 Good evening, aspirants. Welcome to the Hindu Daily News Analysis for the date 11th of January, 2023, brought to you by Shankar Ice Academy. Displayed here are the articles which we are going to discuss today. Interested aspirants can go through it. With this, let's start with our first news article for the day. Now, take a look at this editorial. This article talks about the recently concluded Kasi Tamil Sangam. Since this editorial is written by our Union Minister, it becomes important for our examination. Now, let us try to decode some important points given in this article through our discussion. Before that, the syllabus relevant for this article is highlighted here. Interested aspirants can go through it. Now, let's see in brief about the Kasi Tamil Sangam. See, it was a month-long program which was held in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh in the months of November and December last year. This program was an initiative by Government of India as part of the Asadika Amrit Magotsav and to uphold the spirit of Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat. The objective of the program was to celebrate, reaffirm and rediscover the old links between Tamil Nadu and Kasi. I hope you all remember about Asadika Amrit Magotsav. See, it was an initiative of the Government of India to celebrate and commemorate 75 years of Indian independence. On the other hand, Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat aims to enhance interaction and promote mutual understanding between peoples of different states and union territories through the concept of state-wise pairings. The states carry out activities to promote a sustained and structured cultural connect in the areas of language learning, culture, traditions and music, tourism and cuisine, sports and sharing of best practices, etc. With this basic understanding about Amrit Ka Asadika Magotsav and Ek Bharat Shrestha Bharat, let us see some important features of this event. Here note that Kasi Tamil Changamam celebrated many aspects of the historical and civilizational connection between India's North and South. Now, let us see some features of cultural connectivity between Kasi and Tamil Nadu. See, Kasi is the cultural capital of India, whereas Tamil Nadu and Tamil culture is the centre of India's antiquity and pride. Know that Kasi is one of the world's oldest living cities, while Tamil is one of the oldest languages spoken presently in the world. So, this Kasi Tamil Changamam tried to connect both these old traditions together. Here note that both Kasi and Tamil Nadu have rich, old traditions of arts, music, craftsmanship, philosophy, spirituality and literature. During ancient times, for devotees who could not visit Kasi, the Pandyas had built the Kasi Vishwanadhar Temple. Today, this temple is located in the district of Tenkasi, which is present in the state of Tamil Nadu. Even today, the relevance of Kasi Athra comes up during the traditional Tamil marriage processions. The Kedareswara Temple at Kedargat is the oldest temple which was renovated in the Dravidian style by Kumara Guru Bharat, who was a Tamil poet. See, this Kumara Guru Bharat founded the Kumaraswami Muth, which continues to look after the temple. Here note that the first elaborate record of a Tamil saint's arrival at Kasi after Adi Shankara is the one of Kumara Guru Bharat. He is known to have sought land from the Mughal prince Dara Shikho and established the Kumaraswami Muth in the 1600s. This Muth still exists and manages the Kedareswara Temple at Kedargat. See, this is an perfect example of cultural connectivity which existed in the medieval times between Tamil Nadu and Kasi. A Tamil poet who went to live in Kasi established a Muth which looked after the Kedarswara Temple. Now, coming to one another great poet of Tamil Nadu. Sri Subramanya Bharati was born in Tamil Nadu, lived in Kasi for many years. By living there, he learned the Hindi languages and appreciated the cultural link which was present between Tamil Nadu and the northern parts of India. Sri is one of the most famous Tamil poets who is frequently quoted in Tamil literature even today. What we have seen till now are some of the cultural connectivity that prevailed between Tamil Nadu and Kasi in the last years. Now, moving on. See, actually the broader objective of the event is to bring two knowledge and cultural traditions of that of the north and south of India closer and create an understanding of our shared heritage and deepen the people-to-people bond between the regions. To make that possible, the event was organized by the Ministry of Education in collaboration with various other union ministries. Here, note one important fact. Aigbaras Trastha Bharat is an initiative which is overseen by the Ministry of Education. So, in prilams, if a question is asked, what is the nodal ministry for Aigbaras Trastha Bharat, the correct answer will be Ministry of Education. Now, coming back. The Sangamam created a unique platform to rediscover and integrate our heritage and ancient knowledge with modern thought, philosophy, technology and craftsmanship. For example, we know that Varanasi is well known for Banaras silk series and the district of Kanjiburam which is present in Tamil Nadu is also well known for its silk series. So, by connecting both these places, its viewers can transform the traditional accumulated knowledge between them. By this way, we can promote innovation in the silk saree industry. This is what the Sangamam tried to do. Here, note that multiple departments of the union government participated in the event. By doing so, the participants who participated in the Kasi Tamil Sangamam got exposed to modern practices of branding, quality control, marketing, product consistency, use of modern machinery and value addition. So, from this, we can say that this initiative was not only to connect both different parts of India but also to act as an initiative which promotes innovation and entrepreneurship among the people who participated in it. Here, note that the government even organized a textile scorn claim during the Sangamam. Why specifically textile sector? See, it is because of its great job creating potential. The technical textiles portion in the sector as possibility to grow more. Here, the term technical textile products include functional textiles that are used in vehicles, protective clothing, bulletproof vests and construction. So, the textile scorn claim which was organized during the Tamil Kasi Sangamam included a specific area for technical textiles. Other than this, the article also talks about Mr Modi's 5F formula. Here, the 5F formula encompasses form to fiber, fiber to factory, factory to fashion, fashion to foreign. Here, the idea was to create a complete textile manufacturing ecosystem in India. Since no other competing nation will have a complete textile ecosystem like us, this integrated vision will aid in the economic growth of the textile sector in our country. The latest initiative launched by the government in regard to textile sector is the PM Mitra initiative. This initiative creates a wider textile ecosystem in India which manufactures good quality textiles for the world market. Now, coming to the other schemes discussed in the article. One important scheme the article talks about is one district, one product scheme. See, the scheme aims to realize our PM's vision of fostering balanced regional development across all districts of the country. Basically, the idea is to select, brand and promote one product from each district of our country. Here, note that our Prime Minister is currently acting as a brand ambassador for these products and often gives them to world leaders when he is visiting their countries. So, the article says that the one district, one product scheme will take India products to the world market. The other important initiatives mentioned in the article are open network for digital commerce and the government e-marketplace. See, both these initiatives are brought by the union ministries to give a real boost to the marketing of traditional products, which are made in India. Make note of both these initiatives. We will discuss about them sometime later. Now, moving on. See, the Kasi Tamil Sangamam was in line with the National Education Policy 2020. Here, note that National Education Policy 2020 focuses on integrating the wealth of Indian knowledge system with modern systems of knowledge. I am quoting National Education Policy 2020 here because, the Kasi Tamil Sangamam aimed to provide an opportunity for people from all walks of life, including scholars, students, philosophers, traders, artisans, etc., from the two regions to come together, share their knowledge, culture and best practices and learn from each other's experiences. With this, we have come to the end of this discussion. Before ending our discussion, let us see the educational partners for this Kasi Tamil Sangamam. Here, note that IIT Madras and Banaras Hindu University acted as the two implementing agencies for the program. The Sangamam ended on December 16th and about 2 lakh people visited the campus of Banaras Hindu University between the one month period of Kasi Tamil Sangamam. From this discussion, we can conclude that Kasi Tamil Sangamam has really ignited a new cultural zeal in India and wetted the country's appetite for more. Through this discussion, we discussed about all the aspects of Kasi Tamil Sangamam in detail. With these points in mind, now let's move on to the next news article discussion. Take a look at this news article. According to the news article, the central government has deputated the Central Reserve Police Force to give arms training to village defense committees in the region of Jammu. Recently, there were terror attacks in Jammu and Kashmir that resulted in the death of seven civilians. So, the union government is re-establishing these village defense committees and renamed them as village defense guards. See, these village defense guards are going to act as a deterrent against the terrorist attacks. This is about the news article given here. In this context, let us see about this village defense guards. If you had noticed carefully, I used the word re-establish instead of the word establish. This is because the village defense committees are making a comeback after three decades. The village defense committees were first set up in the year 1995. They were set up by the government with the view that they will act as a force multiplier against militant attacks. The village defense committees have now been renamed as village defense guards. The newly formed village defense guards will function under the direction of the SP or SSP of the district concerned. Now, coming to the question, how are the village defense committees different from the village defense guards? See, for the most part, both are same. Here note that both village defense guard and village defense committee is a group of civilians who are provided with guns and ammunition to tackle militants in case of attack until the arrival of the security force. The only major difference between the two is in terms of renumeration. Under the new scheme, the persons leading the village defense guard will be paid Rs. 4500 per month by the government, while others will get Rs. 4000 each. In the village defense committees, only the special police officer leading them were provided a renumeration of Rs. 1500 monthly. The other members of the village defense committees were only volunteers. We saw that in the village defense guards, the civilians are provided with arms and training. Why do you think the government has decided to arm up its civilians? How did this idea first come up? See, during the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakwas, the government armed the ex-servicemen and youth along the border villages of Jammu and Kashmir to curb the infiltration of Pakistani spies. This particular scheme saw some success, with locals guarding their areas even at night. The success of this prompted the government to set up village defense committees in the year 1995. These committees were also quite successful. Since the committees had members from the local community, they were well versed in the local topography. Due to this fact, they played a significant role in combating militancy particular in areas where there were poor road connectivity. They were one of the most feared armed groups among militants. They primarily operated in areas where the armed forces found it difficult to arrive on time due to difficult terrain. But later, there were demands from certain quarters of the population to disband the village defense committees. This is due to the rise in allegations of crime including abduction and rape by the members of the village defense committees. The committees also faced allegations of human rights violation. So, over a period of time, the numbers of village defense committees members had dropped significantly. And after some time, they ceased to exist due to the lack of government support. But right now, due to increasing cases of targeted killing in Jammu and Kashmir, the government has felt the need to arm the civilians. So, they have renamed the village defense committees as village defense guards and deputed the central reserve police force to provide the necessary training. The CRPF has been asked to train civilians only in Rajauri and Poonch districts. I am sure more opinion pieces would be written about this move of the government in the coming days. Until then, I am just asking for your opinion. Do you think it is a right move to arm civilians to act as deterrents against terrorists? Post your opinion in the comment section. With this, let's move on to the next news article discussion. Look at this news article given here. This article states that the National Human Rights Commission has issued notices to the collector of Kalahandi in Odisha. See, an incident happened in Odisha where a pregnant woman went into labor. So, the ambulance was contacted. But unfortunately, the ambulance could not reach the remote village due to poor road connectivity. So, the family members had to carry the woman by a cot across Indraavadi river on a country boat. In this regard, the National Human Rights Commission directed the collector to submit a report within four weeks. This is all about the article given here. Taking this as an opportunity, we will revise about National Human Rights Commission in Prilam's point of view. See, National Human Rights Commission of India was established on 12th October 1993. See, it was established under the Protection of Human Rights Act. So, it is a statutory body and not a constitutional body. See, it is equated in New Delhi. Here, know that in 1993, the United Nations General Assembly in Paris adopted a resolution regarding the principles of human rights. These principles came to be known as Paris Principles. NHRC was established in India in conformity with these Paris principles only. Basically, NHRC works for the promotion and protection of human rights. This is about a beef bragground about NHRC. Now, coming to the members present in it. Currently, the NHRC is a multi-member body consisting of a chairman and five members. Chairman should be a retired Chief Justice of India or a Judge of the Supreme Court. Regarding the other five members, one member should be a retired or serving Judge of the Supreme Court of India and one member should be a retired or serving Chief Justice of a High Court. And other members should be amongst persons having knowledge or practical experience in human rights issues. Important fact to be noted here is that, out of these three members, at least one person should be a woman. In addition to this, the chairpersons of various national commissions like that of what I provided here are also deemed to be members of NHRC. So, in total, the commission has one chairman, five full-time members and seven deemed members. The chairperson and members are appointed by the president by warrant under his hand and seal. Before appointing these persons, president has to get the recommendations of a committee of six members. Now, let's learn about this particular appointment committee of NHRC. Here note that, Prime Minister acts as the chairperson of this committee. It also includes the Speaker of the House of the People or Lok Sabha, Home Minister, Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha, Leader of Opposition in Rajasabha and Deputy Chairman of the Rajasabha. This is all about the appointment committee of NHRC. Now, let's learn about the term of the NHRC chairman and its members. Chairperson or members of NHRC holds office for a term of three years or until the age of 70. They are also eligible for reappointment. But here note that, chairperson or member of NHRC are not eligible for further employment under Indian government or any state government. This is all about the term of the members of NHRC. With this, we have come to the end of this discussion. Through this discussion, we have revised some basic points about NHRC. With these learned points, now let's move on to the next news article discussion. Now, have a look at this data point provided here. This column visualizes the data about the status of same-sex marriage in the present world. So, now let's see the reason why suddenly this data point has appeared in the news today. See, last Sunday, thousands of members and supporters of LGBTQ plus community came to the streets of New Delhi. They agitated for the equal marriage rights to be provided to them. This agitation was due to the fact that Supreme Court recently transferred the petitions to itself which are pending in various psychotes. The transferred petitions were related to providing legal recognition of same-sex marriages in India. The Supreme Court's move has renewed the vigor among the members of the LGBTQ plus community to obtain legal status for their marriages. This is why this data point about same-sex marriage is given today in the Hindu. In this context, let's learn about the points provided in the article. First of all, let's have an idea about the legal status of LGBTQ plus community in India. See, section 377 of the IPC dealt with the cases of homosexuality in India. This section stated that whoever voluntarily has carnal intercourse against the order of nature with any man, woman or animal shall be punished. See, this particular section even criminalized the act of private consensual homosexual sex between adults. And they were even considered as offenses under this section. In the year 2018, the Supreme Court in the famous Nauta Singh Joker case decriminalized homosexuality by striking out some of the parts of section 377 which criminalized homosexuality. It held that the criminalization of sexual relationship between adults of the same sex were unconstitutional. So, now section 377 is only applicable to non-consensual sexual acts and sex with minors. And both these sexual streams are still considered to be offenses under section 377 of the IPC. So, if a question is asked in the prelims saying that section 377 of IPC was completely done away by the judgment of Nauta Singh Joker case, the statement is wrong. Only some parts of the section which deal with homosexuality was declared unconstitutional, while the other provisions of the same section are still in force. Despite the 2018 ruling, members of LGBTQ community in India are complaining about the lack of acceptance and discrimination in the society. Here know that Supreme Court has only decriminalized homosexuality, but neither the Supreme Court nor the government provided any legal status or rights such as marriage rights to the LGBTQ plus community. This is why several petitions asking for the providing legal rights for marriages between the LGBTQ community members were filed in many high courts around India. So, to answer this question only Supreme Court clubbed all these petitions and took it upon itself to answer the question of whether marriages among LGBTQ plus community members can be given legal status or not. With this basic understanding about LGBTQs legal status in India, we will analyze the data points provided in the article. Now, look at this chart. This chart shows us the number of people in countries where same sex marriage is legal and those in nations where the same sex marriage is not legal. The data says that currently more than 6.77 billion people around the world are living in countries where same sex marriage is not legal and only 1.21 billion are living in nations where it is legal. From this we can infer that worldwide most of the nations have not yet provided legal status for marriages among LGBTQ community members. Here know one important fact, the Netherlands was the first country to make same sex marriages legal in the year 2000. Now, look at this another chart. This chart shows us the legality of same sex marriages in countries where homosexuality is legal as of 2022. See, only 32 countries have legalized same sex marriage, whereas in 91 countries it is currently illegal. Now, look at this map. This map depicts the geographical spread of same sex marriage recognition as of 2022. See, most of the countries in Europe, Oceania, North and South America have legalized same sex marriage or at least given restricted rights to such couples. But very few nations in Asia and Africa have legalized same sex marriage. Notably, in many of these African and Asian nations, homosexuality has been decriminalized in recent decades. India is one among the examples of this particular case. However, legal status has not been given to same sex marriages in these countries. Now, look at this chart. This is about a survey which was conducted by the Pew Research Center. The survey was conducted across 34 countries between May 13 and October 2 of the year 2019. The survey says that only 37% of respondents from India said that homosexuality should be accepted by society. In 23 of the 34 countries where the survey has taken place, a higher population of respondents said that it should be accepted. In the case of India, over 25% of respondents refused to answer the question or said that they didn't know the answer. This shows the reluctance to offer an opinion on this particular subject. The people in India are still considering the topic of LGBTQ as a taboo and are not willing to discuss this particular topic in public. This is what the Pew Research data says also. With this, we have come to the end of this discussion. Through this discussion, we saw about the legality of homosexual marriages in India and we also compared the different countries with respect to providing legal status for same sex marriages. And finally, we saw about the Pew Research Center's research of common people's idea on homosexuality in India. With these learned points, now let's move on to the next news article. Now, have a look at this news article. The news article is about a study on Blackbuck in India conducted by a team from IASC. Before seeing about the study and its findings, let us first see some important points about Blackbuck's. See, Blackbuck is an antelope found mainly in India and Nepal. In earlier times, the distribution of this animal extended all over India except for the western coast. But presently, its distribution is restricted to Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and other parts of Peninsular India. Now, let us see about its physical characteristics. Blackbuck is covered with dark brown or black fur. The chest, belly, eyes and chin are covered in white fur. The fur of the male Blackbuck's are darker than the female ones and the male Blackbuck's also have a prominent spiralling horns. You can see the spiralling horns from this image. The females also have horns but they are not ringed or spiraled. In addition to this, the females are much smaller than their male counterparts. Next important thing about the Blackbuck is that they basically have a strong eyesight and they are also fast runners. Using both these abilities, they escape from their predators easily. Now, coming to its habitat. Being a herbivorous animal, the Blackbuck's live in open grasslands. They also live in dry shrub areas, thinly forested areas also. They are generally seen in the area where there are good sources of water all the year round. They prefer to live in thinly forested areas because only in the thinly forested areas they can run away from their predators. Here note one important fact, they cannot handle low temperatures. So, we cannot find the Blackbuck's in colder regions like the foothills of Himalayas. Now, let us see a few points about its social structure and lifestyle. Blackbuck's are social animals meaning they live in groups. The Blackbuck's live in herds which include 5 to 15 individuals. The herd of Blackbuck's is a haram by its structure. It consists of an adult male and numerous females with their young. In the cold season, the Blackbuck's are diurnal while during the hot season they spend most of their day resting in shady areas being active only in early morning and late afternoon. The Blackbuck's are by nature very cautious and shy animals. Having seen the social structure, let us see the conservation status of these species. See, earlier the Blackbuck was listed as vulnerable but due to consistent conservation efforts, the population of the Blackbuck in the wild has increased. So, in the year 2017 the Blackbuck was reclassified as least concerned. In the case of wildlife protection act 1972, they are placed under schedule 1 and in sites they are placed in appendix 3. One additional information is that Blackbuck is the state animal of three states in India. The states are Andhra Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab. Now, coming to the news article. The news article says that the Blackbuck's are mainly seen in three broad clusters across India. They are found in the northern, southern and eastern regions. These clusters are far from one another and in between these clusters there is a dense human settlement. Due to this, the Blackbuck's find it difficult to move from one cluster to another. The IISC study is about the impact of this separation of the Blackbuck genetic diversity in India. The team from IISC collected gene samples from all three clusters and found that all the three clusters earlier had a single ancestor. In due course of time, the ancestral Blackbuck population first split into two groups, the northern and southern cluster. The eastern cluster later emerged from the southern cluster. Another interesting finding from the study is that while female Blackbuck stay in the same population cluster, the male Blackbuck moves from one cluster to another. This is hiding in the genetic diversity in the Blackbuck population in India. The findings conclude that the Indian Blackbuck has managed to survive in a human-dominated landscape. Maybe this is also one of the reasons why Blackbuck is listed in Least Concern in the IUCN Red List. This is all with respect to the Blackbuck's in India. With this, we have come to the end of this discussion. Through this discussion, we learned about the new study conducted by the IISC regarding the Blackbuck's and we also saw some information about the species of Blackbuck's which have been inhabiting the regions of western India and peninsular India. With this, let's move on to the next news article discussion. See this article here. This article is regarding Section 6A of the Citizenship Act 1955. Know that Section 6A deals with special provisions as to the citizenship of persons covered by the Assam Accord. This provision was introduced in the year 1985 following the signing of the Assam Accord between the Government of India and the agitating groups in the state of Assam. Share note that this special provision was earlier challenged in the Supreme Court. The petitioner argued that the special provision was in violation of Article 6 of the Indian Constitution. The then three-judge bench of the Supreme Court had referred the case to a larger constitutional bench. So, yesterday, accordingly, the constitution bench led by the Chief Justice of India said it will first decide whether the provision is constitutionally valid before proceeding to other issues raised in the petition. This is the crux of the article given here. So, through this discussion, we will try to learn about Section 6A of the Citizenship Act 1955, then the reason for its enactment and finally we will see about the key provisions of the Section 6A of the Citizenship Act 1955. The syllabus for this discussion is highlighted here. Interested aspirants can go through it. Now, let's start with Section 6A of the Citizenship Act 1955. As I said earlier, Section 6A of the Citizenship Act contains provisions with respect to citizenship of persons covered by the Assam Accord. This particular section was added to the Citizenship Act through an amendment made in the year 1985. Now, we will briefly see about the Assam Accord and why it was signed. The Assam Accord was a memorandum of settlement signed between the Government of India, Government of Assam and the leaders of Assam movement. See, it was a tripartite agreement which was signed on 15 August 1985. This accord led to the conclusion of a six-year agitation that was launched by the All Assam Students Union in the year 1975. Now, coming to the reason for the agitation by the Students Union. As we all know, British India was partitioned into India and Pakistan in the year 1947. The now-Bangladesh was known as East Pakistan earlier. It was under the administrative control of the Pakistan government which had been running in the capital of West Pakistan Islamabad. Due to cultural differences and the discriminatory practices followed by the West Pakistan people in the East Pakistan revolted against the West Pakistan. This is the backstory why Bangladesh Liberation War happened in the year 1971. Due to the war, many people from Bangladesh migrated to the bordering states of India. The native Assam students opined that these illegal migrants were taking over college seats and employment in their home state. So, they organized an agitation which demanded for identification and deportation of illegal migrants in Assam. Between the years 1979 and 1985, Assam witnessed huge political instability, collapse of state government and President's rule. Also, the elections were totally boycotted by the people. So, to cope up with the situation and to pay heed to the demand of the Assam students, the then Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi signed the Assam Accord in the year 1985. According to the Accord, Ministry of Home Affairs was made the nodal ministry for the implementation of the provisions of the Accord. This is the beef background about why the Assam Accord was signed in the year 1985. Now, we will see about the key provisions of the section 6A of the Citizenship Act 1955. First, let's take subsection 2. It says that all persons of Indian origin who came to Assam prior to 1966 from Bangladesh and who have been ordinarily resident in Assam shall be deemed to be citizens of India. Note that this subsection 2 also includes the persons whose name appeared on the electoral rolls used in the 1967 elections. Now, talking about subsection 3. It says that every person of Indian origin who came to Assam on or after 1966 but before 25th March 1971 shall be detected to be a foreigner. They are detected in accordance with the provisions of the Foreigners Act 1946 and Foreigners Tribunal Order 1964. Subsection 3 further says the detected persons shall be deleted from the electoral rolls and they will be required to register themselves before the registration officers of the respective districts. This is all about subsection 3. Now, coming to subsection 4. It says that a person registered under subsection 3 shall have the same rights and obligations as a citizen of India but they will be not entitled to be included in any electoral roll for a period of 10 years. Finally, subsection 5 says that a person registered under subsection 3 shall be deemed to be a citizen of India for all purposes after the expiry of 10 years following the date of deduction. This means that they shall be included in any electoral roll on the expiry of a period of 10 years. Let me simplify and say what I have said till now. See, subsection 2 of section 6A of the Citizenship Act 1955 deals with those persons who have entered into Assam before 1st of January 1966. According to the subsection 2, these persons will be granted citizenship right. This is about subsection 2 of section 6A of the Citizenship Act. Now, coming to the subsection 3, 4. See, according to these subsections, those persons who have entered into Assam between the years 1966 and 1971 shall not be granted citizenship right for a period of 10 years. For these 10 years, they will be not entitled to vote also. After the expiry of this 10-year period, they can register with the district registration officer to gain the electoral rights and also the citizenship rights of India. This is all about the key provisions of the section 6A of the Citizenship Act 1955. Now, coming to the news article. As I said earlier, section 6A was earlier challenged in the Supreme Court. The petitioner argued that section 6A is violative of right to equality provided under article 14. This argument was based on the fact that section 6A only focuses on Assam and it left out other border states in regularizing illegal migrants. Here also note that section 6A is violative of article 6 of the Indian Constitution because article 6 only recognizes people who migrated to India prior to 1948 as its citizens. But section 6A of Citizenship Act recognizes illegal migrants who entered the state of Assam from East Pakistan till 1966 as India's citizen. So, this section 6A runs contrary to the article 6 of the Indian Constitution. This is why the petitioner has challenged the section 6A of the Citizenship Act 1955. With this, we have come to the end of this discussion. Through this discussion, we saw about section 6A of the Citizenship Act 1955 and why the section 6A was included in the year 1985. See, it was included because of the Assam Accord which was signed in the same year. It was included in the Citizenship Act 1955 to implement the provisions of the Assam Accord which was signed in the year 1985. And finally, we saw some of the provisions of the section 6A of the Citizenship Act. With this, let's move on to the next news article. Take a look at these two articles. The first article is from yesterday's newspaper. The article says that the direct trade general of civil aviation has issued a so-cost notice to Air India. This is because Air India has failed to report to DGCA about the incident involving unruly passengers. The second news article is from today's newspaper. The article says that DGCA issued a so-cost notice to go first airline. This is because the airline took off without boarding 50 passengers who are waiting in the shuttle bus. So, from this, we can say that both these articles are related to DGCA and so-cost notices. So, let us briefly first see about what is meant by a so-cost notice. Here, so-cost notice is a legal document. It is mainly given to a party dispute. The so-cost notice outlines the details of the alleged offence committed by the party in the dispute. After receiving the notice, the party in dispute must explain itself. In the cases that we just saw, the DGCA issued so-cost notice to Air India and go-first airlines. This is because both Air India and go-first airlines are the party in dispute. So, Air India and go-first airline must explain themselves to the DGCA. This is all about the term so-cost notice. Now, coming back, see the news here is not per se relevant for our examination. But since the Directorate-General of Civil Aviation is in the news, we can expect a prelims question from this. So, in this discussion, let us see about the Directorate-General of Civil Aviation. Here note that Directorate-General of Civil Aviation is an attached office of the Ministry of Civil Aviation. See, it is the regulatory body governing the safety aspects of civil aviation in India. The DGCA headquarters is located in New Delhi, while regional officers of it are located in various parts of India. The administration of the DGCA vests with the Directorate-General. Now, you may have a question. Is the DGCA a statutory body or not? See, according to Aircraft Act 1934, which was amended in the year 2020, DGCA is a statutory body. Schexen IVA of Aircraft Amendment Act 2020 talks about the creation of DGCA by the central government for the regulation of civil aviation in India. So, DGCA is a statutory body. Here note one important point. Only the civil aviation present in India is regulated by this body, while the military aviation is regulated by the Indian Air Force. Now, with this basic information, let us see some functions of DGCA. See, DGCA regulates the registration of civil aircrafts in India. It formulates the standards for civil aircrafts. It also provides airworthiness certificates to civil aircraft that meets its standards. Here also note that DGCA issues license to pilots, aircraft maintenance engineers, air traffic controllers and freight engineers. It also conducts various exams to check their skills. DGCA regulates air traffic to from within over India by both India-based airlines and foreign airlines. DGCA also coordinates all regulatory functions with the International Civil Aviation Organization. What is this ICAO? To know about International Civil Aviation Organization, we must first know about Chicago Convention of 1944. In December 1944, the Convention on International Civil Aviation was signed at Chicago. This convention only is called as Chicago Convention. The convention entered into force on 4th April 1947. Based on the provisions of the Convention, the International Civil Aviation Organization came into being on 4th April 1947 itself. Here note that ICAO became a specialized agency of the United Nations linked to the Economic and Social Council. This is all about ICAO. In India, the DGCA coordinates all regulatory functions with the International Civil Aviation Organization. It regulates aircraft noise and engine emissions in accordance with ICAO. DGCA also gives advice to the central government on questions related to civil aviation. Finally, the DGCA promotes indigenous design and manufacture of aircraft and aircraft components. These are all the major functions of DGCA. So, from this, we can say that DGCA performs a regulatory function of regulating the civil aviation industry in India. So, the so-called notices issued to the two airlines which we saw earlier was in accordance with the functions of DGCA. With this, we have come to the end of this discussion. In this discussion, we covered the DGCA in Prillim's perspective. With these learned points in mind, now let's move on to the next part of our Hindu Daily News Analysis. Today, I have taken five different questions for our discussion. Four will be discussed by me and one will be the quiz question for you. Now, coming to the first question. See, this is a two-statement question and it is regarding the scheme Smile. Now, let me read out the question first. With reference to the support for marginalized individuals for livelihood and enterprise scheme, consider the following statements. Statement one. It is being implemented by the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. See, the statement is correct. Now, coming to the second statement. It aims to provide rehabilitation to the transgender community and the people engaged in the act of begging. See, this statement is also correct. Now, let's see in brief about this scheme. See, the Smile scheme was launched in the year 2021. The nodal agency as we saw in the first statement with respect to this scheme is Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. It is a comprehensive rehabilitation scheme through the transgender community and the people engaged in the act of begging. The scheme provides for the use of existing shelter homes available with these states and union territory governments and urban local bodies for rehabilitation of search persons. In case of non-availability of existing shelter homes, new dedicated shelter homes are to be set up by the implementing agency. So, as I said already, both these statements are correct. So, the correct answer for this question is option C, both one and two. Now, moving on to the second question. See, this is a three-statement question. Let me read out the question first. Consider the following statements about Village Defence Committees. Coming to the first statement. The Village Defence Committees are established in Jammu and Kashmir and Northeastern states to curb militancy. See, as we saw in our discussion, this statement is wrong. It is a particular initiative which is limited to the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. So, statement one is wrong. Now, coming to the second statement. The Village Defence Committee has been composed of members containing only ex-servicemen and retired police officers. See, this statement is also wrong. The committee consists of members of not only ex-servicemen and retired police officers but also common civilians. So, statement two is wrong. Now, coming to the third statement. The Village Defence Committee are provided with advanced self-loading assault rifles. See, this statement is incorrect. The members of the Village Defence Committees are only provided with basic manually loading rifles. So, statement three is also incorrect. The question asks for the incorrect statements. So, the correct answer for this question is option D, 1, 2 and 3. Now, moving on to the third question. This is also a three-statement question. Let me read out the question first. Consider the following statements about Gindi National Park. First statement. With an area of just 2.70 square kilometer, Gindi National Park is the smallest in India. See, this statement is wrong. South Button Island National Park in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is the smallest national park in India. Now, coming to the second statement. It contains Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest. See, statement two is correct. Gindi National Park is one of the last place in India with Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest. Now, coming to the third statement. It has significant blackback population. See, this statement is correct. This is why I have framed this question for today's discussion. The Gindi National Park is home to many fauna include blackbugs. The question asks for the correct statement. So, the correct answer for this question is option B, 2 and 3 only. Now, moving on to the fourth question. It is a three-statement question. Let me read out the question first. Consider the following statements about Bureau of Civil Aviation Security. It is mentioned in Section 4B of Aviation Amendment Act 2020. See, this statement is correct. Bureau of Civil Aviation Security was formed as an body through the Aviation Amendment Act 2020. And it was formed according to the provisions present in Section 4B of the Amendment Act. So, statement one is correct. Now, coming to the second statement. It is headed by the Director General of Bureau of Civil Aviation Security. See, this statement is correct. Now, coming to the third statement. It is responsible for carrying out the regulatory and oversight functions in respect to matters relating to Civil Aviation Security. See, this statement is correct. I have provided here the Section 4B of Aviation Amendment Act 2020. Interested aspirants can pause the video and go through it. See, DGCA is currently in news frequently. So, UPSC might ask this lesser known body in the prelims examination. So, make a note of this Bureau of Civil Aviation Security. It is a potential prelims question. Since all the three statements given here are correct, the correct answer for this question is option D, 1, 2 and 3. Displayed here is the quiz question for you to solve. Interested aspirants can post the correct answer in the comment section. Displayed here is the main question for you to write. Interested aspirants can write the answer and post it in the comment section. With this, we have come to the end of our discussion. If you have liked our video, please hit the like button, do comment and share it with your friends. Thank you for watching.