 Despite for vaccines introduced since 1983, S-pneumony continues to cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide, with serotypes 3 and 19a being the most common causes of invasive pneumococcal disease, IPD, while non-conjugate vaccine serotypes such as 35b are increasing. This highlights the need for further research into conjugate vaccine design and novel strategies to combat IPD. This article was authored by Peyton El-Wantouch and Fikri Yafsi.