 12 percent so it becomes 112 put together so how much job so this is called the standard time now in a week if we assume that 480 minutes are there if 480 minutes are there in shift we can say in 480 minutes how much the jobs can be taken so this calculation we will see in the further slides where finally it leads to the conclusion that with the help of work study method study and work measurement we are getting the higher productivity. The references used for this are NPTEL site and the book called introduction to work study by ILO. Thank you.