 Good afternoon. Ladies and gentlemen, welcome to today's webinar on International Human Rights Day and the third round table conference on human rights and Kizhavi Kalushe. I will be your chairperson for today's webinar. I've been asked specifically by my professor Dr. Vijaya to keep this session as casual as possible. So I'll try my best to remove all formalities and I hope everyone's comfortable. Before I highlight the order of this program, allow me to read out the concept to quote Eleanor Roosevelt herself, where after all the universal human rights began in small places, close to home. So close and so small that they cannot be seen on any maps of the world unless these rights have meaning there. They have little meaning anywhere without concerted citizen action to uphold them close to home. We shall look in vain for progress in the larger world. Human rights are rights which are inherent and inalienable to all human beings regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion or any other. These rights include civil, political, economic and cultural rights. Everyone is entitled to these rights without discrimination. It is obligatory for the governments to promote and protect human rights. Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a milestone in history of humankind. It was proclaimed by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948. Eleanor Roosevelt, the first lady of USA, played a crucial role as chairperson of the drafting committee. There are other women who have shaped this document. Hansa Mehta from India, the only other female delegate to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights between 1947 and 1948, was a staunch fighter for women's rights in India and abroad. She is instrumental in changing the phrase, all men are born free and equal to all human beings are born free and equal. In article one of the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, this day is observed as international human rights, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, together with international covenant on civil and political rights and international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights are known as international bill of humans. In its 72 years of existence, there are many cases of human rights protection and violations. In this regard, we will discuss the role of human rights enforcing agencies in mitigating issues relating to sustainable development goals, racism, pandemics, protection of minorities, climate change and etc. The order of today's program is as follows. Dr. Rimey will be giving out the welcome address followed by a keynote address by Mr. P. Anthony Raj, one of our esteemed guests. Later we will proceed with the student round table discussion. Our very own Dr. Vijaya will be the moderator and the speakers are as follows. Mr. Pution and Jamir, Ms. Ntve Wang, Ms. Ningning Nyumai, Mr. Hotoka Shohei, Mr. Botuli Chishi. They will all be speaking on the multiple topics of their one. We also have special invitees, two of our reputable guests. Major General N. George is the director of Vanguard Business School at Bangalore, Karnataka and Mr. M. Prem. He is a visiting faculty of sociology of B.S. Abdul Rahman, recent institute of science and technology. I thank both of them for coming and attending our webinar. Later we will have a question and answer session after which Mr. Kukru Setu will be giving the computer. So to put things into motion, Dr. Rimi, you're free to begin your address. Thank you, Chairperson. Good afternoon, everyone. Honorable Director Dean HOD, fellow teachers, our special invitees, retired Major General N. George, Director of Vanguard Business School, Bangalore, Karnataka, Mr. P. Anthony Raj, Assistant Professor Department of World Development Science, Arul Anandar, College Madurai, Tamil Nadu, who is also our keynote speaker. Mr. M. Prem, visiting faculty of sociology, B.S. Abdul Rahman, recent institute of science and technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, our student speakers, all the participants, ladies and gentlemen. I'm indeed very happy to be able to welcome you all to this department third round table conference on human rights under the theme universal human rights theory and practice on this glorious occasion, wishing you all a very happy human rights day in the first place. On this glorious occasion, our department thinks fit to do something to mark the observance of human rights day and also to support this year's theme, recover better, stand up for human rights. The idea or concept of the round table conference was mooted in the year 2018 and soon after that, Department of Political Sciences College decided to organize the round table conference on relevant emerging issues every year. In 2018, the first round table conference on religious intolerance and extremism in India was held. In 2019, the second round table conference on emerging issues in Indian politics post 2014 general elections was held. As I mentioned earlier, this year's round table conference on this glorious occasion will remind us all about the evolution, meaning and nature of human rights, contemporary significance of human rights, international bill of human rights, classifications of human rights, human rights issues and activities taken up by the human rights, human rights commissions, bodies and civil society organization in the field of human rights for the protection of human rights around the world, etc. Ladies and gentlemen, I'm looking forward to a very engaging conference session with the student speaker and with our special invitees today. I once again welcome you all to this great academic event and give my best wishes to all the participants who will be sharing their knowledge on different aspects of human rights and human rights issues. Let us all recover better and stand up for human rights. We all need to have a proper human rights culture even in our society and for this we need human rights defenders and educators for the present and future generation. Thank you, thank you all. Thank you, sir. I'd like to invite our guest speaker, Mr. Antony to please present his keynote address. Sir, the time is yours. Mr. Antony Raj, please step forward for your keynote address. I would like to request the IT team or IT team to kindly see to the blocking of some audios or some speaker. Sir, sorry there is a problem. He couldn't connect his audio is not working so just a few moments. On behalf of the organizing team, I really apologize for the technical issue. We are working on it. Kindly do bear with us. Thank you. Hello, hello. Yeah, we can hear you. Vijaya, can you? Yeah, I can hear you. You are audible. Yeah, yeah. Sorry for the interruptions. Sorry for the interruptions again. So, moreover, I am sorry also for not coming through camera. So, very good afternoon everyone. So, I am especially chief coordinator of this round table conference, Dr. Longmai, coordinator, Dr. Vijaya and the special invitees to this third round table conference major retire major general George and Mr. Prem and the other students, speakers and faculty and students of this college. Once again, a warm good afternoon. So, I am very grateful to your college for giving this opportunity on this human rights day. So, it is a right occasion to have this round table conference on human rights teams, especially over the theme of the conferences, especially theory and practice. So, here my talk will be having the three portions. The first I will be discussing on some introductory note on human rights. The second part, I will be discussing about some of the human rights issues which is happening in India. And thirdly, I will be taking one case that is the impact of form bills and the recent protest which is going on in Delhi against these recent form acts and how we could analyze what are the human rights issues associated with this form acts. Then finally, I will be concluding. So, this is what this is the part of my presentation. So, to begin with, so we might be knowing, so first we should know about already you might be knowing that what is human rights. So, I will try to give some of the, I will try to contextualize on which context the concept of human rights has emerged. So, mostly it was a human rights, the concept of human rights was emerged in the after the Second World War. So, mostly in the 1945 United Nations Organization of Established to bring out peace and security to the global world. And so, in 1948 the Human Rights Declaration was adopted. So, on the day of December 10th. So, that is why from 1950s onwards, we are celebrating Human Rights Day on December 10th. So, it was the day when the Universal Declaration of Human Rights were adopted. So, what do you mean by human rights? So, basically it is a fundamental and basic rights and privileges of all human beings irrespective of gender, caste, race and any other identity altogether. So, because we have we are entitled to these rights because we are existing as human beings. So, it is mostly universal in nature, universal in the sense it is it applies to all nations and all communities. So, it cannot be taken away in any way. It is also most of the human rights are interrelated with each other. So, we cannot what I can say. So, it is not indivisible. So, all human rights are interrelated with each other especially suppose if some communities are politically emerged or if they got some political rights through these political rights, they can gain other social and economic rights. So, I can give you I can explain this through one examples. So, during 1970s after the Green Revolution there was an emergence of backward caste movement in northern India especially in Uttar Pradesh Samajwadi Party that is regional one of the regional party. The other one is Rastiyaj Janadadal Party which is a big party in Bihar. So, through this the regional local parties were gained momentum after 1970s. So, they got the political power especially the backward caste. So, through this political power they got other economic rights and other social rights. So, all we can say that all human rights are interrelated with one another. We cannot say that only if you if you get only these rights we could quit everything. So, we need to get all forms of rights. So, this is what regarding human rights. So, now I will go to the what are the some of the human rights issues of in Indian context. So, especially I like to discuss about the three form bills or acts which was recently introduced in parliament. So, now you might see you might have daily you might have seen in newspapers and media this issue is mostly given more priority because in the history so, likes of farmers are gathered in one place this is the past time. So, you might have seen in all media channels and everything. So, why they are protesting against? So, mostly they are protesting against these three form acts. So, the consequences or probable impact of these three acts will have more human rights issues. So, this is what I would like to discuss how to analyze this issue from human rights perspective especially there are three acts. The first one is form produce trade and commerce act or the second act is commerce agreement on price assurance and form services act. The third one is essential commodities amendment act. So, these are the three act which was recently introduced in parliament especially though these acts have some positive impact. So, most of the scholars and they hold the opinion that this may have disastrous effect in future. So, I will try to analyze this issue from human rights perspective. The first one is essential commodities act. So, according to the essential commodities act earlier it was the convention that the central government they listed some of the commodities as essential commodities especially our daily usage like vegetables then edible oil then other eatable items then tomato onion whatever it is. So, whatever we are using as daily purpose there are some essential commodities. So, the objective of including some eatable items or edible items in essential commodities was that the price whenever the price rise was whenever the essential commodities the price is rising for essential commodities it is a responsibility of the state government and central government to reduce the price that was the motive behind the essential act, but now they have removed certain items from the essential commodities. So, what was the impact? The main impact was that because anyone can store or anyone can code these items in their storage in their storage. So, it will create artificial demand. So, whenever the artificial demand is created for these essential items the price of this price of those essential commodities will go up. There the state government and central government should act, but here when they remove certain edible items from this essential commodities it mostly favor those corporates especially all the price rise will go the price will go up mostly all consumers especially over farmers and peasants and consumers will be affected the large chunk of profit will go to the corporates and intermediaries especially you might have seen that onion prices. So, in the in the summer days they will buy 20 rupees per kg the intermediaries will get from the farmers then they will store it in a particular place during monsoon season the demand will go up. So, what they will do is that so they won't take out whatever they store in their own places. So, mostly they will create artificial demand. So, through this artificial demand the price will go up whenever the price will go up slowly they will start selling their selling their store products in a higher price. So, here it is the how we can look at this issue. So, whenever the price rise is going up it is against the right to food right to we have lot of consumer rights. So, it is a responsibility of the state government to provide the essential commodities in a cheaper price, but here instead of state deciding it is the prices of essential commodities the market will decide the prices of essential commodities. So, mostly the commodity price will be going up. So, it is the right mostly some of the rights here will have some problem. So, mostly it is against the right to food then against the consumer rights and against right to livelihood opportunities mostly power will be affected. Then they are talking about the corporate forming. So, this is the concept emerged after the introduction of the corporate forming was emerged the concept emerged according to the corporate forming mostly the corporates will enter into agreement with the farmers. So, mostly they will enter into agreement with the farmers here there will be agreement what is the price. So, in what price in which the corporates going to get for their produce mostly the corporate forming in the sense they will have agreement with most of large more number of farmers especially thousands of farmers or more than thousands of farmers the large tract of land will and will be in the agreement. The price of the price of this commodities also will be mentioned in the how many years this the particular farmers should sell their produce to the corporates. So, everything will be mentioned in the agreement. But what was the consequence if the some of the farmers will be going for this agreement it will have some disastrous consequences especially farmers do not have their bargaining power if they have if they found some if they find some issues with corporates. Suppose earlier in our Tamil Nadu and all especially the sugarcane farmers will have some agreement with the sugar mills. So, they will sell their sugarcane, but they will get the amount only after six months or after one year only. So, this was the problem associated with corporate forming. So, if they once they do not have bargaining power it will be in power of corporates. And also suppose the quality of tomato is very less if the corporates may after the produce suppose they after the agreement the farmers are producing some kind of tomatoes or onions ok they now they are going to sell it to the corporates. So, there there is a possibility that they may get those produce for less prices telling that these are the these onions and these tomatoes have very less quality ok. So, they will give innumerable reasons for that. So, suppose in the agreement it was mentioned that 50 rupee per onion ok. So, after so after when they are telling that this onion has less quality then they will buy it only for 20 rupee. So, 30 rupee will be less. So, for kg if they are losing 30 rupee if it is hundreds and tens they may have lot of losses. So, they will enter into depth then most of the farmers will be in depth because they will not get whatever the minimum price also. So, it will it will also lead to suicide also. So, here we could consider the farmers suicide it is not an individual act it is a social forces which will have which will which make the farmers to commit suicide. So, these corporate forming if it is implemented it goes against the right to food choices and right to cultural rights you will loss your right to cultural rights. Suppose most of the corporate will be interested in producing the products which has more value in international markets ok. So, suppose rice is the rice is the stable food of southern India and wheat is the stable food of northern India. Suppose, they feel that corn has the more value than rice in the international market. So, if the all the lands are going under the control of corporates then they will cultivate only corn. The production of rice will go down the production of wheat also will go down. Then we have to consume whatever whatever they are produced by the corporates. So, here we are lossing our right to food choice they will decide what we need to eat they will decide what items we need to purchase. So, here we lost our cultural rights. So, then another problem with this corporate forming was that. So, already I told you that only the corporate forming corporates will have more power than the farmers. Farmers, farmers won't have more bargaining power also if it is they you see is going to the court corporates will have more power. So, farmers will enter into debt. Then it will debt will increasing over the period of time and finally, the farmers will sell the land to the corporate. So, in like this way most of the most of the lands will come under the corporate control. So, if that is going to happen. So, this is what the prospects prospects of those form rights if it is going to happen the common people will have more problem. Especially there won't be any consumer rights there won't be any right to life there won't be any equal there you don't you lost your right to food choice. Everything will be decided by the market everything will be decided by the market. So, another one is minimum support price. Now the system is that minimum support price will be decided by the central government ok for most of the products especially cotton, sugar can all those items. So, now in this act what they are telling is that farmers can sell anywhere suppose then mostly now the farmers are selling they are produced through agricultural produce market committee it is established in every state. So, their minimum support price is fixed by the state government and central government. So, now here the now the present act what they are what they are telling is that interstate buying of buying of agricultural product agricultural produce is accepted. So, what it leads to us that most of the corporates will buy those product and they will store it in a particular place if they will create the what I can say artificial demand for the particular product. Then here the slowly the agricultural produce market committee also will slowly vanished then farmers will not get their minimum support price also everything will be decided by the market and corporates. So, in the same way agricultural farmers will enter into debt then so many problems associated with debt and everything will be farmers will lost their life it will enter into agrarian crisis. So, this is what we have to look at the particular problem from human rights perspective here I would like to say that what is the role of student to look at each and every issue which is happening around you. First of all you need to problematize this issue from various perspectives and relate those I list out those problems associated with particular issues. Suppose we form bills or any other human rights issue problematize the issue first then connect those issues with ideals and values of democracy or human rights especially equality joshia justice equal opportunities freedom liberty these are the ideals of democracy as well as human rights. So, then you relate all those concepts with the problems then you will be aware of or you will be conscious of what are the impact of those social issues how it is mostly related to these human rights. So, with this I will end this keynote address. Thank you. Thank you all. That has been most educational Mr. Anthony. Thank you very much. I think it's time we proceed to the student to round table discussion now. So, handing it over to you Dr. Vijay. Take it away. Thank you Mr. Roshi and good afternoon everyone. I am honored to chair the session on human rights under to the session has speakers young minds students. So, I thank and I want to express my gratitude to the department of political science Dr. Remay for giving me this opportunity. So, before moving to the speakers I just want to give a few I want to say a few lines about human rights. Actually, our keynote address he has he has addressed the about the evolution of human rights and we know that rights are part of every human being and these rights are inalienable and this includes civil rights, political rights, economic and cultural rights. So, these rights were an individual he or she inherits these rights right from his or her birth and these rights they must know and they must have these rights until they die. So, let us see today we have this round table discussion and they are going to touch many topics actually they discuss about human rights violations and first we have the speakers speaking on interface between international human rights law and international humanitarian law. So, I would like to invite Mr. Jamil be a fifth semester student to speak on interface between international human rights law and international humanitarian law. Okay, thank you so much. Good afternoon to everyone. I'm I'm Pudiyono Jamil a third year student pursuing BA in political science state of college. My topic titled interface between international human rights law and international humanitarian law which is very close to my heart. Fortunately, I'm also studying human rights as a subject under Dr. Anuradha Babar. We have to understand that international humanitarian law and international human rights law are two distinct but complementary bodies of law. They are both concerned with the protections of life, health and dignity. However, there is a thin there is a thin line drawn between these two that's separate from the comprehending as an interchangeable term. International humanitarian law applies in armed conflict while human rights law applies at all time in peace and in war or in international humanitarian law and human rights law apply in armed conflicts. The main difference in their application is that international human rights law allows a state to suspend a number of human rights if it faces a situation of emergency. International humanitarian law cannot be suspended except as provided in article 5 to the 4th Geneva Convention. However, a state cannot suspend or wear certain unfundamental rights that must be respected in all circumstances. This includes the right to live, the prohibition of tortures and inhuman punishment or treatment, the outlawing of slavery or servitude, the principle of legality and non-radioactivity of the law and the right to freedom of thought, consign and religion. State have a legal duty to respect and implement both IHL and human rights law. Compliances with IHL require a state to introduce international legislation to implement its obligation, to train its military and to train those in the grave pitch of such law. Human rights law also contain prohibitions require a state to protect legislative and others every measure to implement its rule and punish volition. IHL based on the Geneva and Hague Convention, additionally protocol and a series of treaties governing means and methods of waging war such as door-spanning, blending leisure weapons, land mines and chemical and biological weapons, as well as customary law. International human rights law is more complex unlike IHL includes regional treaties. The main global legal instrument is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948. Other global treaties include the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, the International Convention on Economic, Social and Culture Rights, as well as treaties on the prevention and punishment of torture and other forms of growth in human or degrading treatment or punishment on the elimination of racial discrimination and discrimination against women or on the rights of the child. Regional human rights conventions or charter have been adopted in Europe, the Americas, Africa and the Arab region. In situations of armed conflict, human rights law complements and reinforces the protection afforded by international human rights law. Thank you. Thank you Mr. Jami. He has given us a clear distinction of international human rights law and international human rights law and how they both are complementary and what are their jurisdictions and he has explained to us what the different forms of human rights violations and which are covered under these specific laws. So our next speaker, Pheon Konek, she's going to speak about human rights violations in the context of race and ethnicity and this, let us see, it's very interesting because we have seen that in the most developed advanced democracies of the world, they are facing these issues, the racist and ethnicity issues and the world's largest democracy, even India, we are facing these issues and let us see what the speaker has to put forward. Ms. Pheon, please take your place. Thank you ma'am. Good afternoon everyone, respected chairperson, special invitees, professors and all my dear friends. My name is Anne Pheon Konek. I am from first semester MA political science. On this day, 10th of December 2020, as we celebrate human rights day, I would like to talk on human rights violation in the context of the race and ethnicity. Racism is one force that many nations have been combating, where United Nations has been playing a great role under different policies. Following the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the year 1948, the international convention on the elimination of all forms of racial discrimination that is ICERD was the major international agreements on human rights adopted by the UN General Assembly. However, the battle continues. The recent happenings during this pandemic has cornered the topic of racism and elevated at another level and we are all very aware with this incident that happened on May 25, 2020, when the many police police officers arrested George Floyd, a 46-year-old black man. I think I shouldn't be mentioning this black, but a 46-year-old man, after a convenience store employee called 911 and told police that Mr. Floyd had bought cigarettes with a counterfeit $20 bill. But unfortunately, 17 minutes after the first squad car arrived at the scene, Mr. Floyd was unconscious and paint beneath three police officers, showing no signs of life. This recent incident renewed the black movement called the Black Lives Matter and it exploded the internet and gained international attention. Even in our own country, India, story may be different from the blacks and white, but concept and mentality, it is all the same. This pandemic, even in India, it has succeeded in unleashing the racist mentality of Indians. When they misbehaved with those from the northeastern states, it was on 26th March a man was arrested for spitting on the face of Manipuri woman and calling her corona. However, this is not only the time when people from the northeast faced harassment. Even in an article by feminism in India, women from the northeast recall how people calling them by name like Chinky and Momos, and all these are very too common. And then we further accused them of not trying to be a part of the race of the India. Similarly, there are several such instances where discrimination against people based on color, race, and ethnicity has been seen. We Indians never thought of it as a serious issue. Therefore, I think we should look into our mindset and try bringing changes on an individual level. And the only thing we can contribute to the society, to the nation, and to the world is to protect a newborn baby. Just because they are human and just because they are alive, not just because they are a good person or a bad person. And I think that's probably the right to life. According to me, we can carry empathy as a weapon to end this discrimination. And in today's world, it is so great to see the outpouring of the solidarity with people protesting in the streets against racism. And we also got that hope. The hope that as we look back even in fighting the apartheid system, it took the people of the world to unite and end the apartheid system. And I think the time has come to unite and end this racism because nobody ever in this world has chosen to be black, white, or anything in particular. And in this very special day, I would therefore like to pay respect to the survivors and the relatives of human violation who are with us today. Last but not the least, I think we are not even to be called or addressed as human beings if we ignore the sufferings of others because we all bleed the same color and not forget it. We are all different shades of the same color. And I would like to conclude with a quote by Albert Mammy. Laundry is the only thing that should be separated by color. Thank you. Thank you, Ms. Fiong, for that very provoking speech. And I can remember something relating to this racist slur when once in Delhi we were called as Madrasi. So this is the way they address the North Indians basically from the central part of India and above it. They usually look down the southern part of India or the northeastern. They look down. So this mentality has to go. And I think for this, there must be human rights education right from the childhood. And this has to be made part of the school and higher education curriculum also. So our next speaker, Ms. Ningning Numai, is going to speak on impact of climate change on rights of people and climate change thanks to the industrialization and uneven development we have seen. There is a lot of problems and associated with our human rights violations. We have seen as a result of global warming. There is melting of glaciers. There is threat to islands. So they are going to disappear and even threat to in our own country, there is threat to the disappearance of actually Sundarbans. So like this, not only this, this affects people's lives in many ways. So I would like to invite Ms. Ningning to put forward her views on impact of climate change on lives of people. Good afternoon once again to all present here. My name is Ningning Numai and today on this auspicious day I will be presenting on the topic climate change and human rights violation. The natural environment has provided us with resources which are essential for the survival and flourishment of mankind. However, over the past centuries, selfish human activities have taken a toll on the environment causing a wicked phenomena like climate change. What is climate change? Climate change refers to the significant changes in the global temperature, precipitation, wind patterns and other climatic measures over a long period of time. Although it can occur naturally, studies suggest that changes observed in Earth's climate since the early 20th century are anthropogenic, meaning resulting from human-driven activities. The average global temperature today has increased by 2.09 degrees Fahrenheit. This extreme climatic change is connected to the ever-increasing carbon dioxide levels and other greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere. The first step in addressing climate change problem was initiated by the UNFCC during its 1992 Earth Summit. Up until recently, people's view on climate change were limited to melting ice and polar bears. We all know how climate change will impact the Earth, but how does it violate human rights? All men are born free with equal dignity and rights. According to the UN, climate change poses one of the greatest threats to human rights of our generation. This includes right to life, water, food, health and sanitation, even right to live in your own country. Some of these rights are the very core of human survival. Now, this is not a mere abstract future possibility. It is already happening and tropogenic climate change as the most pervasive threat have begun to have its far-reaching impact in people's lives directly and indirectly. This includes sudden onset of events that pose direct threat to human life and safety, as well as gradual onset that will determine access to key life-supporting resources. This impact is evident in the case of rapid melting of glaciers and ice sheets in green land. We know that melting ice adds to rising sea levels. In the Arctic region, this is causing vast changes in its ecosystems, which support many indigenous groups living there. Flash floods and rising sea levels are also pushing many island countries, like Maldives and Indonesia, close to submersion. Likewise, lack of access to clean water in Pakistan has been an issue for quite some time now. In many parts of India, there has been shift in monsoon rains, severe heat waves and increased frequencies of droughts and floods destroying many lives. In Nagaland, people have witnessed the longer summers and harsher winters, search in mosquito-breeding and, of course, the frequent landslides. Farmers have also observed a sea change as such. Wet terrace fields have dried up, streams have reduced, and rainfall has become unpredictable. Climate change is also a warning of climate apartheid, a phenomena where the rich can avoid the worst effects of climate change while the poor suffer. Unabated climate change will cause shortages of food, displacement of people, and mass loss of life. Droughts, famines, floods will only worsen. It will also immensely impact people's standard of living and destroy various essential ecosystems and physical infrastructures. All this will largely impact the poor and vulnerable communities. While these communities may have not contributed to climate change, they will be most drastically affected by it. It is clear that climate change largely prevents people from exercising their human rights, posing enormous threats to the well-being of individuals and communities across the world. Since governments around the world have failed to take immediate preventive actions, prior to the knowledge of climate change and its impediments, we are bound to face certain unavoidable consequences. However, we can still take efficient plans, make efficient plans, to mitigate the issues and adapt to it. Thus, the mandate to immediate action to reduce greenhouse emissions and vulnerability, and to increase resilience to climate change impact is clear. The manner in which we respond to these challenges can also affect the enjoyment of human rights. Thus, the government obligations are to address the implications and in doing so to respect, protect, and fulfill human rights. To aid the government, there are also human rights mechanisms like the green climate fund, adaptation fund, and clean development mechanisms, etc. Individually, we are to make efforts to reduce our carbon footprints by avoiding plastics, reducing consumerism, buying things secondhand, using public transport, etc. A clean, healthy, and functional environment is integral for the enjoyment of human rights. We must all act and work together, for each and every person is responsible for everybody's well-being. Thank you. Thank you, Ms. Ningning. It's so insightful, and each and every one of us has to reflect how we can contribute to protect our environment and also to reduce the carbon emissions. So, we have to do, from our side, the best, and we have to keep the theory into practice. We are responsible for that as educators and also the educated people. Right. So, moving to the next speaker, we have Mr. Hotoka. He is going to speak on human rights and threat to the existence of minorities. And we have seen that all over the world, we have seen if there is a civil war, if there is anarchy, or if there is war. We have seen the first victims are minorities. Minorities here, it is a very vague topic. It doesn't include only the based on religion or class, past, but also the people with disabilities, then women, children, so on. So, all are included in that, and we know that they are the worst sufferers. And now, in the contemporary world, what's in many places like, for example, Western Asia, West Asia, if you look at Syria, there is the children and women are worst sufferers, because I won't say that men are not the sufferers, but we see how religious minorities or the minorities based on language, culture, because language is very much part of the political identity. So, based on this, we have seen the case of Iraq, where the whole community is erased by the ISIS. So, on this, based on this, Mr. Hotoka Shohei is going to give us insight into what are the human rights acts and legislations which are taken by the United Nations. So, over to Ms. Hotoka. Thank you, Ms. A very good afternoon and a warm welcome to one and all respected chairperson, teachers, special invitees, coordinators, and to all my dear friends. And also, I'm very glad and thankful to the program committee for giving me this opportunity to speak before you all on this third round table conference on something about human rights related to violation on human rights. If you look on it, even in today's present scenario, efforts by non-dominant groups to preserve their culture, religious or ethnic differences emerge with the creation of nation state in the 18th and 19th centuries. The recognition and protection of minority rights under international law began with the League of Nations through the adoption of several minority treaties. When the United Nations was set up in 1945 to replace the League of Nations gradually developed a number of norms, procedures, and mechanisms and so on concerned with minorities. The 1966 international convention on civil and political rights and also the 1992 declaration on the rights of persons belonging to national or ethnic religion and linguistic minorities recognize and protects to the person those who are belonging to non-dominant that is minorities. This declaration includes a list of rights to which person belonging to minorities are entitled, including the right to enjoy their own culture, to profess and practice their own religion, and to use their own language. It also contains measures which state could implement to create an environment conductive to the enjoyment of such rights. For example, through public knowledge of the history, tradition, language, and culture of minorities existing within their territory and enabling persons belonging to minorities to participate fully in the economic process and development of their country. States are also asked to implement national policies and program with due regard for minority interests. The cornerstone of the declaration are the principles of non-discrimination. Effective participation and protection and promotion of identities and also the declaration and inspired by article 271 of the international covenant on civil and political rights, which is most widely accepted legally binding provision on minorities in terms of monitoring human rights treaty bodies. As well as special procedure have been paying increasing attention to situation and rights of person belonging to minorities in practices. However, these rights are far from being realized. The promotion and protection of the rights of minorities require particular attention to be paid to issue such as the recognition of minorities existence effort to guarantee their rights to non-discrimination and equality. The promotion of multicultural and intercultural education nationally and locally. The promotion of their participation in all aspects of public life too. The inclusion of their concern in development and poverty reduction processes disparities in social indicators such as employment, health and housing, monitoring around the world are also often the victim of conflicts and internal strife. Destruction of refugees and internally displaced person from minority background in particular women and children is of special forces and concerns as well too. Person belonging to minorities or ethnic religion and linguistic minorities are also often sometimes to become a victim of discrimination and they may lack access to among other things adequate housing land and property and even nationality. It was in 2005 the focal point at the United Nations is the independence export on minority issues which meant that is to promote the implementation of the 1992 declaration and also in 2007 the forum on minority issues was established to provide a platform for promoting dialect and cooperation in that field as well as thematic contribution to the work of the independence expert. The United Nations has appealed the principle of self-identification with regard to indigenous people and minorities and also a particular problem relating to minorities and citizenship is that all too often members of certain groups are denied or deprived of their citizenship because of their national or ethnic, linguistic, characteristic, culture, creed, anything. This practice is contrary to international law particularly in regard to Article 9 of the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness which state that a contraction state may not deprive any person or group of person of their nationality on racial, ethnic, religious or political ground. It is thus true note the discrimination against a person on one of the enforcement ground resulting in the arbitrary deprivation of nationality may contribute to meeting some of the requirements in the determination on refugee status. These are some few issues related to rights of minorities. Thank you. Thank you Mr. Hotoka and it's good that the statelessness is really a big problem. We have seen the heart-rending pictures of the refugees and people who are running away from civil war and war. So it is very relevant to mention here about the statelessness and one thing human rights are for each and every human being irrespective of their citizenship and that is also an important point we have to notice where we have the fundamental rights in the democracies we have the fundamental rights except you most of the fundamental rights are only given to the citizens but human rights are for each and every human being. So our next speaker Mr. Botovi Chishi is going to give us an insight on human rights issues in India and yeah it's very nice to listen to him because India has this history of rights since centuries we can say at least and rights actually during the freedom struggle during I think as part of the poor nasvaraj then only we have this conception of rights in the modern era and post-independent India as part of the constitutional assembly debates also we have the our four leaders have visioned have they have the vision for having rights political political rights civil rights economic and social rights for each and every citizen of the country and these human rights actually they cover all these political their part they include all these rights and being the largest surviving democracy in the world and also a society Indian society is a plural society let us see how uh the human rights are the condition of human rights in uh India so it's over to miss uh mr sorry mr Botovi please come forward and present thank you miss hello everyone on this glorious occasion I would like this year some of the points have gathered for the topic human rights issue in India human rights issue in India emerged from the interaction of three kinds of factors first the provision of the international bill of human rights which is adopted second the provision of the constitution relating to rights of citizens and other similar dangers and the third the socio-economic condition in India Indian constitution make elaborate provision for the fundamental rights of the citizen these rights are right to equality which includes equality before law and equal protection of law to all persons without any discrimination right to freedom which includes freedom of speech peaceful assembly thought right against exploitation right to freedom of religion educational and cultural rights of minorities and right to constitutional remedies in order to establish socialist pattern of society the right to property was removed from the list of fundamental rights also the right to primary education was included in the fundamental rights in 2002 the directive principle of state policy which contains some non-justiciable right to work right to equal pay for equal work right to free legal aid right to adequate living condition etc the implementation of this measure ensures the protection of social and economic rights besides there are numerous specific provisioning in the constitution to product the rights and interests of deprived section of society like SCSTs OBCs women's children minority etc besides the above constitutional provision certain other legal and administrative measures are also adopted in India to protect the interests of the weaker section of society some of the major human rights areas of concern in India are number one police torture and excess police is the frontline agency of the state to maintain law and order the various incident of police torture excess and inhuman treatment are reported regularly from different parts of the country to security force and right violation the deployment of security force with extra power in disturbed area lead to such incident as killing of innocent people or rape of women on illegal detention the 2010 annual report for india by mnsd international america reports that in naxal affected area of india 40 000 adivasis remain internally displaced and nearly about 20 000 living in camps even human rights defender who exports abuses by state force continue to be harassed by the authorities number third dalit issues does shadow cast or dalit constitute lower strata of indian society and they suffered from various disabilities and discrimination like untouchability and various kind of harassment and discrimination in the society and public places number four woman issue women in india are part of weaker section of society and the human rights are violated in many parts of the country the violation include rape and murder dowry torture and death discrimination in workplace violence female infanticide or fetish side of a girl child etc number fifth is minority issue in india large number of minority like the muslim christian parsis extra etc are part of society they face numerous discrimination in society and workplace and access to public services their plight is very hard during communal violence number six other human rights include right of children in the form of child labor prisoners disabled person and homeless person and dwellers of juki jopri and real wastelands beside large-scale spread of poverty the larger population suffer from ill health and lack of adequate means of living condition some of the right issue taken by the national human rights commission in india are number one abolition of bonded labor two functioning of mental hospitals three right to food four preparing guidelines for media on sexual violence against children fifth trafficking in women and children six combating sexual harassment of women at workplace seven abolition of mental scavenging eight Dalit issues including atrocities perpetrated to them nine problem faced by denodified and nomadic tribes ten right of the disabled right to health and monitoring the relief measure etc some of the major cause for violation of human rights in india are number one is poor implementation of legal provision and social welfare programs relating to right of the weaker sections to lack of transparency and accountability in administrative system third is discretionary power of the security forces and irresponsible behavior of police forces number four long delay and costly judicial process number fifth is lack of awareness education and human right culture in society number six and the last leg of poor growth of civil society organization in the field of human rights and political insensitivity among the ruling classes about right issues thank you all thank you mr botu we it's very nice you have given a wide framework and we can just quickly remember the past few incidents where we have seen the excess state excesses like we have seen education education is for upbringing the ideals of equality from the shy states of childhood right but there is an incident where Dalit students and the upper class students they were sitting separately and having their midday meals in Balya district of Uttar Pradesh then we have the Hatras gang rape victim cremated without knowledge of her family it's so so shameful we can say that and the actually the district magistrate was asked by the by the court that where are her human rights and we have seen during this lockdown only we have seen the incident in Tamil Nadu where two father and son were brutally tortured and they were killed by the police so these are the excesses and we have seen people who are fighting for their rights behind the bars and these are excesses of the state so this is the condition in the country like India so I'm very happy that we have a very fruitful discussion then we'll move to our next step we have the special invitees who will put forward their comments and along with their own experiences so I want to call first retired major general and George director Vanguard business school Bangalore to put forth his views sir welcome you sir sir you're not audible maybe some technical problem sorry there are so many technical disturbances and today's program yes sir we can we can see you can you hear me now yes sir loud and clear thank you oh wonderful my apologies everybody and good afternoon and great to be back with everybody here thank you Dr. Vijay still okay okay yes sir please go ahead yes okay now to everybody else I had been requested particularly to talk about human rights and the Indian army let me start by trying to put issues into perspective you know because when you look at it in a limited scope probably the interpretations will be very different so what I want to tell you is to look at the issue in two different categories one is incidents that people get to know about the second and more important part is to look at the institution of whether it is the Indian army whether it is a central government whether it is a state government or anywhere else these are two things that you need to factor in when you consider you know the issues that are happening today all when it comes to the army or the armed forces you look at it globally armed forces or even if it is governance issue let me touch upon governance issues you can start off with right from say the united states that you read most about in terms of you know act lives and today black lives matter the kind of agitations that are taking place you can look at what is happening in China in terms of the Uyghur population in the Xinjiang region of China being you know literally put behind bars because that's the kind of re-education that they are talking about similarly about Tibet you would have heard a lot and let us always come down to India the kind of minority issues that are taking place these are all areas of great interest to everybody else why is it that it persists laws and rules and regulations there is really no dearth of them we have got all the protection that is there but again I bring you to the issue of institutions so when we talk about minority issues you have to be able to look at the legislature in terms of formulation of rules sorry and the executive in terms of how we conduct ourselves and the judiciary as to the ability to uphold those laws I know we can get into this discussion which will take a long time I will just leave this as a food for thought before we proceed to the military aspect see the entire charter the declaration of the charter was post world war two if you could remember there were over six million Jews and minorities who had actually been gassed and killed these were major issues that shoot the world and that is how you had this convention come about but look beyond that today may not be at the same scale but there is a lot that continues to happen across the globe and let me tell you when it comes to the Indian army again particularly in Nagaland the old timers will be able to court incidents also this is where I just won't refer to the Indian army now as an institution the greatest thing that you need to look for in an institution is something called accountability I don't think there is any other institution in the country that it's called account the way the Indian army is so let me tell you that when we have got into the kind of operations see first of all look at it this way much of the human rights starts off with you have already mentioned it the issue of minorities and religion and things like that I want to tell you that the Indian army is an institution which is an absolutely secular institute let me quote my example I have joined the army in a Catholic but I have joined the regiment that has got nothing to do with you know a religious identity that is the Gadwal rifles so the Gadwalis are from the area of Uttarakhand entire religious beliefs and appearances are totally different but in the armed forces particularly in combat units you need a certain motivation to motivate people and that is how I can tell you that I myself post my joining the army have actually spent more time in the temple performing including the rituals that go with all that is required in a temple more than I have been able to go to a church it is something that is post normal so it is not something that is unique to me as an individual but it applies across the board to the entire Indian army so one is an absolutely secular institute that gives you a kind of a base for tolerating and accepting other human beings for what they are and not for what they belong to second is the aspect of when people join and the kind of training that you go through the same aspect is grilled and dwelt in your identity from cast color creed and none of it is of consequence only thing that matters is what you bring to the table in terms of your abilities your quality that is what is nurtured and that is what keeps you going because any kind of a deviation is totally unacceptable the last part is what I was telling you about the level of accountability you know the armed forces when you are trained I would like each one of you to put yourself in the shoes of somebody he was in uniform and what is being drilled into you is to be able to fight most aggressively if you go into some of these training areas you will find those you know huge hoardings to say without mercy without remorse I mean that is what you psychologically build a person be but these people are not supposed to be employed within the boundaries of our country this training the psychological build up all of it is get people to operate in this fashion across your borders unfortunately state institutions not being able to manage the situation bring the army in which is an absolutely unavoidable I mean which is a totally avoidable issue but in government find it convenient and for reasons beyond that also the armed forces continue to be employed like this now if I if you can appreciate the kind of psychological separation of a soldier and now when it comes to being employed locally it requires great great you know control on people to be able to get them to conduct themselves dealing with your own people again when it comes to the issue of asking you to understand what people go through I can tell you in a place like cashmere imagine yourself you are part of a trooper team that is moving and you have a massive crowd in front of you who are building you with stones with this entire mob is being led by women and then and there are children and from there imagine if somebody fires at you I won't give you an answer for that because you know every situation is different but I'm just trying to tell you that these are the kind of situations that people land on them consider another aspect imagine that you and your family members are in a situation like this why do I mention family members I want you to remember that every body of yours in your unit is as good as family to you now in certain terrible circumstances when you lose one of your people there is a response that is almost spontaneous then the leadership comes in how best can I control how best can I manage the situation so these are certain live situations that I would like you to appreciate but I'll come back to what I mentioned accountability is never lost out if there is one institution that follows up on any incident which is not appropriate I would say that the army is probably right at the top some of it may not be known to you let me say that me at a certain leadership level something has happened in my command the public may not get to know as to what has happened to me but you can be sure that your future is affected because nobody would want it to be announced to the public because then you are undermining the rest of the uniform post and then you can land up in a situation that I do not want to get involved why take a chance keep away so that nothing goes wrong now that is not acceptable in the armed forces you want people to do what they are expected to do but if something goes wrong you are not spared either so that's the kind of situation that we are in terms of the armed forces I know one of you had brought up the issue of literally the armed forces special powers act let me assure you that it is an issue that is bandied about a little too much frankly what it gives you is nothing more than what the police have other than the fact that I think that is one issue where the authority to open fire can be even at the level of the NCO that is probably one of the distinctions that is you know talked about a hell of a lot things may have been a little loose earlier on today with the kind of transparency that is there in terms of you know the media and the kind of you know scrutiny that takes place a whole lot of all of this has actually become an extremely rare thing so imagine that if you got a one million strong army with people deployed right from JNK all the way to the northeast imagine today the what is happening in Ladakh and if you have to think of the number of people who are getting committed here in Sajam massive force you can expect that as long as human beings are around some of these incidents will continue to happen important issue never allow it to pass you must have to do something to send out a corrective message because let me tell you if in one of those insurgency areas if anybody has to imagine yourself sitting there in command the lowest level if something goes wrong where you have alienated the local population be sure that you cannot succeed in what you want to do so no leader no commander will ever want or look to encourage conduct that is not appropriate because you need local support to be able to succeed that is always at the forefront when you operate on those areas so like I told you exceptions will be there as long as humans are taking positions and doing things exceptions will be there never allow that to mainstream this is what I had to talk about as far as the army is concerned since Dr. Vijay had asked me to comment on what the student that also spoken first of all let me compliment each one of you very nicely done in terms of the subject that you have dealt with I know each of the issues right starting from human rights to race issues the climate change to minorities human rights all of it beautifully done I want to leave a message you know much of what you have spoken has talked about incidents also I would like you to take that kind of information and study incidents that are happening clearly within the country and to you to look at Nagaland particularly since I have to spend time there I want to tell you that many of these things are staring you in the face on a daily basis let me throw one or two pointers I want to tell you that one of the reasons why I even moved out from there from the role from the job that I was doing was because I know that there were a couple of incidents specifically to that I quoted when I was leaving where you had a clash between two of the armed groups where you call them political groups and in that shootout you have one innocent villager who's killed no accountability but what hit me the most is you had only that particular district which all of you will relate to in terms of tribal terms were the ones who got together to say that we will not pay so and so group what surprised me is that the rest of the state did not seem to react at all and I'm talking about these incidents that happened right there when I'm going through each of those newspapers and obviously when an incident like that happens I go there and I speak to people I met people there right from the administration to the police to the governors and everybody why is it that the student community it does not discuss these things I mean these are the this is the food for thought I would like to give you there was a reference to climate change and I think it was Ningning who talked about it about the kind of rainfall pattern and the temperatures and things like that I would like you to think of the construction work that is taking place whether it is Kohima proper whether it is along the route to Deemapur or you look at so many other places how long can we continue digging into those hillsides and carrying out construction work which is brick and mortar cement and things like that what is going to happen once the rain is coming now these are issues that are within you know own management we should be able to talk about it why does then a student group not get together and meet up to give administration meet up to the government take a lead the world over whether it is a Malala use of Zai or for climate change look at the students who are taking the lead so first when you get together and talk about issues that are closest to you when we talk about minorities many of you will remember I think it was a couple of years back one of the mias a migrant I think who was accused of rape and murder was pulled out of jail and strung up and killed and then it turns out that he was not the culprit there are so many in-house issues that each one of us can relate to we need to work and all that you had studied and brought up just now which was beautiful look at how much can we do to make a difference locally a couple of points to leave you with at the heart of a whole lot of this understanding is quality education when we talk about discrimination when we talk about lack of opportunity you know today in India we've got used to running around talking about reservations for me reservations for me whether it is caste creed a tribe all of it the only thing that we need to ensure that everybody gets this quality education if quality education is there your entire recognition your appreciation of whatever is going around will be better and you'll be in the position to do something about it second point strengthen institutions it starts from government it starts from police it starts from it goes down to we've got the enforcement director you've got the cvr you've got the armed forces you've got the judiciary strengthen institutions which means people's vote matters you can make a difference and last point is to take charge of issues within control let's start making a difference from what we can manage thank you very much if there are any questions i'll be able to provide to answer later thank you sir uh very insightful uh speech and student speakers you have to take note of points sir has advised you and said it is not only for the students to learn but also the teachers because teachers are the one who guide them and they teachers also have to realize their duties and they have to practice so uh it's very nice wonderful speech uh thank you now i i would like to invite mr prave visiting faculty of sociology uh to take uh to take uh take over yeah uh very uh believing to all i'm very happy to present in front of you all and it's also very uh enlightened to listen to your end minds which they've touched upon various issues and starting from international uh rights to the minority issues and so all all issues are embedded with the historical narratives so very uh like uh enlightening to listen to your end minds about a very like historical narratives so that's kind of enlightening uh speech of all the students and and also here i'm going to talk about the comparative understanding of the liberal commuter in debate in the domain of rights discourse especially how it happened in the continental philosophy and in the same way uh how those historical concentration especially during 1970s and 1980s what kind of historical changes which has been happening in the indian academia as well as the the civil rights movement and other kind of social activist groups so like uh my whole i'm trying to foreground this comparison anyway just trying to draw certain kind of uh parallel between these two ongoing movements though one is happening at the very theoretical realm of continental philosophy a liberal and commuter in debate and another at the level of uh scholarships and uh discourses in the indian academia see first uh the first point it's it's especially in the discussion on justice and rights all it's been traced through the historical uh understandings of the british intellectual traditions that you all know it's a kind of james mill lock and you're all students of political science so and also we are all the part of the political science team so we we know this kind of the liberal arguments and liberal uh scholarships and how it has been evolved over a period of time these kind of debates especially after john ross theories justice and later it is being developed by charles taylor community in debate it is certain kind of us these two camps always have different kinds of uh variations and they tend to converge at one point and they try to deviate at another level it's it's one one is at the level of methodological individualism and whereas community in attempt to ground the historical uh narratives and and so on and also there is a again there is a lot of crisscross also uh exist among these uh two camps it's not like watertight compartment and just if you see this debate which happened in the 1980s context and also uh on the second level what is happening in the indian context so i like to uh like extend your argument from a keynote speaker dr p anthony raj uh he was talking about especially the the rise of akward caste movement and the rise of the leads in the political sphere and also other issues minority issues and all all other identity issues are coming up so identity if trying to identity politics becoming a kind of forefront in the academy academy started looking at identity politics in much more different lengths so it's it's not just out of the blue it's like the movement starts coming from different regions and also if you look at the the rights discourse especially the the relationship between the state and citizenship whereas uh citizenship is entitled to different forms of resources and states supposed to safeguard the rights of the citizen it's been also not only the domain and civil society attempt to take this uh lead and also at the another level uh the economic uh policy the changes in the economic policy the the political regimes and are trying to uh move to the market oriented the changes like it sits again the welfare state and welfare mechanism has completely uh wiped out from the state's policies and social policies whereas the relationship between market and civil society governs the most of the cases and whereas a lot of NGOs and international organization start coming into the uh realm of safeguarding the rights so this is the trend we could see from 1980s to at present junctions it's a 30 30 years we can see i'll i'll just stop this comparison and and let me talk about the the present uh issues a kind of digital divide a student aishwarya ready committed suzai in uh lady sriram college at delhi university because of uh she she's a kind of recipient of inspire fellowship but the government failed to give a fellowship for her and because of her she committed suicide it shows how digital divide it's been kind again reproducing the the effects of uh social inequality and very uh embedded and deep uh psychic inequality so how do we uh go ahead with it yeah i'll stop here thanks for giving this opportunity and uh i really uh wonderful opportunity to be part of this thing thank you all uh thank you mr. prem uh every short uh but uh very uh you know it's insightful and you have ended with uh a uh incident uh which everyone of us has to uh think and uh i think now it's time for question and uh question so let us have the question and answer uh session so those who have questions you please uh either raise your hand using that option or leave your comments in the chat box yeah uh here is a question for uh sir uh um george sir uh it is from mosa naga and it is about human rights is a right simply by virtue of being human having said that you would use in a glance between terrorists and human rights the legality of human rights when terrorist or terrorism is uh concern so uh mosa i'm mosa i'm not too sure if i have understood your question could you just speak to me please am i audible dr vizal yes sir you are audible yes mosa could you just put that across to me because i'm i don't think i've understood the question really yeah he's asking uh he will okay okay if any more questions please uh just uh comment on the chat box and most of my confusion really is are you talking about the rights of a terrorist or are you talking about the rights of the public the rights of terrorists he has um comment okay if just uh till till mosa can come across the rights of terrorists okay uh see when you say a right of a terrorist first of all uh you know you may have heard it said that a terrorist is a terrorist to one side and maybe a freedom fighter for the others so if you talk about say terrorists in cashmere i'm not talking about people who come from across the border but people who are within because from outside the border it was initiated instigated and built up and then you have created a few who have taken up arms you talk about you know so many of these Taliban and people that many of them have a lot of support amongst certain sections of society the point i would like to highlight here is this my right for freedom or whatever it is should never have to impede the rights of my neighbor and people around me or the rest of society so there are certain set norms resort to arms as a terrorist does it takes away whatever rights you may have because you are actually impinging on the rights and the livelihood of the rest of society so that is how if you are talking about the rights of a terrorist they frankly do not exist the only thing is whether it is resulting to kill or whether it is taking a person into custody and getting him or her to face a court of law i can give you examples from cashmere where such offers have been made i'm telling you about in a village in a particular hut you have got i think in this particular case there were about four of them who are holed up firing has started but then from the local villagers you get to know that out of the lot that is there three of them were locals and only the guy who was the leader was a guy who had come across from Pakistan so we made it a point to get the villagers to put across an offer to them that you come out raise your hands and you come into custody but quite clearly they were not permitted to do it and then you had to go through the operation to complete it so now this is what it is when it comes to the right of a terrorist you can stake claim for like now i think one of you had also talked about you know the displacement in the the nuxal areas again a very delicate issue to be able to permit in terms of black and white one is that my right as a local to continue to survive to sustain myself from the forest the second is that many of those areas have certain mineral resources that the government finds is a necessity to exploit other than the country as a whole it's a balancing act so there is a need to ensure that people's sustenance is not denied by providing whatever is the means of continuing with you know the lands not being taken away from them but certain areas for mining which some of it is just not i mean it's not avoidable at all so this is a balancing act to put a black and white solution for that is a problem but i will close with what i said in the beginning resorting to arms disrupting life for the rest of the society is unacceptable so that is where your right ends anything that is peaceful provides you all the rights and the opportunities i hope i have answered you more sir he has replied sir yes sir yes okay thank you thank you for the question more sir thank you any more questions or comments you can ask even the speakers can also pose questions okay sir so can i ask something which is out of the context something yeah go forward uh okay so uh so um so it is about the self-defense for say like uh someone is trying to rob me and you know and and let's say he's crazy and uh uh he intend to kill me so so while i'm trying to defend myself i uh i killed in the accident so what will be the penalty for my actions uh to whom's the question uh anyone okay since nobody else then let me tell uh i think this is from tete isn't it yes sir okay tete what i have to tell you is that everybody has a right to self-defense now obviously in case you have defended yourself and maybe you have killed somebody else it is natural that you will go into custody and you will face law but the judiciary always looks at the circumstance under which something has happened so that is purely a judicial decision where you need to prove that yes your life was at stake again i can tell you from the experience of the armed forces you cannot afford to wait for somebody to point a gun at you because if you have allowed that to happen you have probably compromised your safety so that may not have happened and you may have probably taken a preemptive action by defending yourself ideally it should not be a shoot to kill that's what the army follows you have something called use of minimum force but suppose you have seen a weapon and you find that there is no other way but to make it you know a kill these are the issues that the judiciary will look at but basic point right to self-defense is guaranteed for every human being do i answer that tete yes sir sir very much clear thank you so much thank you so any more questions okay then i will give chance to mr lushe please take over um thank you dr bj and thank you to the student speakers and the guest speakers as well for your most informative and potent discussion i'm very sure there are multiple essential key points that we can take away from this discussion i think we've just about reached the end of the webinar i'd like to call forward mr kikru set off for the computing remarks hello am i um good afternoon to each one of you and all human beings are born equal and free this statement is so complex the complexity increased with the challenges faced by an individual in claiming and inheritoring rights since birth till death today we celebrate international human rights day as we commemorate the adoption of united nations declaration of human rights this session is enriching with the keynote addresses emphasis on on evolution necessity promotion and protection of rights the highlight of the day is students from table discussion who try to address the interference between the international law and international humanitarian law impact of global challenges on human rights both globally and internally and i like to thank all the special invitees who had given their comments to line with their own experiences and i'd like to thank the head of the department and other members and it department for their cooperation and support thank you thank you very much mr kukru set through um again i'd like to thank the it department and the department of political science for organizing today's webinar and in particular our head of department dr rimi long may and most importantly dr without her and her ideas we will not be here together to celebrate international human so a big thank you to all of them and i suppose we've reached the end of our webinar so i wish all of you a very pleasant evening and well until next time thank you everyone