 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel, Explore Education and I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls from the college, University of Allahabad and we are discussing the topic topics under educational psychology nowadays. And today I'm going to discuss a new topic under the main heading of educational psychology that is problem solving. When we are learning about critical thinking, creativity, thinking styles, then a topic emerge, problem solving. It is a very unique, you can say and not so complex topic, but many questions have been asked from this topic. So today I'm going to cover this topic of educational psychology that is problem solving behavior or you can say problem solving skills in psychology. And the lecture will be in bilingual mode and very useful as useful. So let's start. First of all, problem solving means problem solving. Hindi means problem solving. So the causal meaning of problem solving means how does a person solve the problem in his brain. What are the steps of problem solving? The problem is how does a person reach the stage of thinking? What is the level of his hierarchy? Problem solving is a very good strategy, so how do we implement it in the classroom? What are the factors that come in the path of problem solving? Means they work like obstacles. We will learn all this in the lecture. So what is problem solving? The process by which individuals attempt to overcome difficulties. It is simple that first there should be a problem, then its solution will be done. So that process in which individuals try to overcome any problems, go up. And achieve plans that move them from a starting situation to the desired goal. And they do planning, they make plans so that they reach their goal. And then reach conclusions through the use of higher mental functions. There are a lot of mental sanctions involved in that. That means from here we have come to know that problem solving brings a higher stage in the thinking stage. Such as reasoning and creative thinking. Like the word Tarik, the word Srijanatmak, the word Chintan. So problem solving is seen in non-human animals also. Even your psychology, your behavioural practical, experimented. They are all involved in non-human, in laboratory, in control condition. Involving mages, like the riddles, they have to get out, they have to get food. So what have they done? And other tests as well as in natural settings to obtain hidden foods. The food that is hidden, the food that has to be found, the way that has to be found. So they solved the problem in all this too. Then a deliberate and purposeful act. The biggest thing is deliberate act. Problem solving is not done. We have to actively work for that. Purposeful, that is the purposeful act on the part of an individual. On the part of an individual to realise the set goals and objectives by inventing some novel methods. We have to think something unique, something new. That is why creativity is also involved. Creative thinking is also coming. Stimatically following some plan steps for the removal of the interferences and obstacles in the path of the realisation of these goals. That is to say, whatever goal, whatever goal we have to reach, what do we have to do for that? We have to remove obstacles, obstacles, obstacles from some planned step. Or we have to think something uniquely and in a novel way. When usual methods like trial and error, habit formation and conditioning fail. I am so sorry. So problem solving, when do we have to use it? When the trial and error is not working. Habit formation means that we are not able to solve the problem with the habit formation. Or our conditioning is also failing. Then problem solving, that is, problem solving is somewhere higher mental thinking. That is all I understood from here. Now let's come to the definition. Let's see some definitions. For example, Woodsworth and Markowitz define this. Problem solving behavior occurs in the novel or difficult situations. Novel means a new situation. A situation that we have not experienced before. Difficult situation, difficult situation. In which a solution is not obtainable by the habitual methods of applying concepts and principles derived from past experiences in a very similar situation. I mean, in a similar situation, if our experience is something like this, then we usually solve it in a way that does not mean a solution. This means problem solving behavior is a difficult situation for us. It is a new situation for us. We have never had such a problem before. That problem is solved. That is, higher mental functions will be involved. We have to think in a novel way. You will not be able to do any habit. Then, Skinner. Skinner is saying that problem solving is a process of overcoming difficulties that appear to interfere with the attainment of a goal. That is, we have a goal here, but there are many obstacles to reach the goal. What is the name of it? And it is a procedure of making adjustments in spite of interferences. That is, despite the obstacles, we will have to make adjustments in the process of making adjustments. Then, how is Mayor and Wittrock defining this? Somewhat less open-ended than creative thinking. In creative thinking, what does it mean? Divergent thinking. That is, you can find the answers to all the problems that can be found in creative thinking. Creative thinking is only a little less open-ended. It is open-ended. Creativity will be involved in this. Problem solving, the analysis and solution of tasks or situations that are complex or ambiguous and that pose difficulties or obstacles of some kind. That is, creative thinking is only a little less open-ended. In this, we will have to do analysis. We will have to find a solution for the task situations that are very complex and ambiguous. That is, we are not clearly defined. And the difficulties that we are facing, we are facing problems, we are facing obstacles. Where are we going? For whom? To reach the goal. So, what is problem solving? I wanted to make you recall this. In Gain, I have taught you Robert Gadney's hierarchy of learning. In that, his steps of instruction are also read. According to the hierarchy, he is saying that this is not a signal learning. Our level of complexity is increasing here. The bottom is the simplest and the top is the toughest. So, signal learning, then SR learning. When SR is connected to each other in SR learning, then it becomes a chain. After the chain, it becomes a verbal association. Then we learn to differentiate it. So, it becomes a multiple discrimination. When we want to learn multiple discriminations, it means that our concept is formed. That is, we can define that this concept is different from this concept. Then this rule learning is called principle learning. That is, learning of concept and learning of principles are also in your syllabus. So, concept learning comes first, then principle learning comes. And what is the highest level of problem solving? That is, you have to understand that problem solving is based on the topmost position of hierarchy in thinking. That is, this is the most difficult to think of. So, what they are saying starts from here. That is, multiple discrimination, concept learning, principle learning and problem solving. These are the cognitive aspects of thinking. And signal learning, SR learning, chaining, up to your verbal association, these are behavioral aspects. So, we understand that in all these behaviors, we have studied SR, concept, chaining and conditioning. So, this is just to recall you that problem solving actually doesn't lie. I have told you this, otherwise you can listen to the video again. There are steps in effective problem solving. How do we solve the problem? Or if we have to teach students the capacity of problem solving, when they have to be there, what should we tell them? How do you have to go? How do you have to lead them? So, John Brantford and Barry Steen told us 5 steps in 1984. Advocated 5 steps that are basically associated with the task of problem solving. That is, the goals of the society are related to them. They refer to these steps as ideal thinking and arrange them in the following order. They gave it the abbreviation of ideal. That is, there is also an ideal thinking in itself. And if we only remember the ideal, we will remember the steps. Like, I for identifying the problem. That is, first of all, we have to identify the problem. That is, first of all, we have to know what the problem is. Then D, defining and representing the problem. When we recognize the problem, what do we have to do? We have to change it. What do we want to study? What do we want to find out? Then what is E? Exploring possible strategies. That is, now we have to work on a lot of strategies. If we work on one strategy, then that strategy may not work. So, we have to take a lot of options. This may be the solution. This may be the solution. Exploring possible strategies. As many strategies as possible, we will have to work on them. We will have to study them. We will have to explore them. And A, acting on these strategies. Now, we have a problem. The problem has been solved. We have worked on a lot of strategies. Now, we have explored the strategy. Now, what are we going to do? We will work on the strategy. Then L is looking back and evaluating the effects of one's activity. That is, you can call it a follow-up stage. You can call it an evaluation stage. We have to look back and see where we are going. Where are we going? And how fruitful are the solutions that we have come to? Then, factors affecting problems. What are the factors that affect the problem? What are the factors that affect the problem? You can say that there are obstacles in learning the problem. So, the first thing is that factors inherent in the nature of the problem itself. The problem is in the nature of the problem. Or it is the same thing. The problem is ill-defined. If you are not aware of the ill-defined problem, then you will never be able to answer the question. This means that the problem should be clearly worded. It should be concise. It should be precise. It should be non-ambiguous. So, we can deal with this factor on a level. But what is the second important level? Factors associated with the problem solver. That is, who is the problem solver? He is a student. He is our subject. We are ourselves. So, we ourselves are the problem solvers. So, what are the factors that create obstacles in inherent and problem solving? First of all, the level of previous learning. As we have said, in subsumption learning, we should have a level of previous learning. We will not learn from it. So, the level of previous learning is very bad. It is bad. If you are not aware of it, then you will not be able to solve the problem. That is why the problem is being solved. Then, the interest and motivation level of the students. You are not interested in that subject. You are not interested in that subject. So, we do not believe in solving the problem. The students who are very interested in maths, are interested in reasoning. They feel that they have asked questions about maths all day. They feel that they are self-motivated to do it. The mind in the computer. And the mind is not interested in it. And now, both the students are not interested in it. Then, the problem solving will not be possible. Then, understanding and analysis of the problem. We have to understand the problem, whether it has been asked or not. We have to investigate whether it has been solved. This will also tell us that the problem will be solved by now. Mental set or functional fixedness. These are the two points that need further elaboration. I will tell you in the future. The mental and physical state of the problem solving. Our mental state is very bad. We are feeling mentally low, physically low. So, in spite of this, we are very competent. We will not be able to solve the problem. And the time spent on solving the problem. If we get very little time, and the problem is very complex, we will not be able to solve it. In spite of this, we have the ability to solve it. So, these are the two points. The most psychological concept. You can say that mental set or functional fixedness. The factors that are obstacle to the problem solving. And to solve the problem solving. We create uneasiness. What is mental set? What is mental set? A tendency to only see solutions that have worked in the past. That is, our mental set. We believe that we are very rigid. That we only want to see the solution from that angle. Like we first got that solution. That means that we first got that problem. So, the way we got the solution, we fix ourselves. We stop ourselves. We make a set. That the problem will be solved in the same way. So, what did we do with thinking? We fixed it. We rigid it. What do we do with thinking? We have to keep a novel. We have to make something new. We have to think differently. So, the problem will be solved. So, this type of fixed thinking can make it difficult to come up with solutions. That is, if we want to think in this way, then we will have a problem in finding a new solution. And can impede the problem solving process. So, the problem that is going on in our mind will be solved later. And this phenomena is also known as the iron-stay lung effect. And this phenomena is known as iron-stay lung effect. When the brain, the individual, and the mental set is made. We had this problem. In the last examination, we performed it wrongly. So, we came out of this way. This solution worked. So, whenever there is a problem like this, we feel that this solution will work. But it does not happen. Every time, we have to think in a different way. Some situations change. So, we change the solution as well. Similarly, functional fixedness. Functional fixedness is what is called a cognitive bias. See how good the word is. Bias, we are there. But not cognitive bias. In the mind, we have taken that bias. Like this means that once the brain is used to thinking of a particular thinking in a specific way. That is, our brain is used to whenever there is a problem, we think in the same way and it is solved in the same way. Both are very similar to each other. Which limits your ability to think of it in a new or innovative way. So, what happens is that the thought that we have to think in a new way is limited somewhere. Because we feel that every time we think the same way, the solution will come out. It is the perceived inability of someone. That is, this is our ability that we perceive to use an object for something other than its original intended purpose. Right? You can say that there is a lot of creativity in this. That we have accepted that any object has an intended purpose. Meaning, for which it is made, it will be used in the same way. It will be fixed in our mind. We cannot think that it has a different utilization. It can be thought in a different way. It can be used in a different way. This is functional fixedness. So, these two feelings that if you are with a problem solver, then that problem solving capacity will not be able to solve well. And that problem solving will not be able to solve. We can. Then, useful strategies for problem solving. What should we do? What should we learn? Who has practiced their students in the class so that they can solve problems. Algorithms and heuristics. These two are very popular. Other than that, there are many other things that you should know. What is an algorithm? An algorithm is a problem solving formula. Look, this is a problem solving formula. It provides you with step-by-step instructions used to achieve a desired outcome. That is, it tells us step-by-step, it gives us an idea so that we can get to desired outcome. One can think of an algorithm as a recipe with highly detailed instructions that produce the same result every time they are performed. Look, the algorithm is also in our computer. In its Google Chrome. As soon as we search, it gives us so many results. We meet them. Every time. Same set of results. Same set of performances. So it helps us to get to desired outcome. If we don't know the whole thing and only know that much, we reach our solution. Because it helped us. Then what are the heuristics? The algorithm must be followed exactly to produce a correct result. The algorithm must be followed in the same way. Then we will reach the correct result. But in heuristics, it is a general problem solving framework. It can be used in many places. For general problem solving. You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. These are mental shortcuts. We don't have to think too much. We know the rule of thumb. The rule of thumb is an example of heuristics. We have to do this. We don't look at the logic behind it. We don't look at theory behind it. We don't look at practice. We know the rule of thumb. This is the problem. This is the solution. This is the problem. This is the solution. This is a mental shortcut. Working backwards is a useful heuristic. If we focus on working backwards, we focus on the end result. We focus on the processes of the seed. We focus on the focus. But we will reach the solution of the problem soon. Similarly, another useful heuristic is the practice of accomplishing a large goal. We have taken a very big goal. How will we achieve the whole goal? What should we do? We should break it. We should make it. First we will achieve it. Then we will achieve it. Then we will achieve it. Then we will achieve a large goal. Another useful heuristic is the practice of accomplishing a large goal and task by breaking it into a series of smaller steps. We will cross the small steps. Then we will achieve a big goal. I think I have covered. Okay. What are the things to know in problem solving? The problem solving is the highest level according to the hierarchy of knowledge. That is, these mental higher mental functions are involved in it. Then we have to teach the students the capacity of problem solving. The ideal of problem solving is first we will identify, then we will define, then we will explore, then we will act. Then we will look backward in the end. Then after that, what are our many things? Problems are factors in which the mental set of functional fixness is most important, popular factor. Apart from that, there are many factors. So what should we do? We should overcome these factors. And strategies, algorithm, heuristics, and anything else are there. Like abstraction. What is abstraction? It refers to solving the problem within a model of the situation before applying it to reality. That is, before we go into the real world, we should apply a model to it. If we feel, yes, this is workable, then we should apply it to reality. Analogy. Using a solution that solves a similar problem. If we find that solution in a similar problem, then we bring that solution here and see if it can be solved. Divide and concord. That means a big circle, divide it into small parts and one by one. Lateral thinking. Approaching problems indirectly and creatively by viewing the problem in a new light. There are many times where we do not get the solution in the same way. But suddenly, in a novel and creative way, we have to see it in a new light. We have to see it in a new light. We have to see it in a new way. We feel that this is the solution. Means and analysis. Choosing and analyzing an action at a series of smaller steps to move closer to the goal. Reduction. We will reduce it. How? Adapting the problem to similar problems where the solution exists. What do we do? We bring this problem into the adaptation of a similar problem. We make it cool. We know the solution of it. If we do not know the solution of our problem, we take it into the same solution. We know the solution. Then we apply the findings of research. Root cause analysis will be reduced. What is the root cause? If the root cause is reduced, then the problem will be solved. There are numerous strategies that are useful in solving problems. Okay. There is a small topic. But if anything is asked, then we will not be able to tell where is the gain, what is the higher, what is the ability to use. Who described which are the steps. What is the last step? What are the functional fix-nits? What is the mental set? There are many things. And in the subject, I ask a lot of short notes. Right short notes on problem solving and problem solving skills. How do you inculcate the skill of problem solving in your student service? There are many questions about the application. So, you read it. Read it. Okay. So, sorry. Thank you. And don't forget to like and subscribe my channel. And join my telegram group. Explore Education 2. Okay. Done for my essay.