 So, good morning everyone, okay, today's topic is of interest of everyone, right, everyone likes food, yeah, okay, any idea from where our food resources come, hmm, plants and animals, yeah. This is the outline you can just go through, I will give you handouts later, what all these points you should not miss when you are teaching this topic, so as you said 76% of our food comes from grain and some other percentage is from other food crops, from unable husbandry we get 17% fisheries 7% and forest also some negligible amount like when this tribals we discussed already that they go to forest and collect this non-wood forest products like honey, amla, amla is gooseberry, yeah tamarind, what is food security? Through the food a person's minimum required nutrition is fulfilled, very good, he says the food means the person is getting food only is not enough, it's minimum nutrition requirement, every day we will have some requirement of calories as well as nutrition that should be fulfilled, anybody else what is food security? Assurance that everybody gets food, very good, everybody assurance that everybody gets food it is not only one sector of the society gets food, anything else nutritional requirement is fulfilled and everyone gets food that's the only thing anybody can think beyond this, very good give him a big hand nutrition, sufficient food and free from poison or toxin, yeah Today's requirement considering future No, actual ideal food security what should be I am asking, what is your dream idea about food security? First this is a common that everyone should get food second it should be nutritious it should not be just you are getting grain for wheat or something third thing is it should be free from poison means chemical pesticides what else yeah self-sufficient yes good point any any other idea yes free from adulteration very good point food security means that all people at all times have physical and economic access to adequate amount of nutritious you covered safe and culturally appropriate food okay then one step ahead or we can think we studied sustainability topic that which are produced in an environmentally sustainable and socially just manner what is environmentally sustainable without affecting environment and socially just manner means without compromising interest of different sectors in the society food security also means that the people who produce our food means those who are growing who are catching fish fish is also our food those who are producing misproduction process processing transporting retailing and serving food should be able to get good food because what is happening the person who is producing our food farmer is producing our food he should get enough food to sustain his life see this is again represented in the same sustainability tree circle model where environment is not affected environmental health we are not compromising on land air and water for now and for future generation even for now okay second economic viability we ensure that people produce food are able to sustain to produce food further if all farmers commit suicide what is going to happen though it is a imaginary situation then human health as I said healthy food and also economically and physically accessible to all the sectors in the society yeah it is clear now food security what is food security yeah see what is happening what is the status more than 1 billion do not have enough food to eat every 6 person in the world goes hungry to bed 805 million people are chronically undernourished this is recent data by WHO or 65 percent of the world's hungry live in only seven countries mainly in Africa Asia and Iraq Iraq may due to war problem and more than 60% chronically hungry people are women every year hunger kills more than 20 million children worldwide see this is the just status of world's hunger this is data collected from FAO you can see that site if you go to that site you can actually see all the details like which country what is happening all the details very nicely they have explained you can note down that site anyhow I'll be giving but before that if you want yeah see the critically problematic areas are red india is second critical like slightly better than africa african countries this is undernourishment here also you can see similar similar countries have got malnutrition or undernourishment problem and india is also in second bad we can say here not even middle if you give the first this thing rank to them our ours is second rank what is happening in india can anyone read for me these facts india has the huge numbers of hungry people that is about 230 million and 18 population is undernourished 18% is undernourished 230 million are hungry 30% of mostly rural population is under poverty and total number of indian poor population is more than 300 million people it's a quite a big number do you agree with me so what are the major reasons for this what do you think why this is happening let us now talk first about india okay why what what do you think what is the reason why there are so many people hungry population ever-increasing population right second wastage of food yeah anything else poverty yeah poverty why why there is a poverty population increase non-uniform availability of the resources of food non-availability of resources of food for what non-uniform availability of the resources of food uniform very good very good very good point sir i'll come to that point anybody else uneven distribution uneven distribution yeah there are there is a huge gap between rich and poor right i have given you lots of examples of rich and poor like few people are having too much food they don't know what to do with that and they waste like anything and few people do not have adequate food and there is a huge gap between haves and have nots okay what else madam mismanagement in storage and transportation corruption yeah storage and transport great very good very good productivity is reducing day by day yeah so we will see one by one whether we have left any point there is a ever-increasing population especially in developing countries developed countries do not have problem of population there is a surplus production okay surplus production but and developing countries are having huge problem of population in equitable distribution huge difference between access to resources rich and poor okay the fourth point who will read asset of the world's 350 billionaires as exceed the combined annual income of countries having 45 percent of world's population asset of world's 358 billionaires means kottayadish laksadish whatever okay 358 rich people of world 358 rich people of world's asset is increasing of almost 50 percent of the world's population world's population can you understand 50 percent of the world's population and this only 358 rich people how much gap if you take all the money and resources and equally distribute all will be happy but that is not going to happen yeah so i want to say that food security is a major problem of in developing countries it is a population and an equal distribution it is among countries and inside the country among country also developed countries are very rich developing countries are very poor even in our country there are few very rich people and there is a huge gap between rich and poor okay conversion of agricultural land for industrialization and urbanization like we are converting land we are also we are growing cash crops because globalization we want to export we want to become rich and again we are importing grains which we require at the very high cost which is a stupidity see if you want something if you want rice or wheat or vegetables you should grow that but what we are doing we will grow some cash crops and we export that get money again import all this whatever is required diversion of food grains as livestock feed and biofuels now who require more and more fuel rich people developed countries or even rich people among inside our country now when you do not have enough food to eat okay you do not have enough land to do agriculture is it a right thing to use land to grow plants for biofuel are you aware of biofuel what is biofuel biodiesel yeah can you tell me two three plants of jetropa karans yeah ponga mia pinata karans in marati karanji as she's telling sugarcane yeah that is a waste material of sugarcane and all oil seeds oil seeds yeah so yeah so i i don't say that biofuel is a bad thing but it should be done only in west land we cannot sacrifice the land which can be used to grow food for biofuel to feed western countries vehicles we cannot sacrifice food of poor people to feed petrol or bio diesel in rich people's vehicles do you agree with me another major reason some of our friends told that changing climatic condition yeah which is having a huge impact on agriculture because of droughts, famine, change in temperature because of change in temperature what happens different kinds of pest are developing rainfall is not there many crops are dependent on rainfall humidity patterns are changing droughts desertification diversion of food for military why do we need need military suppose if something happens in your home okay we say that Vasudeva Kutumbakam okay forget that you have you are staying at your home something happens some there are some misunderstandings in family among father and son or wife and husband or whatever grandfather what we will do do you take knives and start fighting and killing each other we sit across the table dinner table and discuss right if something happens in our office also we do the similar thing if something happens in our country also we do similar thing then why do we need to kill people why can't we sort out issues by sitting across the table and meetings yeah so every time we blame others but we forget that these fingers are towards us like all should take responsibility so war is such a barbaric thing that it should not happen but I know that we don't have control over that because of that all the money which has to be spent on food security is diverted to military and after war what happens I don't want you to explain transport somebody was telling any idea what is food mile production to yeah right it is not consumption production to distribution consumption consumption yeah purchasing purchasing like where there is a market where food is produced and where it is distributed if you produce food locally and sell there and if you produce food locally and export or sell somewhere else what is going to happen cost is going to increase at the same time what is what else is going to increase other than cost fuel consumption because of fuel consumption what is going to happen g h g emissions and which is going to lead global warming right so it is always advisable to produce food in one place and eat locally produce locally eat locally and local food is also good for people's health because they are adapted to that certain climatic condition and food habits food wastage yeah in in India we have inadequate storage facilities so lots of food is getting rotten in warehouses then middle man this is the biggest thing why farmers are in a bad condition because what farmers produce it is purchased by many middle men and commission Dalal so at the end when it reaches to malls or some other countries so in between suppose I am just giving example farm farmer may be getting 10 rupees but that the same product is sold at some hundred or even more than that huh and the great huge amount of commission is taken by Dalal or commission yeah yes ma'am I think it is not middle man it is middle middle management or mismanagement that's similar thing huh so it is better to purchase food from your small small grocery shops than going to mall same thing they will pack in nice packets and again you have to we have so much used to that use and throw culture you know that production processing that there are lot of preservative yeah yeah if you have to transport that for long distance again you have to add lots of preservative in that yeah because most of the food items can be perishable another main main main thing which everybody must be facing this problem that corruption in subsidized shops ration shop that ration person says that it is all yeah and then it is like sold in a open market so these are the common problems of food distribution okay so what is the another thing is like we spoke about poison so what was happening in like a few years back say some 200 years back what was how we were producing food I just wanted to tell you that organic farming or sustainable farming what all we are talking about is nothing new yesterday we saw that food forest video or greenhouse or green building is not a new invention or new technology for any any foreigner we were doing this in India we were mostly dependent on rain surface water or river we were using indigenous diverse varieties of crops you ask Tamil Nadu people we all used to have millets right Maharashtra there was this vajri javar nachanika bakri was very common in Maharashtra right still it is common in some places comparing Tamil Nadu, Karnataka Karnataka is being yeah so many millets and millets are very nutritious you know millets have got high nutritional value they have got high fiber if you take millet diet you really don't have to go to doctor much even wheat is a new invention it has got gluten but it is not that bad like having polished rice what we are eating is polished rice we remove all the whatever good nutrient is available that we all remove then that polished rice then we eat maida all this bread then all that burger everything is whatever is good whatever is required for our health we all remove we throw and then remaining thing we consume but traditionally we used to have lots of millets javar bajra ragi many kinds of millets are there that all millets are very good and and interestingly these millets do not require lots of water they are rain fed means you don't require artificial irrigation for them okay they are also resistant to pest attack because there are varieties of millets if something fails there is some other variety and farmers were rich I yesterday I told you in during my first lecture that Tahanung warli tribes they know in which condition which millet to grow which variety can survive in which condition so this traditional knowledge also we are slowly we are losing sometimes yesterday we were also talking about panchakavya that is all everything was there we used to use cow dung organic fertilizers and pesticides yeah and people used to sell everything in local market so it is nothing is new only we have to go back and look at that why our ancestors were happy and now why we are not happy and why we are eating poisonous this is actually not Indian thing but this is the slide I got from Center for Genetic Resources and Preservation they say that we have once upon a time all over the world 285 cucumber 408 tomato cabbage 544 like these varieties were available but now there are only 25 27 40 79 varieties of each crop and that too you have to go for gene bank to get this varieties what is the problem why all these things happened you have heard green revolution yeah why why green revolution because we wanted to produce more and more in a very short time in a but what happened we started doing industrialized or mechanized agriculture to generate more production in a very very short time we started using chemical fertilizers chemical pesticides and we there was something called high yielding varieties which are having very narrow genetic base and we started depending on energy intensive equipments like tractors before we used to work in the farm laborers were used to work and then we used to depend on cow or bullocks but then it was replaced by energy so what happened and artificial irrigation because all these high yielding varieties they require high water yesterday Nikhil told that how agriculture and water is related 84 percent of the water is going for agriculture right so what happened the input cost was very very high so what happens when there is a high input cost finished product cost also will be very high you will get very less margin but what is happening you we thought green revolution will achieve food security and it will feed India's population but what happened initially yes up to some extent it achieved its target but slowly there is a decline in food production which ultimately led to farmers suicide slowly soil fertility was reduced soil was contaminated due to chemical fertilizer we our Indian soils are not much used to over irrigation and because of pesticide chemical fertilizer and reckless use of water what happened soil soil's nutritive value and condition is degraded okay so now we do not have good soil we do not have water because of high yielding varieties there is a we started using more and more water when surface water we utilized after that what we started we started digging wells another problem was vulnerability to pest because I told that since we used to have a diverse variety and now we have shifted to only one or two monocrops and they are having very narrow genetic base yeah so they cannot able to resist any adverse climatic condition or tolerance is very very low and they are also vulnerable to different new new kinds of pace okay and also another major impact was health impact of pesticides so green revolution what all it did so it contaminated our soil water water scarcity genetic diversity was reduced and vulnerability over to paste was increased and also our health spoiled because of pesticide. So you need to say that green evolution does not work yeah definitely I mean to say that so that means the food the insecurity that we had in 1960s at that point of time that means the green evolution was not required yeah so what would have been the other alternative green revolution was done in few states okay and green revolution was not the proper solution for that there could have been other alternatives green revolution might have solved problem for some time but now people are dying with cancer so do you think that is a sustainable solution not necessary but at that point of time just wonder because I am agricultural graduate okay I am not able to actually accept it directly because what what I understand is that that point of time when we had shipped to mouth you know ship if comes then we will get food at that point of time there was do you think that there was any other alternative to feed our no I don't think that at that point of time there was such a crisis that if you do not double the production something would have happened it was it was more like a greed you wanted to produce more and more in a short time and methodology which was applied was very very wrong yeah that may be yeah excuse me ma'am yeah is this cancer trend still on or yeah it is still on even even today it is going this cancer trend is going because this impacts I told it is a bio magnification that DDT is also still found in mothers milk pesticide once entered in the environment it is very difficult to get rid of that okay so still this cancer trend is going it is very pathetic situation at 920 every day you can see so many people going in the cancer that cancer trend also there is we discussed about incidents endosulfan still it is not banned in India yeah it was spread using helicopters in cashew plantation huh even the green revolution it was a very good planning but actually the execution site from the farmers or from the government who it is it was actually the thing what was bad because at that point of time we required that I think in 65s and all people actually started I understand people how like I don't know I don't have a ready made answer for that also what we could have done and all but I can't and I just told you that suppose if I need something how can I have something which will have a negative impact in a long run how can I have something like chemical pesticides with poison ma'am because at that point of time people didn't have that that type of an exposure and that type of awareness actually okay so basically the farmers actually once they've got a higher amount of productivity they would have gone for a very bad practice yeah so by the time no I will tell you what for those things yeah yeah everything was done actually right right revolution concentrated on quantity not quality right very good give him a big hand he said he they concentrated on quantity and not quality that never bothered about what can happen to health now also if you see that the food grown by organic farming or the nutritive value is very high okay I have got two bottles okay a funny me quantity like it will immediately you will not die or odd it may take years after 10 years may you may develop slight small cancer it may or may not okay it has got lots of nutritive value and I'm sure nothing is going to happen to your health and your health will be improved it means so which will you purchase so why why should they label it as organic huh see endosulfone treasury I already told green revolution has also reduced our genetic diversity because it promoted monoculture wheat and rice okay you might have heard about this GMOs lots of controversy about this yeah genetically modified crop any idea what is that some artificial gene is inserted to either to improve nutritional health or to create some kind of pesticide we get all our hybrid varieties only we are getting yeah pesticide or herbicide that resistance to develop that is but what is happening they have inserted that gene to kill some one kind of insect but what is happening that poison whatever is generated in that particular crop is killing other useful insects also and we also learned that what is the importance of other insects in ecosystem in pollination and all so many useful insects are getting killed another thing what is happening that same insect ballworm for BT cotton what they have inserted that is getting best resistant yeah two three things I'll just tell you okay other useful insects are dying second thing they are also having human health effect and allergies see there are three films but because of lack of time I can't show you one all so please write down poison on the platter you must see this film poison on the platter by Mahesh Bhatt has narrated a very good narration poison on the platter okay there is a one company called Monsanto you might have heard of this it is a real monster company I can say and it is promoting GM crops in India through my co Monsanto biotech okay GMOs are failing to control pest and weeds and instead of what they are doing they are am I leading to development of new super pest and super weed because whatever you suppress again something new will come. BT cotton was the first transgenic crop released in India in 2002 natural pesticide against ballworm okay that was a BT cotton have you heard of BT cotton yeah yeah BT brinjal it is genetically modified variety of cotton producing an insecticide produced by Monsanto the gene coding for BT toxin has been inserted into cotton to produce natural insecticide okay and the main pest in commercial cotton are Lepidopteran larvae that is some butterfly kind of thing larvae but they have killed all other useful already we discussed this okay what is happening when this particular cotton when it is killing ballworm other new types of insects are developing so what is happening these farmers they have to spray more and more post pesticide one thing is what is happening is it is killing useful insect second thing since ballworm is absent other harmful insects are coming because one one insect is getting suppressed in ecosystem some other insects are getting dominant so farmers have to spray more and more pesticides third thing is Monsanto seeds are very expensive and since they are hybrid they lose vigor so every time seed these farmers when they do farming next crop they take the seed from the their own crop but here they have to again go to Monsanto and buy seeds and seeds are becoming very expensive suicidal seeds so first what you do you produce some very different kind of seeds you tell you create a big hype in the market that our if you go with this cotton bt cotton you do not have to spray pesticide you can really get very good production okay then farmers will go and get those bt cotton seed then they will realize that instead of less pesticide they have to spray more and more pesticide again this pesticide company also will be of the same person okay so our milgaya market so palace seed becho then pesticide becho okay so and again the same seed is losing vigor so again you have to go to the same company to buy seed continuous you know exploitation of farmers so you said sir that suicidal said yeah because they have patent patent on the seed so whatever red they will sell you have to go for the same seed and by the time yours the soil is spoiled your original crop you cannot take in the same soil so it is like a debt trap they say it is their intellectual property so who is getting super profit and royalties Monsanto and wherever there is a bt cotton suicide cases are more Maharashtra there is bt more bt cotton farmers suicide cases are more in Maharashtra see every highest acreage of bt cotton is in Maharashtra that is where highest farmer suicides are happening after in introducing introduction of bt cotton suicide cases are increased and Monsanto's profit grows and farmers debt grows and income profit grows or yellow either you got the this signal first you introduce the seed saying that this is the best then another start a company chemical because farmers will definitely require chemicals then again they will come back to you to purchase seed now this time they do not have any alternative whatever price you say they have to do you also will sell high costly machineries so farmers's sustainable business sustainable business sustainable filling of pockets of Monsanto and sustainable death of farmers again bt brinjal controversy is coming up here this all the experts they told that you have to ban this but still our government for their own vested interest recently they have allowed this trial and now people you you people ask me what is solution that we have to put pressure on government that whatever scientifically we know this is wrong we have to create pressure on government and we have to elect such a government I do not know which government I am not promoting any government whichever government is promoting pro environmental policies otherwise no change is going to happen all supreme court has given order to ban this trial and supreme court has banned trial based on scientific experts advice genetic pollution what is genetic pollution you know see any gene is evolved any plant any animal is a product of many years evolution okay so based on climatic condition that gene is getting evolved okay so that is a that genome is a nature's gift it is evolved based on different like it is it is it has adjusted or adopted the correct word is adopted to that natural condition and evolution is taking place some exotic plant comes some which is not there in the natural environment and it cross breeds with that plant what happens that genome is polluted so when this hybrid variety or whatever artificially inserted genes and they are inserting genome bacteria plant they are don't have any six even animal gene they are inserting in any other thing so when this hybrid or polluted gene is coming and cross breeding with the genome which is evolved over a period of time huh what is going to happen that natural genome which has got capacity to have pest resistance or adopt to different climatic condition is going to get polluted corrupted right so they say that we will do this trials in some university agricultural field universities are such a thing where there is a gene pool or gene bank whether they have preserved our India's you can say like property repository where they have having different kinds of plants which is having diverse genes when you do this kind of trial what is going to happen can you control that bt cotton don't come it is going to you know whatever kind of mode of pollution whether it is wind or insect insect does not know this is a bt cotton and I should not go there but our government should understand that and if it is not understanding who will make them understand we those who have got slightly extra scientific knowledge yeah see 10 reasons we don't need GM food just read it GM crop do not increase yield GM crop increase pesticide use GM crop have created super weeds they have created allergies GM and non-GM cannot coexist GM is not needed for good nutrition we have got better better varieties for good good nutrition we have got diverse varieties there are better ways to feed the world in the name of feeding the world we are feeding Monsanto do you agree with me GM is not a scientifically developed we don't know see whenever I told you yesterday also whenever we play with nature whenever we go against nature's rule we do not know what is going to happen without proper testing if you release one certain kind of crop in atmosphere we do not know what will be its impact in long long run now green revolution that time we did not know what is going to happen breaking news GM is banned in Ghana Ghana if African African countries can do that why can't we do see I told they again use the chemical pesticides what is happening in Argentina you see you see that link you will see the horrible stories there how pesticides are having impact on our lives I told you know GM again you will increase the need of use of pesticide this is the same company selling pesticides in Argentina glyophosphate is banned in other countries so sustainable solutions we have been talking about this organic farming or organic agriculture which which takes care of health of soil ecosystem and people it relies on ecological processes biodiversity and cycle adapted to local conditions excuse me madam yeah so madam I just want to know that how many countries banned the GM I mean European countries US I mean yeah many countries have banned and only three four countries they have allowed one of that is us right now I don't know I don't have exact names but I can give you after this lecture I'll give you so only three or four countries only GM is allowed Canada has banned who all has banned I can tell you Bhutan has banned Europe many countries have banned I mean all the seeds forget about the eating I mean the rice and wheat but even the cotton is also banned over there yeah yeah it is banned yeah I'll give you that data right now I am not able to tell you but I'll give you that data is there with me okay so it is taking care of your ecological processes biodiversity and cycles adapted to local condition rather than use of inputs with adverse effects okay so already I discussed this that traditional varieties are used which are adapted to drought and resistant to pesatang multi cropping intercropping yesterday we saw that video multi cropping mulching anybody knows what is mulching see whatever agricultural residues are there are kept as such in the land and they are allowed to decompose okay sometimes what they do they grow some fodder crop they cut and they put back in the soil so what will happen it mixing with soil it will degrade and nutrition nutritive value of soil will increase right it will hold moisture and it will soils health will increase okay less dependence on irrigation organic pesticides like neem chili biopesticides organic fertilizers yield will be lower in initial phase but definitely we are not eating poison okay organic food market is rapidly growing in India international but what is happening you know what all organic food we are producing mostly we are exporting we are eating all chemical poison walla food but whatever organic food mostly because we are making profit out of organic food just because of the prices price because of certification organic food certification agencies are there there is a domestic certification and international certification if you do international certification processes little tedious like for 3 years you even domestic certification you have to because immediately you cannot grow crop in land which was used for chemical fertilization status of organic farming in India like organic farming in spite of reduction in crop productivity there is a net profit by 22 percent but this was mainly due to availability of premium price because they all these always certified organic products this is also achieved overall improvement in soil quality in terms of various parameters in India you can see more than 5 lakh hectare area is under organic farming this includes certified as well as non certified but this accounts only 0.3 percent of total engineer agriculture mostly we are exporting this already I told only 4 biotech seed companies are having monopoly over seed as well as chemical companies we discussed this right corporate monopoly GM's are engineered to depend on chemicals the same company sells chemicals and seeds they also promote high cost machinery farmers take loan low production high input cost debt trap farmers suicide so what are the solutions promote traditional agriculture biodiverse and polyculture organic farming grow locally eat locally save on transport and reduce GHG community farming in Auroville they have started this purchase directly from farmers see there are many places they are doing this is a local solution like organic farmers now if you go for certification all that cost may be high but to avoid middlemen apartments that together they form a community and they directly like there are Sunday basis in even in Mumbai it is happening I can give you links once we are in a email group I can give you all the links that they directly purchase this all farmers they come with their produce on every Sunday nearby their apartments and all apartment people directly purchase from farmers so this is a win-win situation farmers also get good price they do not have to give money to all middlemen and these people also get good price so do not fall in trap of MNCs and only marginal land can be used for fuel plantation we should not encourage good productive agricultural land for biofuels promoting local agricultural business based on local needs developed countries should help developing poor countries yeah Vasudeva Kutumbakam we said it was not happening but it should happen by providing surplus production at subsidized rate cancelling debt many countries are under stop war promote peace and adopt concept of Vasudeva Kutumbakam there are some alternate food sources as I told if you promote awareness about ragi millets okay then only there will be market suppose farmers are producing millets but if there is no market what will happen so we have to generate awareness about nutritious, nutritive value of ragi millets and other alternative foods non-owned forest products can be collected from the forest but it should be on sustainable basis sustainable harvesting of fish now what is happening over exploitation is happening Dr. Partha was telling that the fishermen community they do not allow catching of fish in particular season because that is a breeding season yeah so sustainable harvesting of fish popularizing seafood yeah sea algae yesterday he showed the something algae how but that was different thing but algae is very rich in what protein yeah so we can some alternate food sources we can have can we have start that video