 Our speaker is Dr. Tian Zhang, who is a post-doctoral fellow at the University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. He received his PhD in urban engineering from the University of Tokyo, Japan. His research focuses on the consumption-based greenhouse gas accounting and policy-oriented modeling of other environmental pressures on urban systems. Thank you for the human time to be here. So today, my talk is about the kind of self-economy experience in Japan and basically I just want to give an introduction and step here for the professor. So I started in the University of Tokyo Department of Urban Engineering. In our department, we went to the division twice for the urban and urban design. We also have the urban environmental engineer. I used to study and work in the urban management lab for six years in total. So my supervisor is a huge lawyer, and he's kind of a leader in the urban management survey and the Turbulence survey in Asia, I think Africa. So this is just kind of the interesting combination. I think I found that way more than the transversion of the Twitter and found the Consulate General of Japan, Shanghai. So the key point is that in Japan, the different contractors have different ways to slot in and collecting the waste. This is the case for the Tokyo and Kyoto, but actually if you look at the district, they have also their own rules. But generally, they try to sort the waste into the classical waste and the waste could be recycled. And now there are also similar discussions with China, like Shanghai, just to promote its provision to sort the waste in four categories with the aging of things like it. So I just want to emphasize that. Explore totally that this kind of seminar basically is to discuss about the urban metabolism of folks on the city level. But based on my promoting experience, I think that the role of the central government is very important to promote this kind of agenda. So I just want to use these kinds of opportunity to give you some information about Japan. This is the policy pattern around Japan. So in 2000, Japan, as opposed to based on this law, about the estimation of some material cycle society. So this term, material cycle society, you could just look at as the Japanese version of the circular economy, because even you search the circular economy practice in Japan, and you cannot have any case studies. And so, since 2003, Japan has introduced the material flow and has based it in papers and in prefermental plans to monitor the progress of the whole society and promote the kind of waste management and resource recycling and promote it together to recycle society. So in this talk, I just want to just briefly discuss how did Japan come through with the challenge of waste management. Because this law and this practice originated from the kinds of management, waste management, but later it's extended to other policy issues. So I just want to show this kind of historical change, let me think about what's the challenge of the waste management and what's the new challenge of this. And so this is the timeline. So in 2000, they just launched this law. And after that, the Japanese government will produce this kind of the fundamental plan. Every five years. So I think this expanded the very important opinions to have Japan to realize the development of some material side of society. And not just to allow to be spending five years on that plan. Actually, they will monitor the progress and report to the Congress. And so then I just think of the highlights from their document. So you could find that their significant change of this kind of high-level priority during the scale of fundamental plans. So in 2003, this deal emphasized the challenge of the waste management, although the Japan were at its time to fight over this management in the late 1970s. And then they also emphasized that the EPRs extended the producer responsibility at that time. So in 2008, they emphasized the waste management issue and also the low-carbon perspective. So just out of the Kyoto Department, so they found that they were going to set some target in the waste management segment to reduce the carbon emission. So at that time, the low-carbon issue is the carbon. In 2013, Japan accessed the resource security. So if you think about the greater element of resource, the tax just had this kind of variation during that time. So Japan emphasized that we need to consider the waste management to reduce the security of the society. That basically means the carbon modeling issue. And they also highlighted the two-hour promotion. So that means reduce and reduce. I will introduce everybody. And the most recent fundamental plan, so just last year, they emphasized the mortality and disaster response. And also a lot of the kind of national programs to the national SDGs programs. So at first, I'm not a Japanese. So this kind of interpretation is just from my personal opinion, but I think it's still helpful to provide this kind of the appreciation from foreign members. We also have the national SDGs. So based on the basic act, the important issue is to decide that we have these kind of recommended measures in this kind of order. So we first promote the reduced measures, and then we use the better recycle, and then into recovery. And the last one is the safe, final disposal. Yes, I've read some papers from other researchers of other domains. They usually criticize that the circuit handling or the closing loop implementation just focus on the recycling process. But I just want to say, at least in Japan in 2000, they already emphasized that we use this more important than recycle in the case recovery. And another highlight that they designed and indicated to monitor the circuit handling in three dimensions. So from the inflows, the time to the cycling flows, and also outflows. So they provide different perspectives to like the look, the mark, the chip, and of the closest something. And third wise, they emphasize the importance more in the service and the challenge about the construction ways and industry ways. It's not just a domestic household-based issue. And last one, the key point is that they also emphasize the success. So basically, we present this kind of phenomenon that we need to clearly define the role of the government, consumers, the NGO, practitioners, local communities, and also make it a good partnership. So after five years, so the second phenomenon, then the change happened. First, they separated and conceived the construction materials. And the last thing is also the useful suggestion for China is we also had a lot after the change from the construction ways. And they also set the grandest estimation of the construction target, people with the national sector. They also emphasize that to launch the company to national comparison basically based on the indicator. This is also an interesting finding. After the seriously, regularly did the kind of survey to mark the consumers' behaviors challenge, we already acknowledged that the reduced, reduced, the factor is very important to shift the certain company, but they're also strongly linked to consumers' behavior. And we cannot force the consumers to do this or that. But we all know that a lot of consumers actually, they have some kind of environmental awareness. They know that it's good or it's bad. But if they really do like that way, there's always a change. So they use the survey tool to mark the kind of progress of the consumers' behavior challenge This is really kind of feedback to, like the efforts, which could be done by NGO and HEO, or also others, the partners, to promote the kind of transitions of the consumers' behavior. They also set the waste of the agricultural target. They also emphasize the business model. So then at the time, I'm just going to shift to the third family. So from the very beginning in 2000, they had just kind of the general law about the son and the son-in-law. Society, but after that, they still improved this kind of regulations on specific waste, like the U.S. political pack materials and food waste. And later, as the kind of tool of strategy, they promote the kind of efforts which use the food waste and also promote a lot of kinds of products and foods. And they also emphasize that that environmental education is very important to what should be done. So this is also the kind of, I think, important feature. This is after five years, and it's not just asking people to have an industry. You can see for the next generation, they also consider the kind of consumer behavior in the long term. So application is also very important. And they placed the first point in 2011 to disaster waste, a kind of economic challenge we need to have. So they emphasize that to increase the treatment capacity of the disaster waste. So this is also a new challenge in your head. So the recent one, fourth fundamental plan, the interesting information style, they emphasize the linkage between the waste management and the social transition, especially to promote this kind of regional service law and communication. And they also emphasize the lifetime resources accumulation, especially to come up with the targets of the SDG, not the first, because they have several of the kind of targets from the consumption phase. They also passed a new law about the promotion of the consumer application halfway into the responsibility of the people of society. I think that they have that a lot of change to promote this. And they also try to review the comprehensive disaster waste treatment systems. So not just to treat the disaster waste but also to prevent it and to improve this kind of accredited handling of the violence. And at least they also emphasize the ICT and the change application of what this kind of smart strategy of knowledge can have the risk management and the resources and reviews. So in brief, I think that in this fundamental plan there are three types of indicators that have had the partner monitor the shipment. First is that they come in while the tour flow indicators. So they have the actually the consistent way in the EU. So this is not needed. But the things that they emphasize are to monitor the progress from the three aspects of the tour flow from the in-fills, cycle flows and outflows that I introduced before. The second one is that this is not enough. It's like the magic top out of the domestic tour consumption or the domestic tour in-fills that's just found generally at the national level. Actually like the companies or the consumers don't know that their behaviors or their actions how much they have above the country to achieve this general goal. So we need to monitor the improvement at the more detailed level. Like can we provide this kind of monitoring progress at the sectoral level or even at the company level. So that's going to be really helpful. This could promote the kind of the positive feedback. Likewise just to monitor the effort except to which sector it is it's just a kind of bad revelation about the kind of monitoring that we're doing. And it just forgets maybe the most obvious way. No doubt. That's right. This proof is out about the kind of the sort of change of the material input in Japan because they have a distinct feature of the boundaries in Japan in the EUs that Japan also exercises the performance in the in-fills. So that means they also monitor the direct material input for the material input in the momentary level. This is kind of the historical change but as we look at the different performance and different sectors that you find the response as well. This is just a kind of the proof briefly in South Korea the material flow of Japan and they rapidly published this kind of figures in the report of the Ministry of the Environment every five years. But unfortunately not the English version every time. This is the new target in the full fundamental plan and also includes some information of the historical change and the achievements. So from the inflow side they have some sort of productivity and they set their goals and for the scientific approach they provide to indicators why is the subject of use and also the society way as well and after the outflow perspective we emphasize that the violence also amount because they are very limited place in Japan to deal with this kind of landfilling. So they actually they have to very hard to reduce the waste amount. As the last slide I just want to introduce our critical thinking of the in-case resource efficiency. At the first speaker Mr. Wang mentioned that we need to pick up a different function and a different type of flows actually we share the similar thinking. So we have now an action agreement about monitoring of the source efficiency data that we talked about the direct source of use and also the monitoring output as a time is very clear. So obviously we have a lot of agreement on these things including the direct use actually we need to think about like the momentum of the impact of the resource used where to extend these indicators. We also need to think about the different performance and different functions on a different stage to improve in these systems. So yeah this time the work we are going to do is going to extend it. A lot of my understanding of the action agreement. So I am now working at the University of Victoria so we hope to really enlarge a new industrial ecology master program in Japan in 2020. I hope any of your friends or students have been they have been shared this kind of convention. This is just the first time that we have understood the momentum of our campus and it's a lovely place.