 Trace elements are essential for various biological functions at molecular, chemical and biological levels acting as cofactors for enzymes and stabilizing protein structures. They control important biological processes by binding to receptor sites on cell membranes or altering membrane structure and have both normal and deficiency states with clinical significance that can be estimated through analytical methods. This article was authored by Lingamaneni Prashant, Kiran Kumar Kattapagri, Ravi Teja Chitturi and others.