 6 There are the usual three personal pronouns, but in Portuguese the third person is generally used in place of the second in direct address with the exceptions noted below. Strictly speaking, there is no declension in Portuguese. The personal pronouns, however, retain in all persons so many traces of their Latin declensions that they have the appearance of being declined and are so given by some grammarians. The objective forms vary according as they are used without prepositions. First person. Subject form. Eu. I. Objective form without preposition. Mi. With preposition. Min. Migo. Subject form. Nois. We. Objective form without preposition. Nois. With preposition. Nois. Nosco. Us. Second person. Subject form. Tu. Thou. Objective form without preposition. Chi. With preposition. Chi. Chigo. Subject form. Vais. Eu. Objective form without preposition. Vuis. With preposition. Vais. Vousco. Third person. Subject form. Ele. Ela. She. It. Objective form without preposition. U. A. With preposition. Ele. Ela. Him. Her. It. Subject form. Elis. Elis. They. Objective form without preposition. Us. Aish. Luish. Lais. Gish. With preposition. Elis. Elas. Them. Reflective. Objective form without preposition. Si. With preposition. Si themselves. Ei. Lhe. Lhes. To him. To her. To it. To them. Are always indirect or dative forms. Vi. U. A. Lu. La. Us. Aish. Luish. And Lais. Are always direct, objective or accusative forms. Si. Those used with prepositions admit of any preposition, accept that when the preposition is com with the forms. Migo. Tigo. Nosco. Vousco. And sigo. Only are used as comigo with me contigo with the etc. Ele. Ela. Etc. With the preposition. G. Of. Are contracted to. Dele. Dele. Etc. With. N. N. They are contracted to. Nele. Nele. Etc. 66. Use of the third person. In address, the third person is commonly used except to close friends, relatives, children, and domestics when tu may be employed. Persons may be addressed according to circumstances as Vossa excelência. Your Excellency. Vossa senoria. Your lordship. Vossa merce. Your mercy. Your grace. Vossa. A common abbreviation of Vossa merce. But one to be used only in cases of extreme familiarity or as senor, mister, and senora, madam, or missus. A. Until one becomes familiar with the use of these terms, the safest rule is to use senor and senora. B. In writing, these words are abbreviated as indicated at paragraph 147. C. Ordinarily. Eu. I. Is not used as in English, but is sometimes placed before or even after the verb for the sake of emphasis or clearness. The same is true of tu, thou, ele, re, ela, nós. We. Para ti sonhava eu sonhos de glória. For thee I dreamed dreams of glory. Voiz. You. Is only used in very formal discourses and as evocative in prayers, etc. It is not used colloquially as in English. C. Paragraph 66. Tu. Thou. Is also used as evocative. Reflexive personal pronouns. 67. Reflexive. The reflexive forms of the personal pronouns are mi, amin, mi to mi, ti, a ti, vi to vi, si, a si, si, himself to himself. Nois a nois, us to us. Vois a voz, you to you. Si a si, themselves to themselves. Third person, singular and plural. Direct object, si, himself, herself, itself, themselves. Indirect object, si, si, to himself, herself, itself, or themselves. Consigo, with himself, herself, itself, themselves. 68. Duplication. Duplication is common in classic Portuguese. By its use, attention is redirected to an idea. Quim importa a minha glória? In what does glory concern me, or what is glory to me? Aconteceu-me a mim. It happened to me. Such expressions do not admit of literal translations into English. 69. Syntax of the personal pronouns. The personal pronouns are used both as direct and indirect objects. Direct. Ele me repreendeu. He reprehended me. Indirect. Ele me deu o livro. He gave me the book. 70. The same thing occurs with the other pronouns, except that in the third person, the indirect object is expressed by vi. While the direct is u, us, and aish. Direct. Repreendeu-o. He reprehended him. Indirect. Deu-li o livro. He gave him or her the book. 71. The direct object is used after transitive verbs, the indirect after intransitives. Vi-u. I saw him. Obede-si-li. I obeyed him or her. 72. The pronouns me, ti, ti, si, li, nuish, vuish, and u are called proclitic, mesoclitic, or enclitic, according as they precede, are inserted within or follow the verb. A. They precede the verb, are proclitic. One. In negative sentences. Não me fale. Não o creio. Two. In phrases depending upon que, o qual, quem, cujo. Quem o chamou? A mulher que se ama. Three. In certain popular expressions. Deus me livre. O diabo te leve. Four. When used with the conjunctions, que, por que, and pois-que, the rule has many exceptions. B. They are inserted in the verb between the stem and termination, or mesoclitic, in the future indicative and conditional. Dir-liei, I will tell him, instead of direi-lie. Dir-sie-ia, instead of dir-ie-si, it would be said. C. They always follow the verb, or enclitic, at the beginning of a phrase. D. In the mesoclitics and enclitics, the pronoun is separated from the verb by a hyphen, or hyphens. E. The enclitics do not affect the position of the accents of the verbs. Seventy-three. When two pronouns come before a verb, the subject precedes. He directed that you should give him the book. Seventy-four. Si. And si. Refer to the subject. Pedro falou de si. Pedro spoke of himself. Você quer tudo para si. You want everything for yourself. Leve a espingarra da consigo. Take the gun with you. For the use of the reflexive pronoun with verbs, see paragraph 126. Seventy-five. Comparison. After terms of comparison, the diminutive pronoun is used. My said you heal. More serious than I. Possessives. Seventy-six. The possessive pronouns are inflected like adjectives, and agree in gender and number with the object possessed. They all take a in the feminine and s in the plural. Possessive pronouns. Singular. Masculine meu. Feminine minha. Parou. Masculine meus. Feminine minhas. English my mind. Masculine teu. Feminine tua. Masculine teus. Feminine tuas. English thy thine. Masculine seu. Feminine sua. Masculine seus. Feminine suas. English his. Her hers. It's there theirs. Masculine nosso. Feminine nossa. Masculine nossos. Feminine nossas. English our ours. Masculine vosso. Feminine vossa. Masculine vosso. Feminine vossa. English your yours. Seventy-seven. In as much as the third person is used in direct addresses, seu, sua, seu, and sua, are generally used in place of vosso, etc., for your and yours. A casa é sua. The house is yours. Seventy-eight. Possession is also expressed by the use of a preposition as a casa é dele. The house is his. A casa é dele. The house is theirs. Seventy-nine. The place of the possessive is before the noun as in English. Meu cavalo. My horse. Eighty. In certain cases, the possessive placed after the noun is equivalent to the personal pronoun with de. Notícias tuas. De ti. News of about you. Important distinctions of this kind are illustrated by the example. Saudades tuas. Means Saudades for you. While tuas saudades means the saudades you have for someone else. Eighty-one. Possessives are not used with parts of the body as in English. Cortou-me o braço. He cut my arm as used instead of cortou-me o braço. In some cases, the possessives are omitted as in English as venho de casa. As used instead of venho de minha casa. I come from home. Vou para casa. I'm going home. Eighty-two. At the same time, the bold use of the possessive is occasionally emphatic. Estou na minha casa. I am in my own house. Deixa-me com a minha dor. Leave me with my grief. Eighty-three. The possessive seu, sua, seus, suas, his, her, or your, is used also idiomatically and colloquially to express uncertain value or quantity. Tem seus vinte anos. He or she is about 20 years old. The possessives may be replaced by various forms of the personal pronouns, and sometimes such expressions are considered more elegant. For the use of the article before possessive see paragraph sixteen. Demonstratives. Eighty-four. The demonstrative pronouns may be used either with or without their nouns. When used with them, they precede the nouns, agreeing with them in gender and number. Singular, masculine, eschi. Feminine, esta. Masculine, estes. Feminine, estas. English, this, these. Masculine, esse. Feminine, essa. Masculine, esses. Feminine, essas. English, this, these. Masculine, aquele. Feminine, aquella. Masculine, aqueles. Feminine, aquelas. English, that, those. Eighty-five. Isso, isto, and aquilo are neutral forms of the demonstratives used to refer to a preceding idea, expression or subject, and may be regarded as equivalents of essa coisa, or essas coisas. Esta coisa, aquela coisa. They have neither feminine nor plural forms, nor are they used to refer to persons or animals. Eighty-six. The difference between esse and esse in their various forms is that the first is used to refer to that which is near the speaker, while the second refers to that which is near the person addressed. Eighty-seven. The forms are identical with the definite articles in forms, sounds, and origins. They are used as the equivalents of aquele, aquela, aqueles, aquelas. When followed by a determining expression, a provincia de Minho é a que tem mais vegetação entre as de Portugal. Literally, the province of Minho is that which has most vegetation among those of Portugal. Eighty-eight. When these forms are preceded by the preposition a, they combine with it, forming ao, aos, and as, as do the definite articles preceded by em. They similarly form nu, na, nos, nas. And preceded by per, they form pelo, pela, pelos, and pelas. Determinatives. Eighty-nine. The determinatives have gender and number, except tau, which has no gender distinction, singular. Masculine, outro. Feminine, outra. Masculine, outros. Feminine, outras. English, other. Masculine, mesmo. Feminine, mesma. Masculine, mesmos. Feminine, mesmas. English, sem self. Masculine, tanto. Feminine, tanta. Masculine, tantos. Feminine, tantas. English, so many, as many. Masculine, tal. Feminine, tal. Masculine, tais. Feminine, tais. English, such. Outrem. Is an invariable form, meaning outra pessoa or outras pessoas. Ninety. The demonstrative pronouns este, esse, aquele, etc., with outro. Form est outro, est outro, aquele outro, with the corresponding feminine plural forms. Ninety-one, um e outro. Literally, one and other means both. Ninety-two, mesmo, means same and self, as here illustrated. A mesma coisa, the same thing. O mesmo homem, the same man. It is used in connection with the personal pronouns to mean self. Eu mesmo, I myself, ela mesma, she herself, eles mesmos, they themselves, etc. This also used in such expressions as é mesmo. That is true, it is just so. Ninety-three, mesmíssimo, is an augmentative form of mesmo, meaning precisely or exactly the same. É a mesmíssima coisa. It is precisely the same thing. Um tal means such a one. Que tal? How is this? What do you think of this? Tal qual means just so. É tal qual. It is just so, it is just as you say. It is not true, it is no such thing. Não há tal lugar. There is no such place. Ninety-four, is a name used for any fictitious person. It is often equivalent to the English John Doe or to Mr. Watts's name. Fuão, Beltrano, and Cicrano are similarly used. Interrogatives. Ninety-five, the interrogatives are que, o que, what, que homens, what man, quem, who, quem é, who is it, qual, which, qual deles, which of them. It is not considered elegant nowadays to begin an interrogation with o que. Que tem, what have you, not o que tem, relatives. Ninety-six of the relative pronouns quem refers to persons only. The other forms refer to either persons or things. They are que, who, what, that, no gender, quem, who, whom, qual, plural, quais, which, cujo, feminine, cuja, plural, cujos, cujas, whose. Ninety-seven, o que, o qual, a qual, os quais, and as quais. Literally, the which mean what or that. These letter forms are used when the antecedent needs to be made clear or prominent. A glória de Deus a qual não se pode escurecer. The glory of God which cannot etc. O livro que está lendo. The book you are reading. But o livro da biblioteca, o qual está lendo. The book of the library, the which you are reading. Ninety-eight, where quem would follow sem. O qual is used instead for the sake of euphany. Sem o qual não deve. Without which you should not. Ninety-nine, cujo is equivalent to do qual and is followed immediately by the object possessed. O soldado cujo cavalo foi morto. The soldier whose horse was killed. Ei, cujo. Without antecedent and the object possessed is a classic but archaic form of expression. Cuja é esta casa? Whose house is this? Instead, one would now say de quem é esta casa? Literally, of whom is this house? Indefinite. One hundred. The indefinite pronounce may be classified as nouns or adjectives. Ei, the nouns are ao. Invariable, something else, the rest, but the little used. Alguém. Invariable, someone. Algo, something, anything. Nada. Invariable, nothing. Nenhum. Feminine, nenhuma. Plural, nenhum. Neither. Ninguém. Invariable, no one. Qualquer. Plural, quaisquer. Either, whichever. Quem quer. Anybody. Tudo. Invariable, all. Uns. Feminine, umas. Some. Algo. When used as a pronoun refers to things and means alguma coisa. It is sometimes used as an adverb, meaning algum tanto. Ele está algo doente. He is somewhat ill. Si, tudo, is a neutral form of todo. When followed by que, it requires the definite article. Tudo o que ele disse. Nenhum. May be used with an affirmative sense and is equivalent to qualquer. In the expression mais que nenhum. More than anyone. Ei, a negative is strengthened by doubling the negation. Não sei nada. I know nothing. Não diz nada. He says nothing. F. The adjectives are algum. Feminine, alguma. Plural, alguns. Algumas. Some. No. Cada. Uma. Cada qual. Singular only. Each. Every. Certo. Feminine, certa. Plural, certos. Certas. Certain. Muito. Feminine, muita. Plural, muitos. Muitas. Many. Outro. Feminine, outra. Plural, outros. Outras. Other. Pouco. Feminine, pouca. Plural, poucos. Poucas. Little. Quanto. Feminine, quanta. Plural, quantos. Quantas. How much. How many. As much as. Tanto. Feminine, tanta. Plural, tantos. Tantas. So much. Todo. Feminine, toda. Plural, todos. Todas. All. Every. De. Quanto. Is used in correlation with tanto. To mean as much as. Faço tanto quanto qualquer outro. I do as much as anyone else. Quanto pagou? How much did you pay? Quantas vezes foi lá? How often did you go there? Quanto antes? As soon as possible. Eight. Todo. With the article means the whole. Without the article, it means every. Toda cidade. Every city. Toda cidade. All of the city. It is sometimes used as an ever, but retains its gender for the sake of euphony. Ela está toda molhada. I, enquanto, means while. Espera enquanto eu tiro uma vista. Wait while I take a view. J, cada qual. And cada um have approximately the same meaning. Cada qual stands next to the verb, however. Cada um does not. Cada um dos soldados andava. Or cada qual andava. Each of the soldiers walked. A hundred and one. When a proposition has a negative sense, either algum may be placed after or nenhum before the noun. Homem algum poderá saber. Or nenhum homem poderá saber. No man shall know. The first sentence is more emphatic than the second. A hundred two. Certain idiomatic expressions have meanings analogous to those of the indefinite pronouns. Seja quem for. Seja qual for. Be who it may. Fosse quem fosse. Quem quer que fosse. Whoever it might be. Quem quer que seja. O que quer que é. Whoever it may be. A de and de que are often used in the sense of something. Tenho de que comer e de beber. I have something to eat and to drink. B, the expression não há de que used in reply to obrigado muito obrigado etc is equivalent to the English not at all or the French pas de quoi. End of chapter six. Chapter seven of a brief grammar of the Portuguese language. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. Recording by Lenny. Brief grammar of the Portuguese language by John Casper Brenner. Chapter seven, verbs part one. 103. The Portuguese verbs are either transitive or intransitive, reflexive or impersonal. They have voice, mood, tense, number, and person. Conjugations. 104. The verbs have three conjugations which are distinguished by the endings of the infinitives. First conjugation, ending are infinitive andar to walk. Second conjugation, ending é infinitive receber meaning to receive. Third conjugation, ending ir infinitive punir to punish. 105. Regular and irregular verbs. Those verbs which are conjugated like one of the three types are called regular. Those which are not so conjugated or lack some of the parts are called irregular verbs. General terminations of the regular verbs. 106. The following are determinations of all the forms of the regular verbs. These are to be added to the roots of the verbs, except in the cases of the future and conditional of the indicative, where the infinitive is used as the root. Indicative mood. Present tense. First conjugation, o, as, a, amos, as, um. Second conjugation, o, as, e, amos, as, em. Third conjugation, o, as, e, imos, is, em. Imperfect tense. First conjugation, a, va, a, sh, a, va. A, vamos, a, ve, sh, a, va. Second conjugation, ia, ias, ia. Iamos, iês, iam. Third conjugation, ia, ias, ia. Iamos, iês, iam. Preterate tense. First conjugation, a, asti, o, amos, astis, aram. Second conjugation, i, este, eu. Emos, estis, eram. Third conjugation, i, este, eu. Imos, estis, iram. Future tense. First conjugation, e, ash, emos, eis, um. Second conjugation, e, ash, a, emos, eis, um. Third conjugation, e, ash, a, emos, eis, um. The future endings are added to the infinitive. Conditional. First conjugation, ia, ias, ia. Iamos, iês, iam. Second conjugation, ia, ias, ia. Iamos, iês, iam. Third conjugation, ia, ias, ia. Iamos, iês, iam. The conditional endings are added to the infinitive. Plu perfect tense. First conjugation, a, aras, a, aramos, ares, aro. Second conjugation, era, eras, era. Eramos, eres, era. Third conjugation, ira, iras, ira. Iramos, irais, iram. Subjunctive mood, present tense. First conjugation, e, es, e, emos, eis, em. Second conjugation, a, ash, amos, ais, um. Third conjugation, a, ash, amos, ais, um. In perfect tense, first conjugation, assi, assis, assi, assimos, assis, assim. Second conjugation, esse, esses, esse, essemos, esseis, esseim. Third conjugation, isi, isis, isi, isimus, isis, isim. Future tense, first conjugation, a, ares, armos, ares, arem. Second conjugation, er, eres, er. Ermos, erdes, erem. Third conjugation, ir, iris, ir. Irmos, irdes, irem. Imperative mood, present tense, first conjugation, a, ai. Second conjugation, e, a. Third conjugation, e, i. Infinitive, impersonal, first conjugation, a. Second conjugation, i. Third conjugation, i. Personal, first conjugation, ar, ares, ar. Armos, ares, arem. Second conjugation, er, eres, er. Ermos, erdes, erem. Third conjugation, ir, iris, ir. Irmos, irdes, irem. Participals, present participle. First conjugation, ando. Second conjugation, ando. Third conjugation, indo. Past participle. First conjugation, ado. Second conjugation, idu. Third conjugation, idu. Model verbs, 107. The tone vowels in this table are indicated by its helits. Indicative, present, falo, I speak. Falas, falo. Falamos, falais. Falam. Second conjugation, devo. I owe. Deves, deve. Devemos, deveis, devem. Third conjugation, parto. I depart. Partis, parti. Partimos, partis. Partem. Imperfect tense, falava. I spoke or was speaking. Falavas, falava, falávamos, faláveis. Falavam. Second conjugation, devia. I owed or was owing. Devias, devia. Devíamos, devias, devia. Third conjugation, partia. I departed or was departing. Partias, partia. Partiamous, partias, partio. Preterate tense, first conjugation, falé. I spoke or have spoken. Falaste. Falou. Falamos. Falastes. Falaram. Second conjugation, deve. I owed. Devesti. Deveu. Third conjugation, parti. I departed. Partiste. Partiu. Partimos. Partistes. Partiram. Future tense, first conjugation. Falarei. I shall speak. Falarás. Falará. Falaremos. Falareis. Falaram. Second conjugation. Deverei. I shall owe. Deverás. Deverei. Deveremos. Devereis. Devereu. Devereu. Third conjugation, partirei. I shall depart. Partirás. Partirá. Partiremos. Partireis. Partirão. Conditional tense, first conjugation. Falaria. I should or would speak. Falarias. Falaria. Falaríamos. Falaríais. Falaríam. Second conjugation. Deverei. I should or would owe. Devereías. Devereía. Devereíamos. Devereíais. Devereíam. Third conjugation. Partiría. I should or would depart. Partirías. Partiría. Partiríamos. Partiríais. Partiríam. Plu perfect tense, first conjugation. Falara. I had spoken. Falarás. Falará. Faláramos. Faláris. Falaram. Faláram. Second conjugation. De vera. I had owed. De veras. De vera. Deveremos. Devereis. Devereu. Third conjugation. Partirá. I had departed. Partirás. Partirá. Partirámos. Partireis. Partíram. Subjunctive. The subjunctive is to be translated into English according to the context by may, ken, must, might, could, would, and should. When it is used in place of the imperative, it is translated as a command or request. Present. First conjugation. Falí. I may speak. Falís. Falí. Falemos. Faléis. Falem. Second conjugation. De vera. I may owe. De veras. De vera. Diva. Divamos. Divais. Divam. Third conjugation. Parta. I made a part. Partas. Parta. Partamos. Partaís. Partam. Imperfect tense. First conjugation. Falá-si. I should speak. Falá-si. Falá-si. Falá-semos. Falá-seis. Falá-sem. Second conjugation. De ver-si. I should owe. De ver-sis. De ver-si. De ver-semos. De ver-seis. De ver-sem. Third conjugation. Partísi. I should depart. Partísis. Partísi. Partísimos. Partísseis. Partísem. Future tense. First conjugation. Falá-semos. Falá-semos. Falá-semos. Falárem. Second conjugation. De ver. I should owe. De veris. De ver. De vermos. De ver dis. De ver-ing. Third conjugation. Partís. I should depart. Partís. Partís. Partís-mus. Partís-dis. Partís-ring. Imperative present tense. First conjugation. Falá-speak. Falá-i. Second conjugation. De ver. O. De ver. Third conjugation. Partís. Depart. Partís. Infinitive. In personal. Falá-i. To speak. De ver. To owe. Partís. To depart. Personal. First conjugation. Falá-is. Falá. Falá-mos. Falá-des. Falárem. Second conjugation. De ver. De veris. De ver. De vermos. De ver dis. De ver-ing. Third conjugation. Partís. Partís. Partís-mus. Partís. Partís. Partírem. Participals. Present participle. Footnote. Some grammarians call this the gerend and the footnote. First conjugation. Falando. Speaking. Second conjugation. De ver. Owing. Third conjugation. Partíndo. Departing. Past participle. Falado. Spoken. Devído. Oud. Partíndo. Departed. Observations on the regular verbs. 108. Formally, the third person plural of the indicative present of the first conjugation ended in ëm. Now it is written ëm. Only the future indicative retains the ëm ending, except in short words where the ëm is the predominant sound as ësóm, ëdóm, ëm. The following changes, a to g, are required by the necessity of preserving the hard or soft sounds. Verbs ending in ëa. C, a, r, change the c to q, u, before e. ëa, han, ca, r, r, han, q, e. Present subjunctive. ëa, han, q, fi, ca, r, preterit, fi, ca. B, g, a, r, change the g to g, u, before e. ëapagar, apague, jogar, jogue, cegar, preterit, ceguei, julgar, preterit, julguei. C, g, e, r, and g, i, r, change the g to j, before o, and a. ëabranger, abranjo, fugir, fújo, fúja, d, g, u, e, r, and g, u, i, r, drop the u, before a, and u. ëaguer, ergo, distinguir, distingo, except arguir. C, cedilla, a, r, drop the cedilla, before e. Alcançar, alcance, f, c, e, r, change c to c cedilla, before a and o. Adoecer, adoeço, adoeça. G, in the third conjugation, verbs that have u in the final syllables change it to o in the present. Consumo, third person, consome, destruu, third person, destrui, acudo, third person, acode, fújo, third person, foge, cuspo, third person, coshpi, engulo, third person, engoli, tuço, third person, tosi, bulo, third person, bolly, cubro, third person, cobri, subo, third person, sobi, sumo, third person, sumi. Analogous changes are made in the first person of the present indicative of the following. Dormir becomes durmo, servir, sirvo, seguir, sigo, impedir, formerly, impido, now, impesso. Auxiliary verbs, 109. The principal auxiliary verbs are ter, to have, and haver, ser, and estar, to be. These verbs, however, are not used exclusively as auxiliaries, while other verbs are often used as such, especially andar and ir, to go, and vir, to come. I am looking for a house. A, ter, and haver, when used with an infinitive, require the preposition, de. Tenho de escrever, or a de escrever, I have to write. In such uses of these verbs, ter shows that the thing is done by necessity, as temos de morrer, we must die, while haver is used to indicate that it will be done with certainty, or the resolution to do it. Ter sometimes means to have, in the sense of possession, as tenho um cavalo, I have a horse, teve razão, he had reason, or he was right, but it is also used as an auxiliary verb, just as it is in English. B, these particular auxiliaries are often used in place of the regular future forms of the verbs. A de ir, for irei, a de ir, for irá, etc. The hyphen is not always used before the de. It may be written, a de ir, c. In the use of haver with the preposition, the letter is joined to the verb form. A de escrever, onde dizer. In general, ter is used more than haver. When andar is used as an auxiliary, it is either followed by the present participle of another verb, or by a and the infinitive, and conveys the idea that the subject of the first verb constantly practices the action implied by the second. José anda avadiando, or José anda avadiar, means that José is idling constantly. F, the verbs ir and vir followed by the present participle of another verb expresses the gradual realization of the action of the second verb. Vou acabando. I am gradually finishing. I am nearing the end. Di, the verb ir followed by the infinitive expresses immediate future action. Vou passear. I'm going to take a walk. H, haver is generally defined as meaning to have, but in the third person, it is more nearly equivalent to the verb to be. For example, não há água. There is no water. Houve um temporal. There was a storm. Se houvesse tempo, if there were time. I, ser means to be in the permanent sense. Sou americano. I am an American. It is used as an auxiliary, but only in the passive voice. A terra é cultivada. The land is cultivated. J, estar means to be in the transitory or temporary sense. Estou aqui. I am here. Estou conforme. I am hungry. Estou duente. I am ill. But sou duente means I am ill beyond recovery, that is, I am an invalid. Estou cego. I am blind temporarily. Sou cego. I am blind permanently. K, estar is sometimes used to indicate nearness in point of time, where ser indicates remoteness, as ele está morto, means he has just died, whereas ele é morto implies that he died long ago. Sometimes, either ser or estar can be used with equal propriety, as é claro que or está claro que it is evident that. L, the verb estar followed by the preposition or para and an infinitive means that the action of the second verb is to take place shortly. Carlos está para casar. Charles is on the point of marrying. O vapor está a partir. The steamer is about to start. M, estar a indicates an act in process at the time of the remark. A mais de meia hora está aquele menino a chorar for more than half an hour that boy has been crying. N, vir followed by the preposition a and an infinitive expresses the same idea as would be expressed by the second verb and por fim. Estas palavras vêm a significar or estas palavras por fim significam and the n, these words mean or these words amount to o. The English auxiliary do has no equivalent in portuguese. Conjugation of the auxiliary verbs ter to have a ver to be to have ser to be estar to be. Indicative, present tense, tenho, I have, tens, tem, temos, tendes, tem, a ver, ei, a vemos, a vez, um ser, sou, I am, es, é, somos, sois, são, estar, estou, I am, estás, está, estamos, estáis, estão. Imperfect tense, ter, tinha, I had, tinha, tinha, tínhamos, tínhais, tínham, a ver, avia, avias, avia, avíamos, avias, aviam, ser, era, I was, eras, era, éramos, eres, eram, estar, estava, I was, estávas, estava, estávamos, estáveis, estávam, present tense, ter, tive, I had, tive, tive, tivemos, tivestes, tiveram, a ver, ouvi, ouvesti, ouvi, ouvemos, ouvestes, ouveram, ser, fui, a was, foste, foi, fomos, fostes, foram, estar, estive, I was, esteveste, esteve, estivemos, estivestes, estiveram, future tense, ter, terei, terás, terá, teremos, tereis, terão, a ver, averei, a verás, a verá, a veremos, a vereis, a verão, ser, serei, serás, será, seremos, sereis, serão, estar, estarei, estarás, estará, estaremos, estareis, estarão, conditional, ter, teria, terías, teria, teríamos, teríais, teríam, a ver, a verías, a veríamos, a veríais, a veríam, ser, seria, serías, seria, seríamos, seriais, seríam, estar, estaria, estarías, estaria, estaríamos, estaríais, estariam, perfect tense, ter, tivera, tiveras, tivera, tiveramos, tiverais, tiveram, a ver, o vera, o veras, o vera, o veramos, o veréis, o veram, ser, fora, fora, fora, fóramos, fóreis, fóram, estar, estivera, estiveras, estivera, estiveramos, estiveréis, estiveram, subjunctive, present tense, ter, tenha, tenhas, tenha, tenhamos, tenhais, tenham, a ver, haja, hajas, haja, hajamos, hajais, hajam, ser, seja, sejas, seja, sejamos, sejais, sejam, estar, esteja, estejas, esteja, estejamos, estejais, estejam, imperfect tense, ter, tivesse, tivesse, tivesse, tivessemos, tivesseis, tivessem, a ver, houvesse, houvesses, houvesse, houvessemos, houvesseis, houvessem, ser, fôse, fôses, fôse, fôsemos, fôseis, fôsem, estar, estivesse, estivesse, estivesse, estivesseis, estivessem, future tense, ter, tiver, tiveres, tiver, tivermos, tiverdes, tiverem, a ver, houvesse, houvesse, houver, houvernos, houverdes, houverem, ser, fô, fôres, fô, fômos, fôres, fôrem, estar, estiver, estiveres, estiver, estivermos, estiverdes, estiverem, imperative, present, ter, singular, tem, plural, tem de, a ver, a, a vei, ser, ser, sede, estar, estar, estar aí, infinitive, impersonal, ter, a ver, ser, estar, personal, ter, teres, ter, termos, terdes, terem, a ver, a veres, a ver, a vermos, a verdes, a verem, ser, ser, seres, ser, sermos, serdes, serem, estar, estaris, estar, estarmos, estardes, estarem, portesapos, present portesapos, tendo, a vendo, sendo, estando, past portesapos, tido, havido, sido, estado, end of chapter 7 part 1