 So, today's class is on collaborative model for innovation. This is a culmination of all the three aspects of design, technology and innovation. So, you will see this particular sort of development happened as a research project of mine. While, you know, I worked in industry for nearly seven years, then after industry experience I joined IIT Delhi as a professor and then I started my PhD then because I realized that innovation needs a different type of skill set. And innovation was at a very early stages in the country. We didn't see many developments in the country at that time. Even, you know, even the cars were very few. You know, at that time we only had, you know, two brands running in the country. So in that stage, we said, you know, let us work out a research program where I, you know, I did PhD in the area of collaborative innovation. So this whole journey I'm going to show you of how we build this collaborative model from real case studies. So the main objective was, you know, to enable organizations to generate innovative product ideas. It could be organizations or it could be students or it could be non-government organizations. Any of them, if they have to come up with innovative ideas and these innovative ideas need not necessarily be product ideas. See, for all of you, I'm telling you this could be communication ideas. It could be animation requirement. It could be interaction ideas. It could be anywhere, but, you know, the methodology is the same wherever you take these ideas forward. So here we specifically built this using real case studies. Then we actually took them as sponsored projects with students. And if you take them as sponsored project with students, the industry is partnered to this. So when you call it a sponsored project, what happens is the industry pays a large sum of money to the institute so that the professor and the student is part of the team. Okay? So here, then only it when we call the real case. Otherwise the case studies are not real. Okay? So that was done. And then these were live case studies which address the complexities and operational issues related with innovative product idea generation. Because what happens is if you're doing a fictitious classroom project, it's called a mock project, you won't get the complexities as clear as when you do a real project. So when you talk about a real project, the most important aspect of the project is that you need to get an industry partner, which is the toughest stage. And most of the industry partners were ready to come to satisfy their current small issues. They would not come to work on an innovative next-generation product using new technology and new materials or new design. They would say, you know, you just redesign my product. So we had to find the right partner to do these projects. We had to form teams both in the industry and at the academia. That is, for example, I have a student, the guide who was me and some of the colleagues from other departments were part of the teaming process. And then we had to come up with a product brief. Then the team would develop ideas and then build into concepts. The concepts, you know, come up with multiple three concepts. Then these would be refined. And finally, the final concept would again go into the network loop to see whether innovation can happen or not. So this is the total, you know, methodology we followed for the research. In research, it's very critical to have a very strict sort of, you know, methods because each case study has to follow the same method. So that we can actually get them into a particular framework to come up with the model. Then this model will be very effective for everybody. So here we come up with these live case studies. The first case study was the design of a bicycle, next-generation bicycle for hero cycles. Hero cycles is the largest manufacturing, you know, bicycle manufacturing company in the country. And, you know, we were very lucky that they agreed to partner with us in this journey. Then the next project was a dual-chambered bottle for a beverage company. This company wanted the bottle to be manufactured, which has dual chambers. He wanted to supply masala milk and the masala liquid should be mixed just before drinking the milk. If it was mixed before, the aroma, the taste will all get ruined. So that is called a dual-chambered bottle. The top chamber will have the masala content and the bottom chamber will have the milk so you can mix. So you can do various other Indian beverages. So you want the bottle designed for that purpose. The third product was the petrol pump design. Before I joined the IIT Delhi as a professor, I had worked on petrol pumps and the competitor came rushing to us and said we would like. So this was a very easy client for us because he knew that we would work on innovation and this was a company called Midco which wanted to, you know, sort of come with an innovative product. And the fourth one was from Hero Motors. Hero Motors was manufacturing a moped called Hero Pook and they wanted to sell it in the Argentinian market and they said we want to really work on the form innovation as well as user convenience innovation for this vehicle. And the last project was from the Godridge locks division in Bombay. They said that we have a lock product which we would like you to, you know, redesign at 50% of the cost. So each one had a challenge. So from these challenges, we started our project. So while we went ahead with our, you know, real case studies, we had a student who would work on the project earlier, like, you know, we discussed this helmet case study. The student is the full team member, we call him the, you know, person who was fully responsible. We had the guide who was me, who was from the design school and we had an engineering professor from another department who would be his co-guide and that was called the team which was at IIT. Then we built a team which was at the company level where the company would then give their person from marketing, one person from manufacturing, one person from supply chain and one person from, you know, their finance. So that way we had four to five people from the hero cycles company. And in this case, remember I was telling you, all these case studies have to have a particular framework. And what is the framework we used? The framework was called situation, actor and process. SAP. Learning, action and performance. This is a SAP and this was actually done by my professor who was my guide. My professor who guided me in my Ph.D. is Professor Sushil. He was from the school of management in IIT Delhi. So he was my guide and he came up with this framework to assess case studies. You do a case study, you apply this framework and you analyze and you come up with learnings so that you can act on the learnings. After acting on the learnings, you can have your performance. You can make things happen. In fact, we were very lucky to be at the gate of hero cycles and my god, it was like a highway. Because they manufactured 24,000 bicycles a day. That's a huge quantity. In a truck, you may get around 200 bicycles. So you have to manufacture so many, how many trucks have to move in a particular day. And then on top of it, if you have to manufacture so many bicycles, the parts have to come from various locations. So all these people, vendors would start supplying material in their trucks. So the main gate of the company was like a huge sort of gateway of trucks going in and trucks going out. That's the type of volume they're manufacturing. And they were having a stiff competition from China. China was supplying bicycles in India at half the price of hero cycles. And hero cycles was threatened. If they start supplying at large quantities here, what will happen to the business? So they were really concerned. And that was the assignment they gave us that you design with your innovation. We want a low cost bicycle. You come up with innovative materials, you do whatever, but our cost of the bicycle should be low. So here we are, then we have to understand the situation. What all hero cycles are doing? They outsource a lot of pipe manufacturing, component manufacturing outside. They assemble the bikes in the factory. Not capable of producing quality products. That's very interesting. This information also is given by the CEO. You know, when you weld a frame, what happens? When you weld something, what happens? When you weld pipes together, the stresses develop in the pipes. Your pipes are never in one line. So your front wheel and your back wheel in all our cycles are never true. If they are highly true, they'll be the best cycles. You'll be having very little load to bicycle. They'll be phenomenal. You'll see the difference drastically. So here the biggest challenge was getting the pipes in one line and getting your front wheel and the back wheel in one plane in exact one line. And that is the most important test for a bicycle's accuracy and cost. And we were very lucky. The Munjal, who was senior guy, was around 75 to 80 years at that time. He came and gave us this very interesting one line brief saying that we need to innovate. We need to come up with a bicycle which can beat the Chinese population, but also have a form factor which is very different from the current cycle. So we were very inspired by him because at that age, he could give that type of phenomenal direction to the project. Whereas all other people from marketing and all were talking about their current problems. They were looking at that. Here the actors are the student guide and the co-guide. I told you, co-guide is from another discipline. For example, if I'm doing bicycle design, I would take a co-guide from Applied Mechanics. Our co-guide in the project. So we have three people team. Then the second team was from the company CEO. The top management support is very critical. So here we have the CEO coming in very, very closely. Head of design, DJ marketing and head of export division. This is chosen by them. Hero Cycles also exports a lot of bicycles all over the world. And of course, the third team, this third team was built after we started the project and this team included out-of-the-box vendors like Maruti Udyogh who were designing products as a vendor to the car company. We had Caparo vendors who were experts in deep drawing. We had some sheet metal consultants who came from outside and they were experts in deep drawing professors from ID. So this is a new team which was built up after we understood that we can't handle this project without some more additional information coming in. So that was the third team which came up. So we did the data collection. We found out what all is happening and then we came up with a lot of ideas which are important for us to see whether we can merge all these and come with a cycle idea. And cycles have been very, very phenomenal in their simplicity and use. So what type of ideas can we come up for the biggest challenge? So we want to solve the pipe structure problems. The pipes were the biggest problem because the welding was getting stuck. All of you know the bicycles. The weldings were not proper. The welding was taking a lot of time. Then we also looked at the possibility of use of other materials. How many of you have ridden aluminum bicycles, aluminum alloy bicycles? Very good. They are very light. What happens when the cycle is light? It moves faster and less effort. But the aluminum alloy is so expensive that the cycle generally costs three times the regular cycles. Three to four times the regular bicycles. Because aluminum is difficult to weld and the alloying is a special process. The biggest breakthrough came when we did the idea generation for a deep-drawn bicycle. How they were manufacturing cars? They were manufacturing cars by sheet metal draw. The car body is drawn by large presses. You will see it on videos. So when the large presses is pressed, you get a whole part at one go. So can we manufacture bicycles rather than pipe welding? You manufacture by deep-drawn process. That was a very big insight and we will show you how that insight went forward. So a lot of ideas came up with aluminum diecast materials, aluminum pipe structures mild steel structures riveting the structures together rather than welding. That was taking a lot of effort. And here finally you come up with your focus cluster. So here you have three focus clusters with three different types of materials here. This first concept is a sheet metal drawn bicycle. Isn't it interesting? As soon as it becomes sheet metal, what's happening to the handlebar is become very long. So sheet metal, if you get the same stiffness, your length of the fork will have to be increased otherwise it will start wobbling. So this is a very interesting characteristic of a sheet metal and all this is drawn at one go in a press. So you get a one single frame bicycle and this single frame bicycle you can have special alloys to make it very lightweight. Here for example you have box pipe frames made up of aluminum. Aluminum box frames are very lightweight and cost-effective in this is one box frame welding. And here it was again a mild steel structural welding which was again being used over here. And the sheet metal concept was selected as the best concept because the advantage of using sheet drawn concept was that it would become very, very cost-effective. The prices will drop straight away by 75% because what happens in a pipe bicycle is pipes are actually sheet originally. They cut the sheets and they rolled into pipes and that's how the pipes are manufactured. Pipes are not extruded, cast iron pipes are extruded. Most of the pipes are sort of rolled and welded. So just imagine if I directly take the sheet and use my cost will be very low and because of the manufacturing process of deep drawn it's very, very fast process. You don't know welding, no cutting so it will become very, very cost-effective. You can see how the whole frame has been built in one go and then further development happened. And then in the same process we have something called the mock-up models. I was always talking about mock-up models here. So you build mock-up models of this to understand how the design would work and from these mock-up models we built one full-scale mock-up, non-working mock-up because you need special steels to make a prototype and it was very difficult to procure those steels at that time and you need a tooling which will become very, very expensive to do. So this became the option for us to show to the company and of course the company was very thrilled to see this product because the cost was actually finally 75% of the current cost of material, whatever material they were using. But the biggest challenge here was the tool cost was very high. So they had to invest around 50 lakhs in tooling to produce this bicycle which will be 25% cheaper. So what did we learn from this journey was the interaction of the first team with the team of experts was iterative in nature. This interaction with the experts who are doing the sheet metal drawing and all became very iterative and the concept development happened with experts from the manufacturing sector in sheet metal. The concept detailing stage, one concept was preferred over the other. In all the concepts why the other concepts were not chosen was because of the focus. The main reason for our journey was that we need to start with the low cost aspect where all other concepts were not low cost so we chose the concept which would result in low cost production for the reason and the main learning was solution to existing design problems will lie in completely new paradigms. What is this new paradigm car manufacturing a car paradigm of deep drawing and cars are cheap only because of deep drawing and because of the large manufacturing base which they have and special partners need to be selected. So what is the learning for us for the collaborative team you to select special partners like the people who are experts in deep drawing the people who are professors who are experts in alloying of sheet. So we need to produce and go to Tata steel and request them to produce the special grade of steel which can be deep drawn and which will be stiff because your bicycle can't wobble the sheet has to be stiff. Of course the form factor is there, he made the form which is ribbed so that it will be stiff but the material also has to have the property so that was the major learning in this case study that you need to really bring experts into the field during your design process. So here this is the dual chamber bottle the same journey lot of ideas were built after a lot of ideas were built and each idea was taken from a creative analogy so the first idea was if my opening is like the shutter of a camera there's an opening and closing right so if you take inspiration from the shutter the dual chamber for example the top masala can get mixed with the milk by moving a shutter right so I take an analogy from a camera to design my dual chamber bottle so here you have the shutter in this and you move this lever and the shutter opens and only when you want to drink the masala milk you are mixing the masala with the milk so here we have the second idea was taken from these dispensers, the tubes for ointments where there is a layer of silver foil and you press with the end of your cap the ointments you reverse the cap and you press and you puncture the hole so this was like a puncturing mechanism you have a foil here you have a button so this content will get in by puncturing the foil so this is a puncture mechanism which can't be used of course and the third option was inspired by traditional soda bottles where the ball so this soda bottle you press the ball out of its location it goes and settles somewhere else and the channel becomes open and you drink so here for example you move this ball and automatically the channel opens because the ball is elliptical and the channel opens, the top masala liquid will mix with the bottom so this was a live project the beverage company was on our back, he wanted a patent for this when you want a patent for such a product you have to go and look at your patent thing, we found 500 patents for a dual chamber bottle and my student went, he said how can I make one more which is good but that's what the beauty is here for example we found out that the need was very critical here the client said that this particular bottle should not be more than 10% more expensive than a regular beverage bottle like a pet bottle which is used for coca-cola or thumbs up if those bottles are costing you 10 rupees they should cost you 12 rupees, not more than that and when you went to the web to see how many patents were there, all those bottles were for different purposes they have that type of cost so as soon as that came in the pet bottle we talked to the pet manufacturer straight away and he said, he told us that we are coming with a new material which is 10% cheaper than the current material so you design with our new material you will be able to come down your cost already by 10% and then you come up with your other designs which can work so those bottles you put them together and finally the whole team decided that they like to go ahead with the shutter one which is more simple and more easy to operate and more cost effective and then the actual work started out detailing, so here how will the shuttle work, so here you have this very interesting slope given, without the slope what happens is your ceiling is not perfect so you have the shutter when this turns in these locations it is closed and when these two match it is open, it is a very simple mechanism but the biggest challenge here is it should be leak proof, that is the very challenge and where did we get the inspiration for leak proof tell me have you seen these leak proof tabs, tail steel tabs with a rod what happens in them it is just a taper right and in that they put a brass receptacle so because of the taper it goes and locks there is no rubber there so we took that inspiration from that design and we use this taper over here that this is tapered like this so when you lock with the taper you get very good waterproof design so these were designed and then finally it was implemented in the bottle and the bottle actually was just 15% it was not 10 of course 15% more expensive in the current bottle because this piece, the plastic pieces were extremely low cost so the bottle had the turn in the middle, so you hold the bottle turn the whole ring the ring on the top, this ring your top content will get mixed to the bottom content and the do-it-yourself bottle was ready so the the client was wanting a patent so we got a patent and after that we really don't know what happened with the product but we were hoping that his manufacture did