 There everybody, Dr. O here. This short video I want to talk about filtration. So we have two types of filtration. We're going to talk about filtration in the air and filtration in liquids. So first we have, we do have HEPA filtration. So HEPA stands for high efficiency particulate air filters. Any air filter with a pore size of 0.3 micrometers or smaller is a HEPA filter. So that's, you've heard of HEPA filters. When I was in college, they were rare and expensive. Now like our vacuum has them, we have several around the house. So that's HEPA filtration to remove microbes from air. Very important, right? Think about the microbes being filtered in the healthcare environment, et cetera, et cetera. But I want to focus a little bit more on membrane filtration. So membrane filtration is a great way to, to remove microbes from liquids. Now the key here is heat sensitive materials. So a membrane filter, I have a picture here just showing how the pore sizes are going to impact what travels through it. So a membrane filter has to have a pore size of 0.2 micrometers or smaller. This image is really cool here. You can actually see those pores and see the microbes being captured. They can't travel through. So this is a way to actually sterilize things that you can't eat up, that you can't, that are heat sensitive. So I've even seen pores now as small as 0.08 micrometers and I'm sure they'll keep getting smaller. So you can actually sterilize even removing, you know, bacteria or getting to the point where removing viruses and prions and these kinds of things. So if you need to remove microbes from something without heating it up, filtration is the way to go. So what examples would be happier? So we have a few here vitamins, antibiotics, and then any other heat sensitive component. But the main one I want to talk about is vaccines, right? Vaccines at this point have to be refrigerated. They cannot be heated up. So filtration is a great way to quote unquote, you know, sterilize a vaccine without, without cooking it. So obviously, antibiotics are just important, but the reason I want to talk about vaccines is because this is a huge issue, right? Some experts believe that half the vaccines that are administered around the globe are useless because you couldn't maintain the cold chain, which means they didn't stay refrigerated the entire time. Right? You've got, you know, some countries have less refrigerators than our, you know, our college campus has or some countries have refrigeration, but there's only power sometimes, right? And it's spotty. So refrigeration is a huge issue in many parts of the world. So you take these very, very heat sensitive vaccines and antibiotics and you have them, you know, you travel around countries with them in styrofoam coolers. It just doesn't work. So we'll talk about this more with vaccines, but in the future, if you were to tell me what's the one thing we could do to make vaccines better, obviously I'd want them to be more effective and, and less side effects and whatever, cheaper, all these things. But vaccines that do not require refrigeration would be my number one choice. So filtration, just remember, it's a, it's a critically important way to control microbial growth when you can't use heat. And those are your two examples. HEPA filtration for the air, membrane filtration for liquids. I hope this helps. Have a wonderful day. Be blessed.