 Hi, this is Gautam, a geography faculty, Shankaray's academy. So this is the discussion for geography questions of general studies, paper one, mains 2021. So let me quote the question number and then progress to the question. The question number four, discuss the geophysical characteristics of circum-pacific zone. So if you look at this question, you know, not just like several questions that you would find that the content can be directly derived from your basic sources like NCR team, Bocheng-Leong. So let me just write the question and describe, discuss geophysical characteristics of circum-pacific belt. So possibly one of the most straightforward questions you will get, because it clearly sets circum-pacific. So the region which is surrounding the pacific and if you had even studied your NCRT fundamentals of physical geography, the basic sections, regarding the formation of your plate tectonics theory and you get the idea, because when it comes to circum-pacific, the most famous region is your ring of fire. So the answer should definitely talk about your ring of fire. So as part of your introduction, you can definitely claim what exactly is the speciality of the circum-pacific belts. You can quote definitely an introduction of plate tectonics, because without plate tectonic theory, it is not possible to talk about this region. So that should serve as an introduction possibly for half page. You can have a very small diagram indicating the circum-pacific belt region. Apart from this, when you go for notes, like this is what is expected, like a general idea, like you can talk about conversion plate margins. So due to convergent plate margins, the question is on geophysical characteristics. So what is my structure of the earth in terms of, you know, the processes like volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and then mountain formation, right? So whenever there is conversion plate margin, there is more possibilities of explosive volcanoes, fold mountain formation. At the same time, you'll have very powerful earthquakes, right? So these three points, if you can definitely write about it, then it'll be very, very simple. Now, let's say you want to evolve your points further. You can talk about local variations, local variation in the sense, for example, within conversion plate margin in your surfing circum-pacific region, you can have two different types of convergence. You can have ocean, ocean convergence, ocean continent convergence. Ocean, ocean convergence is seen in places like Philippines plate versus Pacific plate or Philippines or Japanese plate versus, versus your Pacific plate. Now these will give rise to island arts, where you get island archipelagos, I mean archipelagos, a group of islands. When it comes to ocean continent convergence, you'll find collision mountains, right? Collision mountains, you can take the example of the formation of Andes, which you find in South America. So take the Andes mountains. Andes mountains are technically formed as a result of collision between South American plate and NASCAR plate, right? So this is what is expected, the basic answer. Now, apart from this, let's say you want to elaborate, you can take several points. For example, you can take the transform margin too. You take the California region. California region is a transform plate where you will get strikes, the earthquakes, which are very, very powerful. After this, you can talk about trenches. This has high concentration of trenches, primarily because it's convergence. So once there is convergence, be it ocean, ocean convergence, or continent-continent convergence, you will find a very narrow region of continental shelf and a very deep region. So this gives you a trench section. Meaning it makes sense. And after your trenches, you also have narrow continental shelves, narrow continental shelves. Okay, you don't have wide continental shelf. Wide continental shelves, you will mostly find towards divergent plate margin, not this. The point is like, if you can explain examples for each and everything, then the answer looks more than comprehensive. You can even write a 15 marks for this. Straight forward, simple question. Chapter 3, chapter 4, NCRT. Okay, Fundamentals of Physical Geography. Fine, what are the next one? The process of desertification does not have climatic boundaries. Justify with examples. So this is more related to environment, but it's still, okay. Like you can refer Shankar's Academy Environment textbook with reference to your current affairs. If you're following newspapers and automatic review, I'll just tell you how to approach the answer. See, the process of desertification does not have climatic boundaries. Does not have climatic boundaries. Justify with examples. See, again, the question does not talk about desertification in detail. It simply says process of desertification itself does not have climatic boundaries. And it says justify. Which means you're not supposed to deviate from this answer and you provide proper examples. See, if you know what desertification is, the answer is quite simple. Okay, desertification is simply not expansion of deserts. Desertification is land degradation, right? So definition party introduction part can provide information on land degradation. So you are talking about land degradation in several environments, three environments, specifically, uh, air and environments, semi-air and procurement environments in these regions. Extension of land degradation is technically called as desertification. Two ways to approach the answer. You can either approach it using climate chart perspective for writing examples or the world map. I'll give both. Okay. See, every question always remember, uh, if you can approach it spatially, you'll get very, very good scope of answering. Okay. This is one way of writing. Fine. Regional perspective. For example, let's take Sahil. Okay. Sahil region is closely associated with Savannah. So here there is reasons because climate change. So climate change leading to a more and more land land degradation. Several Franco phone countries, which is part of North and West Africa is affected by this. Fine. You can talk about the region in ABC triangle, lithium triangle of Bolivia. Here you have land degradation problems because this is technically a grassland climate. Again, Bolivia, Argentina, lithium triangle, land degradation. Why? Because of mining. Okay. Southern hemisphere. Right. You have land degradation problems in South in Australia to here bushfires in Australia. Again, more related to your climate factors. Bushfires. So let me write it here. Maybe I'll number them and write it one by one. Hold on a second. One, two, three. So one was Sahil. Two was, you know, the lithium triangle mining based things. Number three was Australia. So if you think about it, writing the answer really doesn't require, you know, too much of technicality. Basic things. If you address, you'll definitely see that you have extensive reciprocation areas. Number four. Number four is in the steppy region. Why industrial monoculture, industrial monoculture in steppies. Okay. Steppy. So a large scale application of fertilizers and large scale application of pesticides, but extensive wheat cultivation leads to land degradation, the steppy region. Fine. You also have the North, the North Eastern portion of China. So North Eastern portion of China. See, contrary to popular belief, actually rainfall is more in Southeast and China. North Eastern China, you clearly know, right? So North Eastern China is part of your Laurentian climate. Southeast and China. If you remember your, you know, your chemograph, you'll be having your China climate. Is it clear? So rainfall is more in China climate compared to Laurentian climate. So here your rainfall is less, but still it is, it's important agricultural land, your fertile plains, your Shandong plain will be North Eastern China. It makes sense. Did you do intensive agriculture here? It is extensive agriculture. You do the intensive agriculture. You're actually having problems. So extensive. And here it is intensive agriculture. So you have land degradation problems. So if you can identify five different parts in different parts of the world, okay, then it automatically means that you can justify the example that it does not necessarily have climatic boundaries because you're spread across different regions in different climates, right? This is one way of writing or, or you can also flow for the climate chart because land degradation is not a problem in desert climate itself. Okay. It's there in Mediterranean. It is there in Savannah. It is there in Steppi. So all these three regions experience it because these are arid, semi-arid and per-humid regions. Let me elaborate further. You can even quote parts of monsoon. Okay. That is where you take India. See, because as long as a question does not specify India or the world, you can take any parts. See, for example, like this is the dry land region of India, right? This one. The iso-highlight of 75 centimeters or less technically here. Is it clear? And if you think about this, not every, every section will have the same climate. As seen in your, you know, India physical environment textbook, India physical environment chapter four climate, they would see, they would give you a coping classification system where only certain parts it does it, but certain parts are in a steppy climate. So again, land integration is quite spread over. Okay. Below tropic of cancer, about tropic of cancer again, different climates again. All right. Now, when it comes to Mediterranean climate, I just missed one example in the world, you can go to California. California right here, six, you know, in California, you have forest fires and along with forest fires, you also have intensive agriculture. It's an important state right now. Water exploration, all that. So land degradation. So either go for this approach or you go for climate chart approach. Okay. We'll easily justify that your desertification does not have any climate boundaries at all. So very easy, very easy question. Depending on standard sources of NCRP, your fundamentals of physical geography and then India, physical environment, along with a general reading of the environment, environment book, Shangri's environment, you know, environment book would do this. Is it moving further? So with India, you have content for even 15 more, not an issue at all. Next. Yes. This is open question. Again, account for. So account for the presence, location of iron and steel industries, iron and steel industries away from source of raw materials. So away from source of raw material. See, there is only one mistake you can do in this question. Sources of raw material by giving examples. Okay. This simple. Okay. See, one mistake which you can do is writing the answer only for India. There's a national tendency for you to stick to Indian description. I'll tell you what you like immediately. This is what pops in your mind. Right. With the comparison between two major regions. Right. So you'll automatically write about Billy. And after Billy, you'd go to why is that right? And after wise, I could say that, you know, we can clearly say that. Billy is more of a raw material based location. And why is that, you know, which other button is more of market based location? Is it not introduction? You can definitely say that iron and steel plants are shifting because of globalization liberalization and more economies moving towards a free market. So that could be your introduction. And after introduction, like these are the two sections, which you'll be getting the point to be focused right now to understand. This is only one part of the answer. Okay. Because the question simply says account for iron and steel distribution away from source of raw material. When I say source of raw material, it does not mean market based location. Please note you can write about mini steel plants, mini steel plants. This is something which is happening in India. It said, for example, you take a minus it is for example, okay, you can take a Pune. You take the national capital region. These are not traditional sources of raw materials. For example, in Tamil Nadu, you have raw material with Salem. Okay. Salem steel plant. That's more at least to an extent source of raw material. Coimbatore is far away. Same thing with Pune. Same thing with, you know, the eastern part of Maharashtra as resources, not Western part. Same thing with the national capital region of Delhi. There you don't have any iron and steel resources. So mini steel plants is something which is originated to serve the local demands, right? Local demands. Are we from the source of raw material? Is it clear? This is second part of we can vary. Third one, world perspective, a need not restrict your discussion to only India, right? Because the question does not say India. Why do that? We're going to talk about the world. You just need to focus on one region. You get that one region, right? Your answer will be comfortably good. See today, like, let's talk about the earlier regions. I'll give a different color for that. So this region, you know, your Applesian mountains. You definitely do it. Iron and steel industry, Pittsburgh and all that NCRT. Again, you talk about France, Germany, Rural Valley, Belgium. Are they leading producers today to an extent, but not just this. So this is more oriented towards raw material. Now the iron and steel plants have completely shifted outside. Where exactly? Well, we're talking about China. China is the leading producer of iron and steel in the world. Japan, Korea, right? So this is more of several reasons, different reasons, not raw material alone. So what are the reasons why iron and steel plants actually move from this to this? Several reasons. You can say labor. Okay. Government policy, special economic zones, right? You can say research and development. Other same time market, you look at consumption as the development nations began to modernize more and more. They required more iron and steel. So then naturally there is more requirement here. Got it. So basic factors shift from one location to another. So naturally they're shifting of iron and steel industry moving away from the source of raw material. Okay. You can quote reasons like a change in transport mode, change in efficiency, more lesser regulations and all that, but it's better. You stick with map first, always address Joffy points first. That is in paper one before you move to policy based or economic based answers. So that ends the discussion for third question. So you'll see that this is again pretty simple. It doesn't require too much of technological, you know, too much of technical jargon, not required at all. Basic ones you address. That's more than enough. Fine. Next one. Question number six. Pardon me. This one, this is, this is way too simple. How will the melting of Himalayan glaciers. So melting how will melting Himalayan glaciers, Himalayan glaciers have a far reaching impact on water resources of India, water resources of India. So they said keyword is this far reaching impact. See in the introduction part of the answer, please note that you need to address that there is climate change and that we are experiencing accelerated glacial melting. So that can be introduction. Okay, anthropogenic induced climate change in India is definitely facing several vulnerabilities. Now before I go to the answers section, like what are the broad limits or contours? You should write just a look at one thing. The question clearly says, let me confirm again. Hold on a second. Even though you're familiar with this has a far reaching impact on the water resources of India. Please do not write answers on agriculture or irrigation or disaster management. First question clearly says water resources. So focus on water and when you talk about water, please don't restrict yourself to surface water resources. That's what most individuals make edit restricting their thought process. What I can mean both surface water and groundwater surface water can mean reverse lake spawns. You get it? So scope of the answer is very broad. Once you said it 10 marker 10 marker. It's very broad for you. Just need to write two pages. No worries at all. Right. Look at this. It's better to draw a map again just to indicate the surface area like what could be the impact. So based on my glacial sources, which are present in both western and eastern Himalayas, a larger section of the northern plains will definitely get impacted. So the entire region is supported by glacial sources, Himalayan glaciers, both western Himalayas and eastern Himalayas. If possible, you can have minor river basins also. You can indicate a possibly Ganga source on Yamuna source, Gangotri Glacier, maybe from Zemu Glacier river, these are flowing out and all that. Once the segment is done. Okay. Then you can talk about the impacts because you need to show that these are the areas which just a small map with the description of certain river basins would do. Then talk about firing impacts. What are they? When first intracescal variability. So within the same season of glacial, glacial melting is going to progress. So within the season, the amount of water which the river channel can hold the river basin can hold will vary interseasonal variation. Right. Between seasons. So we are talking about the next 20 years timeline. So over a span of 20 years, there is a very good chance that the glaciers might discharge too much of water. Fine. Acceleration. So if there is going to be more acceleration, okay, acceleration and glacial melting, then naturally there is more chances that the storage capacity will reduce. Here when we talk about storage capacity, we're talking about storage capacity of the soil. If you're going to have severe glacial melting, then soil is not going to not be in a position to get to hold them properly. You get the idea. You're not, you're talking about relation between surface water and they are joining the river channel. It makes sense. So interseasonal variation in terms of water resources makes you make the connection. So within season, my water resources will get changed. And within the same season, I'm not going to have the same amount of things because once glacial melting is more in the months of April, May, you might actually have more flow rather than what you expect. Is it clear? See water resources are getting changed. Change is not always good, even if river flow is more. Now long-term, if you look at long-term, you talk about relation between surface water and groundwater. See surface flow increases. Okay. If you want to have more surface flow, then your groundwater discharge, groundwater penetration is going to decline because the more the water stays in an area, then there is more chances that your groundwater is going to absorb more. So your groundwater will get affected. Talk about lakes. Okay. Lakes which are especially fed between melting and thawing of glaciers. Is it clear? So all these parameters will have a long-term effect. And most importantly, your consistency of water resources get affected. Like you do not know when exactly my water will be present and will I be able to support it for a long time. So because consistency is affected, then in the conclusion, you can write, we'll have problems on irrigation, problems on agriculture, problems on disaster management. So all these things you can quote as a conclusion. Right. For all these factors, if you can quote any individual examples. Okay. For example, you can quote the Himachal Pradesh Uttarak and Kashmir Ladakh. Okay. In spite of the fact that they are very, very cold regions. Okay. In spite of the fact that they have reasonable amount of only reasonable amount of population, they do have water crisis. Same thing is seen in states of UPB heart also. Is it clear? And again, so when we talk about water resources, you can also indicate pollution, not an issue at all. Is it clear? So these are the factors which you can address. And this is just the broad scope. So with the diagram, it should definitely give you 10 marks without any issues. Right. What is the next one? Only thing you need to do is link it with water resources. That's it. So that's four 10 mark questions done. So the next ones we have are 15 markers. Right. Hold on a second. We have. Yes. Interlinking of rivers. Question number 14. Interlinking of verse can provide viable solutions to the multidimensional interrelated problems of droughts, floods and interrupted navigation, droughts, floods and interrupted navigation. Now let me make this very clear at the start itself. Question says critically examined. So when I say critically examined, it is natural. See examination is this examination is that you are assessing of you are evaluating you are evaluating whether the given statement is actually true or not. They can. The statement says interlinking of rivers will definitely solve these issues. Correct. So can it do that's what you're examining. So when you go for an honest examination, you will naturally find points. Yes. To an extent, it is going to solve the problems and yes, critically examined. So at the same time, it is not going to solve all the problems to support size you will get. And let me read the question for you again. Look at the question again. There are chances that you might restrict yourself. I just want to address this. I'll read it again. Listen to it carefully. The interlinking of rivers can provide solutions to the multidimensional interrelated problems of droughts, floods and interrupt navigation critically examined. Nowhere in the question do you find India. Which means it's a 15 marker any point of time. See, you can write the answer for India. No problem. But any point of time you feel that you get stuck with points on India. You can write about the world. Nowhere it says India. It's an open freeway. But we will restrict our discussion to India because look at the context of the question. There is more relevance to India. But since India I'll repeat again. This is not given in the question. It's more open. But you write about India is more than enough. But still in case any point of time you get stuck. Ready. So go in there. See your traditional points. These type of questions or even the previous ones which you saw. You really did not know. Did not need complex resources. For example, like we have talked about this GCL environment book. You take this question. For example, the iron steel. This is there in your eight standard NCRT. The resources eight standard. This basic. Okay. Many, many steel plans. You can follow up with newspapers. And this is something which you already know. If you look for world resources, anyone will tell you basics. That China's leading exporter. I'm just put map. That's all. You look at the next question. Okay. Melting of Himalayan sources. Again, problems which are associated changes in critical geographic features and ice caps directly from your syllabus. If you have already had a template on how to write due to glacial melting and answers, you'd get it interlinking of reverse again, at least with the reference to India as a contemporary topic. Right. Moving on. So fundamental points. So let's look at. Yes. It will like solving the problem. Like what are the problems that might solve reference to India? Like fresh doubts and droughts and navigation. Like several ways. First of all, there is a difference between northern and southern India in terms of perennial reverse. You can say that a large number of rivers in North India is perennial because they have a Himalayan sources. And in the south, there is a, it's non perennial. Correct. So once you can go for interlinking to an extent, the problem can be solved. Number two. Okay. So in the northern rivers, within the northern rivers, there is variability in rainfall, variability in rainfall. So because of that, there are chances that certain sections of northern plains might experience it. For example, you take Ganga plain, the western Ganga plain is having restrain fall. Eastern Ganga plain will receive the mean the upper Ganga plain will receive a less rainfall. The middle and lower Ganga plain will experience more rainfall. Okay. So within the, within the western side and eastern side you might have problems. So you can have linkages here. Possibly. No issues at all. Number three, you can talk about rainfall variability in terms of northern states versus southern states. See the first point I told you, you know, north northern rivers versus southern rivers. The first point I told you is regarding perennial character that is fed by Himalayan glaciers. So Himalayan glaciers along with, along with your rainfall will make it more prone to floods. So here they are non perennial, flood and drought problem solved address the question. Okay. Here you can say northern rivers have more amount of rainfall compared to southern rivers. You can link them. So you can try to a link the problem or solve the problem of let in drought within the same river basin eastern side versus western side. You can have variations. So this will definitely solve the problem. You can talk about navigation. See one of the major reasons navigation is not a success is simply because you do not have a continuous supply of water. You can take one state where there is possibility of navigation then come before example, Kerala. Okay. Kerala your national waterways are well developed primarily because there is an interconnected network in the Kootenaut region and that's something which has been very much explored. It makes sense. Apart from this, if you look at the other regions, there is more concentration only on the coastal locations, but rather not in the interior. Right. So if you can have consistency in water supply throughout the river channel, then there will be more navigation and more navigation is possible in other places. If consistency in water supply can be maintained and that is possible through the integration. It makes sense. So all these four points will definitely support this area. Now you can also contract the statement because the question says critically examine. You can definitely write what could be the issues like cannot really solve. So counterpoints. You can say that the terrain of India is very complex. Okay. Since the terrain is very complex, it's very difficult for going from one position to another. Second one. See if you look at water consumption in India, 60% of water consumption is from groundwater. Okay. If 60% is groundwater and if that is going to be a most important usage, then we should be more focused on solving groundwater issues, not rainwater issues, not surface water issues. Meaning makes sense. You can talk about, you know, the rain fall can have seasonal variation too. That is if a location, by any chance, a location, by any chance experiences floods in one year, not necessary that in the next year it should be experiencing floods. It could actually have droughts also. See this is the significance of climate change in the Hindu, you know, in this data point corner. Okay. They're actually like India meteorological department has given data on based on certain districts which are flat prone becoming drought prone and then drought prone districts becoming flat prone. Get the idea. So you have seasonal variation at the same time. There is a concept of change also certain areas which are considered as flat prone will become, you know, drought prone. So if you start the project and after a point of time, if there is change in rainfall, then it becomes much more complicated. He makes sense. At the same time, you can talk about problems for wildlife. Okay. And even then navigation navigation is not only about providing water, but apart from providing water, you will need to make sure that the necessary infrastructure is created proper jet bridging of the challenges maintained so that your silt is not constant. So just because you're able to interlink rivers, the all the problems of navigation or your flood and drought will not get solved. You get the idea. So these are basic geography answers. You can aid them with non-geographical parameters also, and I was much more focused on getting these things right. So five here of 34 here, six here makes a 10 points, 10 points with one diagram should make sure. And again, it is regarding India alone. Let's say you want to talk about the world. Assume you want to talk about the world like in case many chance. You feel you run out of points. You still feel that you want to write it. Okay. Bring it. You can code examples from parts of the world where it was not successful in many cases also. Okay. For example, it takes China. The two rivers, Huangi and Yangtze were actually connected by the Grand Canon. Right. So the Grand Canon was actually established, but even if the Grand Canon was established, China faces both flood problems even today. Because thing is the project was the project took a severe toll on environment. And because of that, you still have problems right here. Okay. It's not a technically a river linking project, but more of a river diverging diverging project for cotton cultivation in central Asian region because of this LLC dried up. Right. So using world examples, you can say that river linking projects or river diversion projects have all not always been successful. Me makes it. So these are prominent projects in the northern hemisphere. Got it. So in case you're stuck with India, you can code the world that only gives you more leaving. Okay. I think the answer was. I think pretty sure that you had enough points. Right. Moving further. Next up account for the huge flooding of million cities in India, including the smart ones like Hyderabad and Pune, such as lasting remedies. 99% sure that if you've written mains, you already had template for this answer. Urban floods, because it's more of an expected question. So this question says India. No leeway, right? So account for the huge, huge flooding of million cities in India. Right. So we can mention what are the places in India which experienced the floods recently. You can. Every individual metropolitan city starting from Chennai to Bangalore to Hyderabad to Mumbai to Delhi. Okay. So everyone at one point of time basically have experience including Kolkata. So the reasons are quite clear. So it says account for after indicating in the introduction that the number of urban flood events has increased. Once you've provided that in the introduction, then you can say the reasons for it. So reasons like according for the reasons is several, you know, urban sprawl, urban sprawl, loss of water, loss of wetlands in the urban areas, wetlands in the urban areas. Okay. Absence of strong conservation methods or conservation legislation when it comes to rivers. Okay. Ponds, lakes and all that. Fine. So that's that's the basic part of the answer where you really need not strain. Okay. So that's just lasting remedial measures. The second part of the answer lasting remedial measures. See again, the remedial measures are for flooding. Right. So any method which will focus your groundwater and service water resources, which will properly isolate them or it will properly integrate them at the same time will stop pollution. Everything is going to stop floods. So basic idea from green cover green belts, green belts reduces urban sprawl, which means it is not going to allow your cities to expand into water bodies. Right. You know, separation of storm water and see which water drains. Okay. This will give more clarity because you see which is not going to clog your rain water. Okay. Having better pollution control. See if there is proper pollution control, then most of your water bodies will not get clogged again. So if there is going to be any increase in water level discharge, then naturally there is normal flow. Yeah. You don't have any issues. Proper rainwater harvesting techniques because rainwater harvesting techniques actually allow to diverge a large amount of water from the urban environment to the ground environment from surface to ground. You can transport this then naturally there is better urban flood control. Talk about the fifth point. You can mention about construction of more parks or playgrounds being important part of town planning. So all points from town planning you can take now how exactly parks and playgrounds naturally tend to have soil covered. See one of the major reason for urban floods is the soil is not present in urban areas. So, you know, there are more concrete constructions and that prevents groundwater seepage. So if you can have more soil, okay, then naturally there is more water penetrating downward rather than staying upward. Many make sense. Now apart from this, you can code the points like conservation of wetlands, conservation of marshland and all that. So basic water conservation measures you can write for urban areas that itself will make an answer. Okay. And this doesn't require any specialization at all. Again, you take your environment book, the basics will be given and following up with newspapers will give you more data which is more structured for urban environments. It's a very simple answer. So if you look at it, the six questions really do not have twists and turns like not like there wasn't a question like polar vortex or jet stream or sudden stratospheric warming. It was not technical at all which will require too much explanation. Right. We are two more questions. 16. India has immense potential for solar energy. So potential is there for solar. So this is accepted. It's given the question itself and says India, though there are regional variations, though there are regional variations in development elaborate. Now I'll tell you how you might restrict your scope of the answer. See it said regional variations. A reason can be anything. Reason can be a state. Reason can be, for example, northern region, western region, eastern region. Reason can be a city. Okay. Reason can be coastal or a hinterland. You can interpret the reason anyway. All you need to do is simply say that your solar energy is not the same in different regions of the world of India. Right. So you take India map. Okay. So multiple ways in which you can interpret and discuss this. Okay. So you can say like below topic of cancer. I just write different ways in address this. Like number one is below and I don't need this one. Right. So I can write here below and about topic of cancer, topic of cancer. Because once you're below topic of cancer, the amount of sunlight which you will receive is much, much more because here you will not have too much severity in winter. So there is more potential for solar solar generation. Okay. Being in arid and semi-arid environments, arid, semi-arid environments actually have better potential for solar energy. For example, you take the region of Rajasthan. West Bengal and Rajasthan might be in the same latitude, same latitude. Right. But in spite of that, Rajasthan has high potential. Why? Because in arid semi-arid regions there is less cloud cover. Less cloud cover naturally gives you more potential for solar power generation. Number three. Okay. You can talk about your urban environment versus rural environment. Right. Between urban and rural environment, both of them has variations in potential. For example, urban environment there is more possibilities of rooftop solar. Rooftop. So this has a different potential and different energy generation possibilities. You take your rural environment, rural environment is more towards your large scale construction. And problem is rural environment even if had if it has a large scale potential may not really take it up because the population rural area is less, which means you'll have to generate here and then transport to a larger region. That is why this has potential for micro grids. Okay. To a very small area. Okay. You can have a power generation capacity and then integrate it. So that gives you the variation in terms of region. Okay. Now talking about solar power potential, you know, potential solar energy possibilities, you can also mention the island regions. Right. The island regions. More isolated. Okay. But even a potential is there. There is absolutely no chance you can try, you know, not no chance, but it's very difficult for you to transport to different parts. Okay. At the same time, you can try to get the difference between the coastal locations at the same time. There is monsoonal variation because monsoon brings large number of clouds. Right. And clouds will cloud cover will definitely inhibit what parts will experience less solar energy and more solar energy. And then this can be a peripheral point. But apart from this, these these three major points or three major domains with examples, if you can support them, then your answer will be more than now. Meaning makes sense. So that ends the discussion for 16. Last one. Last one. So with diagrams, it should be comfortable. Yeah. Forest resources. Right. 17. So Examine. So again, need to assess or evaluate the status status of forest resource of India as a resultant impact on climate change. Resultant impact on climate change. See again. This answer, if you could see if you know the state of state of forest report, you know, released by India, it will be better. Like it will give you an advantage when you present data. Fine. Even if you don't know like how exactly to manage the answer. Well, let's try this. Look at this. Status does not mean present percentage alone. It could also mean which is under more threat, which is under less threat. Right. Look at this. Fine. You know that parts of Northeastern India and parts in western Himalayas also has a good percentage of forest cover. So this is very high. High percentage. 78. You take Uttarakhand. Himasarapadesha is quite less. It's slightly different. But you take Uttarakhand the forest cover is quite high. You go to the central regions of Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Zarkand, Odisha. It's high to moderate. High to moderate. Yeah, between 30 percent, 35 percent, 20 percent. You take the northern plains. Northern plains is going to be very less. Starting from Assam to the entire region, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat. The northern plains is less primarily because it's it's it's agricultural land. So here most of your forest land, even if it existed long back was converted for agriculture. And finally this section is moderate to low. This segment Maharashtra the south. Moderate to low. This is general forest cover. So you can say that so many when asked about examining the status of India's forest cover, you can just say that which sections are high, which sections are low and provide reasons and support of the arguments. Second extension of the answer. So this should definitely take you one page without without any problem explanation. Second status status meaning which is under more threat. Surprisingly, or should I say unsurprisingly, the areas in India which already have a good percentage of forest cover are among them. For example, north eastern region. It experience a very high level of threat. Why? Because there is more opportunities for infrastructure, more possibilities of mining that goes on. You take certain areas they've actually increased forest cover by a very, very slight percentage. For example, take Kerala. Kerala has increased forest cover by a very, very major. It's a two percentage. Even it's very small. It's a very good increase. Okay, because Kerala has faced problems of floods in the last two years. The last two years. The last two years. 2018 and 2019. Consistently and to overcome the problems. They need. It's necessary for the state to really increase forest cover and bring back the holistic integration of the western guards region. Makes sense. So you can talk about threat level in different parts of India. And once that is over, you can then relate to how exactly is it relevant to climate change. So if you have degradation. Okay. Or if you try to conserve. So how exactly is it going to be impact climate change? See several ways you can answer this in terms of, I'll just give you the basic layout. You talk about carbon because trees are essentially stored in a storing carbon. If there is more deforestation, more degradation, then there are chances that soil carbon is going to get released. Makes sense. At the same time, they contribute to proper maintenance of Monson climate through evapotranspiration. An evapotranspiration is essential for Monson rainfall. Is it clear? It's a very important question. I think it's a very important question. Is it clear? It's a very important carbon sink. So these parameters along with two diagrams, okay, if you're able to address this, it should be quite comfortable with our issues. So point which you want to convey is this. You look at all the questions. The questions need only your basic textbooks. You are NCRT. You are Go Qing Liyong. After Go Qing Liyong, supporting, you know, environment related current affairs and Shangri's environment book. So with that, when it comes to mains answer writing, it's only about responding to the question asked, right? And if you're, if you've written a reasonable, reasonable answer to give address the question and then answer it, then it should be more than fine. And always remember any question until it is given specifically that in India, you can always take it up as both Indian worlds. So that ends the discussion for geography questions mains. Thank you.