 climate and weather conditions of challenges. With regards to my presentation, I will briefly give an introduction. I like seeing the question of regional migration in Africa. I will also look at issues of intra-regional migration. And then of course, with regards to the powers, the powers created and all the group of powers, I will look at the tier of integration. I'm trying to draw on the tier of integration and kind of like give a theoretical insight into why apparent and seeming challenges in the effective implementation of the FWAS 2D and of course the group of powers. I will draw on the challenges and also look at FWAS 2 as regional migration and of course give what I would say of competition and of course the technical ground migration and of course the integration of the powers region. Regional economic integration and integration are so easily in the topical decision that we will look at in terms of the issue of national agenda and the establishment of, the establishment of the Asian Economic Commission for Africa and we saw it in the mission of several regional communities who had a commessa and put the ball through the national trade area in the southern Africa and the southern Tanzu and of course the Arab-made union. These were all regional countries that involved. And the question was regional integration in Africa and of course if you look at the 2015 data on price of emphasize the need for political and economic cooperation as a way to solve the root causes of regional migration especially from the southern Africa. But prior to that, either through all these conferences or one of the people who had the aid, especially the labels for the aid of the 1991 treaty, physical emphasizes on the issue of regional integration with the establishment of the Commission of the African Economic Community. All these examples were towards Omen of facilitating and the issue of regional and of course regional education within Africa and within the West African region. West Africa has always been a highly mobile area. Really in his work, in his book, I talked about the West African regional work across from either to the arrival of the others in the heart, simulation of the people across societies but the management of political borders to the arrival of the international independent. These are the ways of restricting the completion of the treaty in West Africa. But with the establishment of the people that's in the way kind of facilitated the intense movement of people between these issues, between the West Africa and South Africa. With the FWAS passport, with the FWAS treaty of course, as they joined member states to allow for the improvement of persons within community member states of the main TV's, the ground TV's and this one by this FWAS treaty and associated with the FWAS brochure kind of like emphasizing the need for community members to be able to stay in member states, to be able to reside in, to carry out economic activities without any recognition. If you look at the article that denies the FWAS treaty, it emphasizes that citizens of the community shall have the right entry, residence and establishment and members need to recognize these rights of community members. With the second article of the Section of the Act of 59 also emphasizes that member states and the tick to adopt all appropriate measures to ensure that community citizens enjoy fully the rights granted and greeted in Section 1 of the article. And lastly member states and the tick to adopt at national level all measures necessary for the effective implementation of the provisions created as part of the Act of 59 of the FWAS treaty. And aside, as I stated, aside this FWAS treaty for the first phase, the second phase of the FWAS treaty could be called that kind of thing. It emphasizes the seamless movement of people within member states within the FWAS region. Now, what does this make of all these articles of FWAS? What FWAS FWAS sought to do is to kind of like promote criminal migration and economic integration because they barely release the FWAS treaty and of course also have FWAS economic integration as well as not many of the treaty legislation scheme and also have other strategies that are going to be FWAS policy certificate for FWAS FWAS and of course other strategies that are being put in place to kind of like help movement or as you take it the movement of people and of course groups and services. Now, in trying to analyze the challenges that are embedded in this implementation of the FWAS treaty group I try to kind of like look at the second degree in text analysis of policies of the main FWAS region and several other things that are done by FWAS. I will be able to do several prominent persons who have been working in this area. The basis for this FWAS FWAS treaty is to draw the theoretical concept of integration. With the integration followed with the establishment of the European Economic Union at the time people were trying to understand what were some of the independent ways by which there was a kind of economic integration within the European Union. With the works of FWAS and FWAS he looked at integration as a process whereby political actors in several, in national settings, are persuaded to shift their loyalty expectations and political activities to a new center whose institutions possess or demand the protection of a free and existing national system. The end result of the process of the FWAS region was a new political system that imposed for a free and existing one. So for integration it basically looks at nations these kind of like relinquishing their powers certain powers in certain areas to a center. That's kind of like overseas the activities of all these nations these are political actors in trying to kind of like facilitate an integration process. It can be political, it can be security and it can be what, economic. In looking at integration I would like to focus on this new functional approach where he came up with what we call the concept of speed over. With this concept of speed over you have the functional and then the political speed over. With the functional speed over it basically tries to understand how integration in certain sections or aspects of the economy can facilitate an effective or a holistic integration in other aspects. With the political speed over ours was trying to look at it in terms of political actors acting in a way to kind of like in their own interest. Through lobbying, through acting and kind of like negotiating with other political actors to facilitate the integration process. So for me I'm feeling that integration will become itself of the same process. That will eventually lead to the integration of international political communities. Just like the effort was. So for me I'm drawing on this concept of theory of integration if there has been the possibility of regional population movement within the West African region all the member states ratifying the Ekova Treaty which allows for free movement within the member states for up to 90 days without visa. If there's kind of like collaboration in this aspect why is it that we are not seeing a fully functional Ekova's integration in Ekova in terms of political and economic integration and of course the seamless movement of people across the region. So as I already mentioned as to the nations they should try to control their own kind of ability to take decisions on certain issues and try to concentrate their ability into one centre and this centre oversees the whole agenda of integration. So I would like to say that integration can be social, it can be economic, it can be political. Because integration can take place in one aspect that necessarily having taking place in another aspect. So if for example we have free movement kind of like West Africa there's a possibility that and as we are seeing in terms of economic integration that aspect is still lagging so we can have integration in one aspect and then we can have challenges in another aspect. So integration theory as is the terministic approach because and for Haas himself he did not anticipate the rise of populism like what we are seeing today in the case of Europe because his focus was mainly on trying to explain economic integration within Europe. So he did not foresee the rise of populism or nationalism like what we are seeing in the case of Polonia and Spain what we are seeing with Brexit we are seeing that something similar like that would happen so would that something similar like that happen within the West Africa region even if we have fully functional integration process. What are the main challenges? What issues of policy of the issue? We have ECOWAS as kind of like come out with the ECOWAS passport we have come out with the ECOWAS power system we have adopted this for example Benin, Guinea Bissar Ivory Coast Liberia and other countries have not actually recognized or adopted the ECOWAS travel certificate with the ECOWAS passport almost every country has adopted it I don't know about Senegal yet but it is still not adopted to the fullest like where every country said okay ECOWAS passport besides ECOWAS community citizens are not even aware because of high illiteracy rates or inability or difficulties in attaining travel document and all what have you it is not actually an effective we even do it has been adopted by most countries and with the ECOWAS certificate that has been kind of like implemented as a cheaper and easier way not all the countries are actually adopted the most profound challenge with regards to population movement is that you are not able to identify the nationalities you cannot tell where this person is from Nigeria you cannot tell where this person is from Benin because normally people don't have documentation so they just get up and then they move so that is a very serious challenge that kind of like campaign the free movement it creates opportunity for sometimes harassment and challenges especially at the borders of entry or course of entry are similar experiences that the PAKA border the Ghana, the Kina Faso border and of course recent experience was also in Nigeria where I had to blame my passport because my passport wasn't the ECOWAS passport I was still using the old Ghana passport so these are kind of real challenges that the experience that the ECOWAS travel city not all the countries have implemented all this ECOWAS travel city and I mentioned Benin most especially Ivory Coast, Guinea-Pissau and then Liberia and another issue has to do with countless national costs from police checkpoints and barriers a major reason why this always comes up has to do with national security because of trans-boundary crime for example when you are traveling for example from the Temah straight up north to the PAKA border all the way up to Niger you encounter countless and countless custom barriers especially if you are clearing a car for example if you are moving a vehicle that you are transporting to Kina Faso where I had to experience like that throughout the night for every kilometer or two or three kilometers that you encounter police barriers there and until you pay the token you cannot move and where you pay they will put something like a stamp and if it happened that a first one custom barrier used to be a boat traveled more than the next big city and when they realized that I had not stamped at the other end even though it was meaningless it was just me stamping there we just collected their money I was made to return where I did not do the stamp stamp code I love you so these are all the issues but there are air force that are being made kind of like a factor in these issues recently the vice president I would just at this moment he announced that they will come September they were going to kind of like have eliminate all barriers along the road and yet he confirmed that at least I am now driving to investigate and find out whether that has been done but prior to that there have been suggestions of two various countries throughout the route so these are people that are being made and I think that we also have language people so for example if you are moving from Nigeria or from moving from Ghana to La Faso, you are switching from English to French so language people also comes in here because you are not able because of the differences in immigration and immigration forms or language differences who always have all these long queues of the particular traffic and all those things and they have complications for economic participation because you have to stay because you have all these big trucks waiting there to pass and of course issues of incompatibilities related to national economic migration policies distribution of these national labour force in member countries so for example in Ghana according to the Ghana investment promotion if you are not a citizen you are not supposed to engage in certain aspects of the economy so for example in the informal sector where you have all these small scale businesses or case of what have you you are virtually prevented from being prohibited in dealing in such economic activities and even if you want to you must employ of not less than 10 persons as part of the business there is a provision for about $300,000 before you actually in certain businesses in Ghana and in Nigeria for example there were also similar cases of discrimination against other example and somewhere in the Basan youth government about 96 youths were specially banned from Ghana so these are all policies that tend to discriminate against other citizens and if you are not a citizen in certain countries you cannot work in certain aspects of the national economy or certain public sectors so for example in Mali or in Ghana you are not a citizen you cannot work in the public service sector so these are all issues and how this relation often also tends to lead to what is fortunate we have similar cases in Ivory Coast where Moshi settler farmers in the Kukuku area have been repatriated back to what is it, Kukuna Faso and we have also historical kind of like instances of where Danians were repatriated or sent back from Nigeria in the early 80s in the 1970s Ghana also did the same with the alliance compliance law so these are issues that are still gaping in the western which of course it was expected that how about for the common carers that is still something that we are gaping and of course each of them has issues with trade quotas, they shouldn't be prohibitions or quantities that have been allocated to kind of like non-citizens but these are also issues that are coming up and of course issues related to the common carers we have national tax differences of course which is also for the immigration but also there are efforts that are being made in the free movement and almost every country has ratified the powers but the expectation is that if almost every country has ratified, there should be few movement but that is not the case so why is that there is no speed over as Haas is talking about but nonetheless there are other efforts that are being made for the powers in the free movement all the free movement of tools, pensions and the right of establishment as I mentioned earlier on campus there are areas that are in the position of future points for every country that is also in the consideration of the position of the sub-parts sub-parts itself but also in the hope of positions towards effective criminal migration for countries for people who are in the range of countries and this is something that are made by the protocols of principles embedded in the Epova treaty there should be sanctions irrespective of which nation that is involved whether it is big brother Nigeria or Ghana or Tugu or whatever I mean the rules of sanctions should be applied kind of like for example the smooth implementation of the Epova treaty is a need for political commitment I mean we shouldn't always have these Epova meetings where we have to go to as soon as be a talk shop or places to drink tea and patronize on watching I mean what have you towards the invitation of numerous challenges that have been created I have to state that this abandonment is a source of all the challenges that are confronting free movement establishment of course the ultimate innovation of what has been created at least I'm listening that effective cooperation between the Epova embassies will eventually see the smooth or eventual integration of economic and political but will that be a reality that remains to be seen as we continue to decide on the mission