 How do we make a sentence? Our sentence is collection of random words. If not, what are the required components of a sentence, right? So in order to answer these questions we saw, we are still looking at how to make a sentence but we saw definitely sentences are not random collection of words. It requires words very carefully. So we were looking at required components of a sentence and then we are still looking at how they all play a role in making a sentence, in the making of a sentence. And the components of agreement that we looked at were number, person and gender. And then we talked about various things about them. And we sort of established that there must be an agreement between a noun and a verb. And the noun that really agrees with the verb is a subject of the sentence. This is what we established yesterday. Sometimes what we may think is a subject in a sentence may not be grammatically the subject of the sentence. And these two examples in 1 and 2 clearly show us that Raju and Seema, these two nouns are not subjects of these two sentences, right? There is no change in these two sentences since yesterday, alright? Whereas according to the requirement of the agreement, the following noun agrees with the verb and therefore is the subject of the sentence in both of them, alright? Okay, moving on, we want to look at the categories and the abstract parts which play a huge role in a sentence. So once again, if you look at these sentences, the words that you see such as Raju, Chai and what is the verb there in sentence number 1? Verb is Pina, right, P, Seema, Se, Kana, right? The words that you see in these sentences are called lexical items. They belong to the group that is called lexical categories, okay? And the things that we do not see clearly, that is the elements that are responsible for agreement and some other stuff, they are called functional categories. They belong to a category which is labeled as functional category. Many a times they are going to be visible, many a times they are not going to be visible, okay? Many a times such things are visible, many a times such things, by such things I mean functional categories are not visible in a sentence. Is this point making sense to you? When we say visible and not visible, this making sense? So going back to the sentence again is what is visible and what is not visible? Raju, Chai, Pina, the lexical categories are going to be visible all the time, right? We are talking about functional categories. When we look at the components of agreement, is gender visible on the word Raju? Yes or no? No. We know it is masculine but it is not visible. Likewise, it is not visible on the word Seema, okay? So the masculine or feminine gender of the two nouns respectively are not visible. However and not however, likewise the feminine gender of the noun Chai, is that visible? It is not visible. Masculine gender of the word Sabe, is that visible? Not visible. Plural marker on the word Sabe, is that visible? Several of days ago we have looked at plural markers, right? Is this plural marker visible on this word? Not visible. This is what I meant when I said lot of times these things are not going to be visible. We need to see them carefully when we look at the whole sentence only then we see. Now they are not visible with naked eyes, however they play a great role in the sentence. Without them, without proper matching between both of these things that is elements of functional categories, visible or not visible on lexical categories without a matching, proper matching which we call agreement, sentence is not possible. Therefore, we need to take into account the categories that are not visible and here onwards we are going to see lot of underlying things that are not ordinarily visible in a sentence. Now do you see any gender marker visible on the verb in the first sentence Pina, P? You see that visible? Do you see the gender marker visible on the second word? Yes. Is this, is a plural marker visible on the verb Khana, yes? And singular marker on the verb Pina that is not visible. Now the point is lot of things are not visible, sometimes they may surface, sometimes you may be able to see them, lot of times they are not visible. Elements that are not really visible many times are called functional categories or to put it the other way around elements of functional categories are not many times visible in sentences. So we looked at five features. What about tense? What is the tense in these two sentences? In the first one, what is the sentence? What is the tense? Past tense. Do you see it visible anywhere? What part of this sentence tells you this is past tense and of course this question is only for people who can figure out some of the things of Hindi, P but somebody said that is the marker of feminine gender, may and P, so may is the tense marker No, no, indicates is not important. I understand what you are trying to say that probably only in these types of sentences you see name therefore, name may be indicating some kind of past tense that is not what we are talking about that even though that is independently true that is not the point right now. The point is do we see past tense marker anywhere, no. So that is also not visible and then there are couple of other things which I have not discussed for example, for example aspects one right place to discuss aspect is these two sentences but I will bring these two sentences back again and discuss that particular thing with you. Have you heard about these two words, these two terms tense and aspect tense everybody what are the tenses in languages past, present, future and aspects have you heard or not? Honestly, so continuous or perfect are the examples of aspects. Now let me repeat this thing to lot of you if someone says continuous past continuous does that make in what different what sense does this make to you past continuous it was happening that is it was in the process it was under progress right had already started but not finished the element that talks about time that gives you a sense of time is called tense element that gives you sense of time is called tense and the element which gives you extra information like this something started but not finished right that is an example of aspect which is continuous aspect there could be more perfective aspect what would be any what would be an example of perfective aspect perfect aspect what does it mean? He had finished the report that is for sure the action of finishing we know that it has it is over not just because it is past tense something else is there in a sentence which tells us that this is over okay in many languages including English we can have perfect aspect even in the present tense what was your example that he had finished can we say he has finished he has finished reports we can say that right what is the difference between he had finished and he has finished sure hold on so we are definitely talking about something which not only happened in the past the reason why it sounds like past is because the process of report is over both in both the sentences the report writing or doing or anything is over what is it that causes the difference between has and had which mean between these two sentences so had refers to past tense and has refers to present tense so there is a is a possibility where we can say present perfect and past perfect to underline this thing once once more what is the actual difference between the two we decided one is past the other is present one is both are perfect but what is the difference in terms of their meanings just finish the report and the other one long time ago so sure you are you are right you are you are right too so you are saying long time some time ago is saying long time and the other one is just finished right so what is the can you reformulate your sentence you are right can you reformulate it is question clear to everybody no go ahead do not confuse me with the with everything everything else my question is pretty simple is my question not simple all I am saying in both the cases the eating lunch is over right I want to know if you said I had eaten my lunch right and the other is I have eaten my lunch right in both the cases eating is over the first one is past which one person says long time ago the other is just finished the all I want when I said reformulate the all I want to say just now and long time are relative difference in time compared to just now long time could be anything after a little while hope hope you hope you understand if we if we are referring to let us say two hours from now I have I have eaten my lunch right if it means to at 12 30 right I had eaten my lunch refers to anything before that 12 30 it could be yesterday it could be five years ago so that is the difference between present perfect and past perfect all right now all these things play a huge role not only in formation of sentence but how we talk about different things that is there is a way to indicate not only time in the sentence that is in terms of present past and future but also we can indicate different different aspects on the world different manners in which accent weather finished in progress and couple of other things about them the elements of sentence that talk about such such things like perfection and continuation are called aspects so I am glad we covered that too now these are the things sometimes they are going to be visible so how do we say I am when I when I say I am I am eating what indicates continuation in this sentence I n g where on the word so if that indicates if that indicates a continuation then this is not invisible category okay if I say let us say let us say this full sentence I am eating so this is continuous aspect marker what is the tense marker in this sentence first of all which tense is this sentence in everybody knows this thing present present tense now what is the aspect what what is the what is the element in this sentence which denotes tense sure I will just take your word for that this is the marker of tense which is let us say present right because we can say the same thing I was eating now you you know these things all I am trying to do is to underline these categories in a sentence so again when we say I was eating this is aspect marker and this is tense marker the two things are not going to be the same thing they are two different elements in a sentence as a matter of coincidence in this case both tense marker and aspect markers are visible can we see both of them they are visible in some cases they are not going to be visible at least tense markers are not going to be visible when we say this sentence what is the sentence I eat mangoes or for that matter I want to say I live in Chennai so one two three and four let us talk about sentence three and four right what is the tense in three present tense and tense in four which part of the sentence talks about this tense word talks about word is the place where you would ideally look for a marker of tense but which part which where is that so this word is telling us about so why this one not telling us is my question making sense to you then do not worry about the answer also I suggest you this has no bearing on your ring your knowing English or not as you can see we are not talking about learning English or learning Hindi or any other language we are talking about these categories we are talking about functional categories involved in making of a sentence my question is if this indicates tense then why is this one not indicating this I do not think we can come up with simpler sentences in English am I right these are pretty simple sentences so how how will we resolve this problem I cannot say you are wrong completely but at the same time you know that you are not right either am I am I right about that that the word that is a word that is a word right and on that word there is nothing else visible not even ing and if I am yet to talk about aspects what is the aspect in this sentence it is not that there is no aspect for sure there is some aspect here simple simple is not an aspect but there is something else think about that what does this sentence tell us is this talking about continuous so if I say I am living in Chennai then that will be continuous if I say I live in Chennai what is the difference between I live in Chennai and I am living in Chennai forget about tense both are present tense I live in Chennai and I am living in Chennai both are present 10 sentences besides that what is the difference between the two in terms of their meaning yeah quite I am eating right now absolutely so all over so when I say I am living so we are talking about let us say certain a stretch of time in which I am in Chennai if I say I live in Chennai what sense does this give to you not not just usually until no specification given it is just that I am I I without giving any indication of time that or without giving continuation it tells you about a habitual routine thing that I am I live in Chennai it does not tell you when I am going to discontinue living there right or anything else similarly when I say I eat mangoes it says I mean I do not have a problem I can say I mean we can remove mangoes and put other things as well it talks about not continuity it talks about in a sense it gives you indefinite reading at the same time it gives you habitual reading therefore sometimes this aspect is called either habitual aspect or indefinite aspect seriously now this is just for you to see more than that what I want you to be convinced that each one of you is I am sure convinced that there is a difference between the meaning of these two sentences I live in Chennai and I am living in Chennai right I live in Chennai and I am living in Chennai you do not see the difference that is all I mean literally there is difference in the meaning right that is in the what verb indicates causes the difference get this thing therefore living is continuous aspect you have already seen perfective aspect this is another one habitual or indefinite so besides the so this one has aspect to which is not visible that is unlike this where I n g where I n g is the marker of this continuity there is no such marker here of aspect at the same time the way this thing marks tense there is no marker of tense either that is zero marker for tense zero marker for aspect which is past tense of 8 is 8 right so we can say since 8 is given it is presented that is right I am also saying the same thing I am saying when you say sure I am saying you are right what I am saying when you say 8 then you see the change in the form of the verb you can say you can say 8 plus past becomes 8 right but or we can say 8 is 8 plus past where as 8 is 8 plus present which is this past at least has some change in the form of the verb and this present has got no change formally speaking there is absolutely no change in the form of the word that is what we mean when we say zero marker on tense we remember and I want your careful attention here we are not saying there is no tense we are not saying there is no tense there is tense which is present tense so all we are saying it is not visible because it has no obvious marker on it and even more than that what I want you to know is lot of elements of functional categories are sometimes going to be visible sometimes going to be not visible and this is not language is specific within the same language sometimes they are going to surface sometimes they are not going to surface are you with me making sense now if someone asks you what is the marker of tense in English or let us say more specifically what is the marker of present tense in English we can we can say like you said M is the marker of present tense is marker of present tense or marker of present tense they are all together called verb B okay let us say they are all markers of present tense but when we say is R M are markers of present tense are we giving the complete picture the answer is no because lot of times there is no marker of present tense in examples like I eat mangoes I live in Chennai so the same category present tense sometimes visible sometimes not visible this is all this is all I want you to keep in mind with all these examples before I move any problem confusion are we clear about tense and aspect trust me these are underlying underlying stuff and it I am I am very happy that you can see it fast and some of you have prior idea knowledge about these things that it takes long time to get used to these terms to see these terms not that we do not know them we know them but then we in then before we see these things and we really see their functioning it takes time are we clear about the distinction between tense and aspect right all right no questions all right now in the next sentence clear everybody even non non speakers of Hindi can figure out the meaning of these sentences 3 and 4 clear you know the me you know the meaning you know the words all that my question is what is the tense in this sentence we I purposely did not talk about past tense so far because I assume you know and the story of past tense is similar to present past tense could be more visible in in these cases also it is it is going to be visible right present tense sometimes is not very very much visible that is one way of saying it you are right I I do not mean to contradict that but all I am saying is on the word bare word what you are saying reference point there is no marker indicating tense we are we are used to seeing things in markers there is no marker indicating tense right however the past tense marker on this when you add past tense you get something else right I will I will show you there is a way to you may have heard when you have you heard about physical reactions and chemical reactions physical properties of reactions and chemical properties of reactions in in one of them when two things are mixed it is almost impossible to to separate them right there is a way to separate tense from past tense and the moment you separate past tense it comes in the bare form and then you would not be able to say that this is a reference point just hang in for a moment I will show you that you add something else in the sentence past tense immediately comes out and then you cannot use the past form of the word give me give me a moment I will show you that meanwhile please tell me that therefore I did not talk much about past tense meanwhile please tell me the tense in these two sentences you think so or you know so so what what tells you about present tense in this these sentences and now bringing in third one another one so what tells you about present tense in this these two sentences right so it is just saying kal milo which part of it does it even indicate meaning wise any time in it do you see any sense of time in it forget kal also simply say milo right must say milo let us let us let us forget time I think kal is the word which is which is giving you sense of future right fine let us drop that one must say milo in this sentence is there any reference of time we are not very clear about that we are not saying that do not meet today we could very well mean arch or future exactly I am asking you what is it you are not clear it is present how because both both the positions need to be justified if it is not clear why is it not clear if it is present why is it present because there is no marker on the C in the verb C therefore it should be present tense because you have just seen something like that that is not true so do you see the confusions and contradictions let us not talk about lot of Hindi in this thing because there are everybody does not speak Hindi to follow you at that level and therefore I am giving the glasses proper glasses mil will not change anything it simply must say mill the the reference is not to it something else mille is up up must say mille milo is to must say milo and must say mill is more informal than that only the degree of formality changes mill milo or mille nothing else changes the point I am trying to show you in these sentences there is no tense absolutely no tense it gives you a sense of tense tomorrow because of the word or because we know that definitely it is not past when I ask you say millo we could not possibly be talking about past we could either be talking about today or tomorrow or whenever therefore it restricted only to present and future and more likely as you were right that because there is no marker we would tend to believe this is present tense but actually there is no sense of time in these two sentences alright they are called imperative sentences I do not want to throw in all kinds of words or terms same day but let me just cross check quickly if you have heard that this word mood anybody mood not good mood or bad mood no that is alright this is this is this is not a problem and not not an issue the all I am let us look at it the following way some sentences particularly imperative ones which indicate request or formal informal distinctions such sentences verbs in such sentences indicate no tense have got no tense clear okay I need to introduce this thing to show you little bit more on tense can you look at the screen are you looking at the screen what is sentence number five tell you it is a future tense sentence right it is a future tense sentence now there are two markers of negation in this sentence one is nahi and the other is math and this and this do you see a star marker on math do you see a star marker on math that is a star mark tells you that math if you use math in this sentence then the sentence is not good so we cannot say Raju school math Jaya that is what that star tells you the idea is there are two major markers of negatives in Hindi in a language like Hindi they are math and nahi with me in sentence number five only one is allowed the other one which is math is not allowed when we say not allowed it means if you try to use that one then the sentence is bad the check with anybody who speaks Hindi they will tell you can we say that sentence Raju school math Jaya is that a good sentence not a good sentence alright now why we are going to look at it look at that in a moment however in the second sentence that is number six we can use either one of the two we can say nahi jau or math jau either way the sentence is good the point that I am trying to make through these two sentences is out of the two negative markers one math gets used in a sentence only when there is no tense if you try to use this word math in any sentence which has tense could be future could be present could be past the sentence will not be right the sentence will not be grammatical the sentence will not be good sentence this is another proof to tell you that sentence number six has got no tense look at three and four again can we use math in these two sentences must say math milo we can say that must say math milie we can say that right sentence one and two can we use math in one Raju nahi chai math pi Raju Seema nahi sev math khae can we say that no now if some of you speak Hindi I am completely accepting your judgment about these sentences by judgment meaning grammaticality judgment right which again reflects things that I have told you earlier that these things are part of knowledge of language you know about them grammaticality of these strings but I am positive that you are looking at these sentences for the first time am I right it is your judgment that Raju nahi chai math pi is not a good sentence right but did you think about this sentence before Raju nahi chai math pi now the reason why I am asking you this thing not that there is anything wrong that you did not see this sentence is so far how did you become 25 23 without looking at these sentences that is not the point the point is as a speaker of language we do not need to look at these things yet we know these things right these things have happened to us when we were figuring out rules while acquiring language if you want to learn a language with instruction you need to be told these things these differences if you are doing things if if you are growing up with the language you do not need to do this yet you know that and if later on someone tells you like this sentence number 1 2 3 4 5 6 pretty simple sentences are going to look like magic to you that they contain kinds of information that we never paid attention to however we use these things 100 times a day nowhere you are going to find a single speaker of Hindi who will say Raju nahi chai math pi point again I have told you that I do want you to keep applying some of these things to other languages as well these things are available in other languages too and I can make that blank blanket statement on the basis of my understanding of generative facts I just do not know the examples of them that also shows you the role of input that I can say that there must be two negative markers in Tamil also there must be two negative markers in Malayalam also but because I do not have Tamil or Malayalam input so I do not know now there are going to be language internal differences too in a language like Hindi the negative marker is always going to be a word nahi or math in a language like Tamil sometimes negative markers are merged together with the word right same thing applies in Canada same thing applies in Malayalam now these are language internal facts language internal things however negative markers are going to be there negative markers can only follow words in either true in Tamil negative markers follow words so how do we say how do we say this one math Milo lovely lovely lovely lovely so with okay so what's the negative marker in that power don't come right don't see so negative marker is following the the word see this thing negative markers may be preceding in Tamil too right I think if you say a sentence like this Raju school nahi jaya ga in these sentences you will need to use the negative marker illa am I right so similar distinction exists that if we are talking about tense less sentences you have to use a different negative markers a different negative marker if we are using a tense sentences with tense you need to use a different negative marker can we use the word illa in the previous one must say don't meet with me or meet with me when we say don't meet with me can we use illa you see the distinction that I am trying that I am talking about the distinction that exists with between math and nahi is the distinction that exists in Tamil now a for every sentence we don't have either time or we don't need to do this thing this is where I request you I suggest you please keep thinking about the languages that you speak that you grew up keep applying these things and then you will be able to see that now the final point that I make and then we will stop I will come to that later now look at this in English so I let's say let's say this thing in past tense how do I say this sentence number 3 in past tense I ate mangoes right everybody don't need to write this sentence but now I ask you to negate that sentence say it again did not eat mangoes do you see what's going on hold on hold on hold on slow slow slow I know you guys are very intelligent but keeping slow keeping the speed under control limit always helps the moment you introduce negative the tense marker is going to get dissociated with the verb is going to get dissociated with the verb and then you see verb in the bare form what's that we say I did not eat so did not eat we cannot say I not ate so much so that it makes you laugh neither do we say I ate not we need to say I did not eat the use of negative markers in a language like English separates these two from past tense so the past tense becomes this indicates past tense and then we have to put not and then the verb comes in 0 form which has got no tense so if this is the verb if this is the form of the verb which has got no tense marker then this is the form of the verb which we say it has tense but the marker is 0 if you can see this thing then I am showing you something absolutely abstract and invisible trust me there is no microscope for this do you see this thing do you see or not that is true my dear but what I am saying something else I am saying after did is removed from the verb this verb is bare form this does not have any tense marker on it the tense is here right because this is a 0 form therefore this is a 0 form and the marker is 0 there is tense but the marker of tense on this verb in this sentence is 0 right so the introduction of negative helps you separate tense and tense and verb in a language like English okay and then you can see the bare form now as we move on further please remember this example these are the examples that are not coming just like that these are the example that we are talking about we are talking about these examples purposely I want you to understand or I will bring you to this point again that when we say tense marker comes before the verb or after the verb right that is a very trivial and superficial discussion what actually happens is tense marker when it when it when you see them around the verb actually it is not around the verb it is around tense and it so happens that tense is found around verb so the negative marker is associated with tense which itself is an invisible category negative markers are not invisible category negative markers you can see clearly in many languages they get attracted to verbs because tense are hosted on verbs I will talk about subject and predicate some other time therefore verbs become the most significant aspect of a sentence therefore sometimes it is also said that verbs are powerhouse of a sentence all kinds of information about agreement, number, person, gender, tense aspect you can see are in or around verb hope some of this makes sense yes then I think we need to stop right