 Dear students, in this module we are going to discuss the sex and gender and its problematizing the binary construction of sex and gender. Sex refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define males and females such as reproductive organs and hormones. On the other hand gender refers to socially constructed roles, behaviors and identities associated with being male and female. So the binary construction of sex and gender assumes that there are only two distinct and mutually exclusive categories which is male and female. However, this binary construction is problematic as it does not account for the diversity and complexity of human experiences and different identities. When we talk about these two concepts and we feel that maybe there are two categories that are male and female from the point of view of sex. However, this aspect is just a biological aspect in which we determine their sex based on their biological features. On the other hand, when we talk about gender, the gender does not belong to your biological construct but rather it is socially constructed. In other words, we attribute different roles, different behavioral expectations, and especially different beliefs to gender. For example, if a male has these expectations and a female has these behavioral expectations. Similarly, in terms of their attire, their conversation, and their behavioral expectations are socially constructed in all societies. So from the point of view of gender, your biological being is entirely different from your social being because biological being cannot be determined from a social being. So in Pakistan, there is a strong emphasis on traditional gender roles and expectations which can limit individual's expressions and identification with non-binary gender identities. So now a big question arises that such people who we cannot identify as male and female, what would be their identity or their social identity? How does the society construct them socially? For example, when we look at transgenders, transgenders do not fall into any definition of this binary opposition. So the society cannot adequately define those socially constructed roles. The study of sex and gender requires a multidisciplinary approach incorporating perspectives from sociology, biology, psychology, and anthropology because by problematizing this binary construction of sex and gender, we can gain a deeper understanding of the ways in which gender is socially constructed and negotiated. Now because in the daily life of the two major sexes, when we talk about human behavior, we generally talk about male and female behavior. So in this, the minority who cannot fit in these two binary constructions, unfortunately, their behavior, their attributes, their characteristics, and especially their aspirations and their behavioral expectations are ignored. So as a social scientist, when we talk about social equality and social justice, those groups who cannot fit in these binary oppositions, what will be the derivative source of their rights? How will we be able to figure out whether they can fit in this equality platform or not? So it's very interesting to see that how these binary constructions of sex and gender are affecting those minority groups.