 My name is Justice Richard Oseche, and I'm presenting together with Dr. Mary Cetrana. Now, moving to the introduction, why this topic and what we are expecting within this region. The first part is purpose of presentation, so we are going to examine how internal displacement the subsequent cross-border movement of Nigerian Nationals across within the sub-region and also trying to examine how gendered, so the gendered nature of internal displacement because of how the data are presented within. First is the purpose of presentation, data method and then outline of presentation and the data made mainly the data from secondary and primary data sources and also for government and non-governmental reports and newspapers and then about the analysis methods, we are using content analysis and document analysis and this is how the outline is force migration also establishing the different typologies of internal displacement and cross-border movement vis-a-vis the Ekoa Street in 1979 Ekoa Street how is related to the internal displacement when it comes to the cross-border movement of internally displaced persons. So for this during the discussion IDP will be the acronym for internally displaced persons. Now to be able to follow the discussion I would like to come up with some definitions which are very important to understand the discussions. So force mobility something I will be using very often in this discussion force mobility and IDP internally displaced persons. Force mobility taken from the IOM definitions is defined here as a migratory movement in which an element of coercion exists including threats to life and livelihood whether arising from natural man-made causes. Example from movement of refugees and internally displaced persons as well as people displaced by natural environmental disasters chemical or nuclear disasters or farming or development projects. So and about the internally displaced persons we are taking the definition from the United Nations Guidance Principles in 1998. So it defines the persons or group of persons who have been forced or blight to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an internationally recognized state border. Now the question is this is how we are going to present what we want to talk about force mobility. There are three men in the literature there are three men types of force mobility. We have the refugees, asylum seekers and the internally displaced but here we are focusing on internal displacement because the two which are the refugees and then asylum seekers they are well defined by law and also according to international from the Geneva Convention in 1951 and 1954. So they have some legal backing whereas internal displacement the third part of force mobility the definition lacks legal backing and so they have to rely on institutional favors the will of governmental and non-governmental institutions to be able to help or assist internally displaced persons. That's why when it comes to the so hot of this paper why force mobility that is why internal displacement the so hot of discussion is that internal displacement still lacks legal backing so legal backing so there is a need to keep the discussion going and also why Nigeria because in 2015 according to the Norwegian refugee council and the IDMC they said Nigeria is from they were the third largest internally displaced persons in the world the first were Syria and also Colombia they were the first two and then followed by Nigeria so there is a need for us to have some discussions on the internal displacement choosing Nigeria also as a case study and how can internals within internal displacement then bringing in cross border movement actually we are not this concept is somehow still under construction but we are not focusing the cross border movement outside we are talking about cross border movement within the Eqours sub-region I know maybe the question of internal displacement why they move out outside the nation state then they cease to be internally displaced persons but the definition that which qualifies them as internally displaced persons mostly which we will be seeing very soon I think it have mostly flooding or climate change also religious and ethno-religious threats and the last one is about coerced eviction so these three motivations for the categorization of internally displaced persons normally do not fit into the refugee status or the asylum status as a result when they move outside their country they still do not qualify for the status as refugees that is why we try to keep this cross border movement not taking into account movement outside the Eqours sub-region so we are using it in this case mainly for movement of internally displaced persons outside their nation state but within the Eqours sub-region because that is how we will be able to bring in the 1979 Eqours protocol on free movement so these are the typologies of internal displacement in Nigeria there are three main one is the climate change and for the climate change we take the flooding and the desertification so in 2012 Nigeria had about I think the second in the world when it comes in terms of flooding over 6.1 million people were displaced due to flooding so when these people were displaced the question of how the government intervention or how were they placed or put into different places and some of them were hospitalized by families and some of them were taken to different displacement camps and some others who also had to find their own means of survival whereas they couldn't make any legal claim as to what they wanted compared to maybe a refugee or asylum seeker who has the right to seek for something which is his or her own because the law says so and also in Nigeria there is issue of desertification especially not the eastern part of Nigeria the Sokoto and the Gombe area where it said in 2012 there were about within 6 according to the according to the displacement tracking matrix which was instituted by IOM about within only 6 states in Nigeria about 600,000 people were displaced due to desertification so the next one is also on terrorist attacks so I think I have to go a bit forward when it comes to the flooding so this is the statistics for the flooding and so about the terrorist attacks and also and it's no religious conflicts and this one here we focus in on the Boko Haram issue where for some time it has been harassing especially those still in the northern part of Nigeria most of them stay in Nigeria but some also cross border to Cameroon and to the neighboring Benin mostly Cameroon and Benin but because they failed to qualify as refugees they are forced to return to Nigeria so it's not supposed to be the case but when it comes to internal displacement there is this problem of legality and the last one is about forced eviction which I will not move on so now about the impact of internal displacement most of the data shown I may give the total figures like in the case of the flooding the total figure was given without any categorization as to children, female males and others which we argue that internal displacement like most social issues are gendered because the relation between females and males have to be taken into consideration because females do so far more when it comes to internal displacement and there was a work which was done in 2016 in which some females were interviewed and also some females were interviewed and within this from the interviews most of the females were enticed with ways of support from government officials or from very important personalities but at the end of the day some of them ended up being raped or exploited so the argument is that internal displacement is not free of gender bias so the issue of gender has to be taken into consideration when it comes to internal displacement and now we come to the other point of the linkage and assessment of cross-border movement of IDPs in the 1970s in the ECOWAS protocol so the ECOWAS protocol established the freedom of movement of persons and also the right of settlement and also the right to work but I think the three phases out of the three phases only one has been fully achieved that is the freedom of movement so which is a temporary stay within the ECOWAS sub-region whereas the other two are still have not been implemented so the argument is that if internally displaced persons when they in case they cross the border they are not able to show anything as West African citizens and according to the protocol you have to show something that you are West African to be able to benefit from any of the legal issues but because they are not able to show anything they end up in form of illegality and therefore they are subject to things or to way of life which are not really good and also which they were not supposed to be in as persons who are disadvantaged so if this is the face the right to entry and abolition of business if it is extended to the freedom of residence and right to establishment I think these two are very critical for internally displaced persons when they cross the border to be able to be well established and also to be able to move and then live a life which is well and also benefit from all the welfare activities though it is not so much developed within the sub-region now the conclusions and key research so the argument which I began making is that internally there are some people who move voluntarily from their home countries outside to travel or to migrate but there are others who are also forced to move and those who are forced to move some do benefit from being refugees of being asylum seekers there is a forced mobility but there are others who are also who move not because they become internally displaced or they move within the nations within the boundaries of the nation state and those who move within the boundaries of the nations because of forced mobility do not benefit from any legal legal settings or legal declarations and so because they suffer they suffer a lot of go through a lot of hardships and with these hardships they are not able to come out most of them are violated their human rights are violated and so they are not able to get established and the other argument is also that internal displacement is normally considered as transient and so only temporary programs are prepared or are made available for the IDPs and because of that after a few period of time they fall into the trap of people who persecute them or people who take advantage of them so we argue that if there is there is a need for government and non-governmental organizations to provide established and also well planned economic programs so that they can follow they regain their independence and the other argument is also that gender continues to be important when it comes to internal displacement because the relation between females and males in internal displacement is not the same thank you