 Good morning once again ladies and gentlemen This morning, we shall be continuing with our discussion on Germany Depending on our time. I'm hoping to complete my discussion here We have seen Before I'm sorry after the midterm exam. We have been talking about For the moment or until this moment. We've been talking about the US case and the German case So the plan ahead is that after we complete the German case will switch to the case in Japan Japanese politics in comparative perspective, so And then we'll write the final exam This Friday, let me announce to you that we shall be writing an in-class assignment on immigration citizenship multi-culturalism and Policies addressing all these in the case of Germany you shall be given excerpts to watch from different documentaries Different from different sources most of which stem from or come from Deutsche Welle So so so most of the stuff will be on multi-culturalists or policies addressing multi-culturalism immigration The the guest worker phenomenon guest worker the gas-dibyta phenomena in Germany So so we shall be writing the in-class assignments Friday Starting at 9 40 which will take less than about The full full hour, so it'll be around 40 minutes or so Okay, so the same rules apply those of you who've taken Two in-class assignments already will not be able to take the third In-class assignment those of you who've taken one, please please please take this this in-class assignment It's vital. It is worth five points. It'll count towards Five points towards your final grade. Okay. We've been covering State and historical perspective political economy of economic and social policies Governance and policymaking. I think I've completed my discussion there You know with we've looked at the executive policymaking practices policy and also, you know New or neo-corpitism. Okay, so so now I shall be talking about representation and participation this class And then we'll we'll continue with current challenges and then we'll finish off there Okay, let's see Where we are Okay, we've looked at all this here oops Please okay need to get rid of you and then click Okay Representation and participation Let's look at what the legislature looks like We have a by-camera legislature in the case of Germany We've got the the lower house the Bundestag and The upper house the bundescaps okay elections for Bundestag is a simultaneous two-ballot system It's a two-ballot system as I shall explain in a few moments, but it's a simultaneous two-ballot system It's not that it is it has two separate ballots in two different times like the French case We do not have that we have one single ballot divided into two the right-hand side and the left-hand side. Okay The In the gets in tight in the left-hand side. This is by the way, this is what I'm showing you is What I got from your textbook Kesson and Krieger and Joseph The each each voter at the poll station will be casting one single Paper but but two votes. Okay, so so two stamps on the left. We have candidates Okay, and on the right We have Parties so this is basically a party list This is a list of candidates for a particular district. We have around 299 or 300 districts or constituencies in Germany so so the 16 later land lander is made up of about 300 Constituencies and for each constituency Voters will be casting a vote here and On the land basis Region basis. They'll also be casting another vote Okay, so two Bell in that in this risk it is in this respect that we have a two ballot system Okay, this is sometimes called the butterfly ballot Okay, because it is divided into two The first part the second part the first vote And the second vote Okay, once again on The on the left well on the left hand side You or the voters choose candidates on the right hand side they choose Political parties, so it's a party list once again. So on the left hand side the rule the electoral rule is that it's a Single-member district plurality so whomever gets the highest number of votes Among the candidates This is for Bonn by the way the city of Bonn Will be elected From that district, okay So it's basically a winner takes all system There are as you can see One two three four five six candidates the fifth one is gone Six candidates in total whomever gets to the highest number of votes from this six will be elected to the Bundestag And on the right hand side It's a proportional system. So think of the Bundestag as With 630 seats About 300 seats about half is is Coming from this side another half in fact more than half Will be elected through This system okay the party list so so here Candidates elect I'm sorry voters elect candidates here voters elect the party they wish to see in the parliament, okay, and And here there's a party list and The system here the electoral system here is proportional representation here. It's winner takes all here is Proportional we know the difference between When it takes all systems and proportional systems, right in order to to ensure some kind of stability in the system Here we have a 5% national threshold so if a political party Wins less than 5% of the national votes They will not have any representation in the parliament Is this clear? Okay, very good. So each candidate is Elected for four years. So every four years almost written on stone We have national elections and two major parties win most of the seats Historically since 1940s late 1940s through this plurality system Okay, because remember we talked about the case the fact that plurality systems Help Outcomes converge to two large parties it amasses power to the large parties because of many mechanisms because of many reasons And the 5% also limits that the national threshold also limits the number of political parties Represented in the parliament. So no no very small parties are represented in the parliament because of the 5% national threshold clear Very good. Okay So this entire system magnifies the powers of those two large large coalitions large parties the SPD the Social Democratic Party on the one hand and the Christian Democratic Party and Christian Social Union the CDU CSU okay CSU is the Bavarian counterpart of CDU More or less within the same coalition. So CDU is not organized or or CDU or voters, you know Politicians are organized under CSU in Bavaria Whereas in the rest of the country we have the CDU Here in the so this is basically the butterfly ballad for the Bundestag Okay, and we also have a second chamber in the system. It's a bicameral system. It's called the Bundeskatz okay, and Bundeskatz members of the Bundeskatz are in a way Maybe it's sometimes referred to as an election It's basically a delegation From the land land Governments from the regional governments each regional government sends a delegation to the Bundeskatz Okay, so we have only 65 66 seats in the Bundeskatz Each state we have 16 lander each land Has at least three delegates Okay, send they at least they send at least three delegates depending on the population of the land It's so so this the size of the delegation will depend on the population of the land So so each land government elect and send delegates to the Bundeskatz So we have two houses the upper house the Bundeskatz 66 members the lower house the Bundestag 630 members in fact now we have a 631 member Bundestag, okay, I'll I'll show results of The of the most recent election a bit later on so So here they vote voters vote based on the district So Germany is divided into about 300 districts and 299 districts here It's it's it's based on the land levels. Okay, so so this is how elections take place Let me talk to you about a little bit about The Bundestag and the Bundeskatz in the Bundestag there is voting along party discipline So members of Parliament vote along The party line, okay, so so they they more or less have a consistent position That's what we call party discipline We have around 630 members in fact For the for the for the current Bundestag we have 631 members The executive I mean here is the legislation legislative process the executive introduces legislation Bills are sent to the Bundestag committee. So lower house first the Parliament It's read three times so the public is Made aware of what's happening If it passes the Bundestag for it to become law a bill must also be passed or Approved by the Bundestag Okay, and in both houses we have a simple majority as a rule okay, so So there is a little bit of deliberation in the committees and there's also information raising raising information raising awareness To inform the public When the three readings are carried out the Bundeskatz in a way provides expertise to The Bundestag committees The idea of having a Bundeskatz is to ensure that there is a power balance between The federal and the land level so members of the Bundeskatz change Rotate When there are elections taking place at the land level there are land level elections And there are federal level elections. Okay So for the Bundeskatz that the upper house Whomever is sent by the current government at the land level will be represented in the Bundeskatz so so representatives in the Bundeskatz come from Regional governments from the land governments whomever has you know depending on the majority or depending on the the power balance in the Land or at the land level or land government level they'll be sent to According to that share, they'll be sent to as delegation to or members of the delegation to the Bundeskatz So so so it the idea is to strike a balance between the land level and the federal level Once again each land sends at least three representatives We have in the current Bundeskatz 69 members. I Said 66, but we have 69 members close to 70 and once again the political composite composition of the Bundeskatz Will rotate with every election taking place at the 16 Lander level That means we do not have In general, we do not have simultaneous elections Taking place at the federal as well as the land level the land level elections take place in different times of the year in different years Sometimes they coincide, but they don't they do not have to and Once those elections take place at each land The composition of the Bundeskatz I'm sorry Changes, is this clear? It's a little bit complicated, but once you get a hold of it. You'll get it Suspensive veto the institution of suspense of veto the rule of suspense of veto the Bundestag Can override the Bundeskatz vote? if Bundeskatz votes down If if the Bundeskatz vetoes a bill by two-thirds Then the Bundestag has to approve the bill By more than two-thirds to overcome it to suspend the veto of The upper house so so in case of a Veto by the Bundeskatz The Bundestag can overcome it by more than two-thirds majority. So super majority or qualified majority in order to override The vote so this is these are the houses of the Bundestag and the Bundeskatz Let me now talk to you about the party system we had Traditionally a two-and-a-half party system in Germany until about the 1980s We had two largest parties the Christian Democratic Union CDU and the SPD the Social Democratic Party and Also, we had a third party The free Democrats party or free Democratic Party. So the SPD is center left It was more left, but from the 60s onwards more social Democratic left Center left the seed SPD The Social Democratic Party the center right party Christian Democrats center right and Free Democratic Party small centrist party Liberal in many senses as I shall be explaining a little bit later on but Until about this time until about the 80s. We had these three parties and We had this third party as Sometimes referred to as a swing party others refer to this party as a kingmaker So so what happens is let's say one party gets 34 percent of the votes Let's say CDU and SPD gets 33 percent of the votes So, how will they ever form a coalition and fry Democrats? Will get let's say 12 percent of the votes. So what happens then? There has to be a coalition So whomever gets The approval of the Frey Democrats Will form the coalition Okay, sometimes we have seen cases where both largest parties Receiving around the same, you know in terms of the percentages around the same number of seats and the kingmaker is the FD pay FDP Okay, so whomever the FDP lines with Will rule the day will form the coalition wolf will rule the country So it is in that respect it is both a swing party So it has formed coalitions with the center right and also the center left in the post-World War two era Those decades and it is in the sense that it is called a kingmaker So so whomever the party aligns with will or have been you know forming The coalition and had been presiding over the coalition, but this has been changing, you know since 1980s There are other parties on the left Who've been emerging as as powerhouses the greens The party of democratic socialism Sometimes referred to as the linke the lefts And national Democratic Party German people's unions are small Right-wing regional influence which have regional influence in land tag elections. So so other small parties coming into the picture and Emerging above the 5% threshold don't forget yes, there are small parties, but for small parties to be represented in the Bundestag They have to pass through this 5% national threshold Okay So let's let's see what these political parties look like The Christian Democratic Party Christian Democrats cdu and its counterpart in Bavaria CSU The party had been formed in the post-World War two era 1945 It's the largest party in terms of membership It has been able to unite Christians on both sides questions, you know Catholics as well as Protestants So so and it emerged as a center right as well as a catch-all party So a catch-all party Which has been supported by? You know basis of political power wise Supported by both the Catholics as well as the Protestants it has been emphasizing it has been stressing the importance of The social and marked fit shafts. So the social market economy It has been an ideal shared by both sides across the fence so on both sides of the political party spectrum We have both the SPD as well as the cdu and the CSU coalition Supporting the social market economy Okay, during the decades 50s 60s 70s even 80s and 90s So so social market economy has been has been branded by by both parties and the Christian Democratic Union have I mean the party has has also been emphasizing the key role That this political economic social system Has been playing in post-World War two miracle the so-called German miracle They have been in coalitions with FTP the friar democrat party with or because of FTP's emphasis on Economic liberalism. Okay, we wish well. I'll talk about that later on Let's talk about the SPD the Social Democratic Party Founded in the last quarter of the 19th century around 1875 so it's basically the oldest party. It's the second largest party Consistently in the parliament having Always the second largest number of votes in terms of vote shares in terms of sheet seats in the parliament up until the late 1950s It had more Marxist leanings but from late 1950s, you know 1959 it has Reorganized reformed its political program. So it's become more social democratic and de-emphasized Marxist elements and it has been a Members member of coalitions especially throughout the 1970s in which we have the strengthening of the German welfare state Okay, so so the German welfare state had been thoroughly consolidated large comprehensive generous welfare state Also because of SPD's influence in those coalition years so so So it has been a supportive of the social market economy, especially its Social policy aspects. We've talked about social policy aspects as well as you know the welfare state aspects as well as The economic policy aspects. Okay, so SPD is is leaning more towards its social or emphasizing Its social policy welfare state stronger welfare state comprehensive generous welfare state aspects of the social and marked with shaft in comparison to the Christian Democrats who have been emphasizing The the German economic policy making Apparatuses the model Deutschland in that respect which Which we can talk about later And they've been forming coalitions With greens most recently late 1990s The Gerhard Schröder forming coalitions with the greens so SPD led coalitions and had formed what's called grand coalitions with the CDU So so all kinds of coalitions with With greens Yoshka Fisher and and you know other leaders and also grand coalitions with the CDU and basically what I'm referring to here is a coalition between CDU and SPD Where two largest parties come together? Greens are Also important increasingly when we talk about greens we talk about a largely Etrogenous group many factions Citizen action groups within it. We have environmental activists We have farmers we have anti-nuclear movement Joining forces with the greens. We have peace movements. We have Marxists We have Leninists all coming together under this this umbrella of greens, please Apart yes, yes, he is he is one of the co-chairs co-presidents of of The Grüne the Green Party You know Turkish German or German Turkish or German of Turkish descent Gemma's them is is is one of the leaders of the greens Green Party Has been increasing its support over time especially 1980s, but but more so 1990s 2000s with their program Emphasizing anti-nuclear power anti-gmo Careful about so let's be very careful. Let's be cautious about climate change. Let's emphasize climate change as you can see it has many Antis Related to it so so it is sometimes referred to as an anti Party in that respect so anti-party party There are obviously there are factions within it given its heterogeneity There are realists within it So leaning more towards center center left and there are more fundamentalists Who are leaning towards the left of the social democratic left? The FDP the swing party the kingmaker Has when you look at its history Has been in alliances has been forming coalitions with both the FDP I'm sorry with both the CDU. I'm sorry CSU as well as the SPD in that respect it has been Serving as the kingmaker in the system It has a liberal program especially in economic matters less affair deregulation independent regulatory institutions Privatization so all of these have been part and parcel of FDP programs electoral pledges Social wise it is less much much less conservative than CDU CSU coalition, so civil rights and liberties But but much less from a much less conservative stance Compared to the CDU CSU line the linker the left forces the left Have they've been they've been gaining strength in in recent decades 2000s GDR communist party merged with a faction a More left-wing faction arising from SPD So they've formed they call themselves the lefts Okay, those on the left Opposition or stronger opposition they've been mounting a stronger opposition to budget cuts Especially if these budget cuts are focusing on or or addressing the unemployed Addressing the marginalized so they've been voicing concerns over You know, we shouldn't have We should keep the German model. We should keep the German welfare state We should protect the unemployed. We should protect the marginalized and It is through this discourse that they have been and also action that they have been Providing an alternative to the far right Okay, so they've they've really provided the German voters an alternative to the far right the nationalist far right who've been opposing change who've been opposing globalization who've been opposing you know forces of both the market and also, you know International organizations who've been bearing down upon in their eyes the German model So they've been they've been increasing their votes Throughout these these years throughout these decades Let's see what the Results look like This is 1940 49. This is when the the FRG Federal Republic of Germany was was founded This these are the percentages of seats These are others the gray lines of the gray parts shades CDU is here This is SPD CDU SPD FPD and And greens and the lefts as you can see until about the 1980s We have three parties in the system So three shades here the CDU CSU SPD and Fry Democrats But from the 1980s onwards other parties come into the picture So it was a two and a half party system up until here but then we have What you can see here is more like a multi-party system with two large Parties with smaller parties following those Okay, in terms of vote shares Voter turnout had also been had always been quite stable It was around the range of around, you know 85 90% It is around 80% 79 to 80 something But still, you know, it's quite stable quite I mean very high by by advanced industrialized country standards always above 79 80% and Going up to about 90% So so as you can see as you can imagine we have a lively electorate Yes, there has been some declines in turnout Due to some burnout, but this is much less pronounced in comparison to the US Or the UK and to a certain extent to to France. So so we have an active citizenry Casting their ballots casting their their votes at the ballots still even to this day and Once again, we had two major parties and FD pay as the kingmaker until the 1980s then from then onwards We have changes in the system. So what you can see here were Groping towards more of a multi-party system Okay Let's see What the current Bundestag looks like Okay, so this is what the Bundestag looks like. So whenever we refer to the parliament We categorically refer to the lower house. The lower house is the Bundestag around 636 seats CDU CSU With 311 seats Bündnis 90 the Grüne they have a coalition of Representing 63 seats the SPD almost 200 seats 193 seats the link in the left 64 seats so so what you can see here is Is More like a multi-party system which also is shown which which you also you can see in the In the total Votes count it so that was the distribution of seats in the 18th Bundestag Interests social movements and protests. I think I've stressed adequately how important how central Democratic corporatism is or neo corporatism or new corporatism is I May have emphasized that this is a networked society that there is Consensus building That there is Cooperation that there is collaboration. I've also learned Last week that this is rather new Because what produced the Weimar government or during the Weimar government what produced National socialism in the 1930s was the lack of Collaboration lack of cooperation But fragmentation Okay, so so this was in a way effectively Brickolaged it was built bit by bit in the system from the 1940s 50s onwards so so we have Yes, we have a historical legacy of Collaboration cooperation, but we also have a historical legacy of fragmentation non collaboration no collaboration and hence Isn't tight and hence World War two so the idea of never again has also has been very important at the back of the German citizenry and and this was You know This this networked society this collaboration cooperation has have all been very important elements of the German model What makes up the social remarked it shaft that everybody is incorporated everybody is included Social inclusion is is very important Has been an intrinsic element of the system You know clubs social clubs sports clubs They've they've been very active in in Germany. So as in groups Doing things in groups. So bowling alone as opposed to bowling alone in quizzing the bowling alone in the US We we have a more cohesive Society in Germany. It is argued in the literature We have you know within this within this context. We have interest groups and parapublic institutions Which in a way appease Social conflict so meetings Coordination these are very important cooperative system consensual system And therefore we do not have mass protests Unlike France so in France we have mass protests people taking up to the streets We do not have that kind of protest movements in Germany Whereas we have them on the streets In France they're organized in different parties in different different civil society institutions And the art they articulate their voices through social movements. Okay, so it's a more networked society It's a more organized society and and interest representation interest intermediation is Much more organized coordinated as opposed to other societies so this is an example of a coordinated consensual cooperative networked in In that respect neocorporatist system of Interest intermediation as opposed to the US and Britain where we have a more pluralist form of interaction In those pluralist forms we have you know whomever gets or whomever you know possesses The highest power the largest power will have a say in the system, but here there are institutionalized channels of access to groups within the society and That the state turns a sympathetic ear to those groups Okay, and there are institutionalized channels of privileged access To trade unions on the one hand business unions business associations on the other Okay, so so this is this I wish to to emphasize but protest immobilization had been increasing you know 1960s feminist movement peace movement anti nuclear movement some activity there But 1990s had been a spur of protests You know right wing protests Which were coupled with neo-nazi racist attacks two thousands have seen The Iraq war Okay, so so many people taking up to the streets. I'll keep you for another minute or two To wrap up the German case with the current challenges Smaller parties gaining strength as we have seen is This a sign of fragmentation or more pluralism Inputed in the system Remember we had two largest parties plus the kingmaker back then up until 80s so 50s 60s 70s So more than 30 years three decades But this has been changing towards a more multi-party System is this Going to bring with it fragmentation That's that's one general concern among you know you know observers as well as experts but also among the general public and collective identities Who is German the conception of Germanness German identity There's a lot of debate here When you visit Germany especially large Metropolitan centers you see You've been seeing courts bag a wish they wish Mac is it quotes bag shopping center many signs in Turkey in Turkish if you visit courts back Berlin on the Western part you see a You know a market Turkish influence You know Turkey and Germany had Official agreements 61 then 64 second wave then later on So all throughout 60s Turks were invited to Germany. They were most welcome in their efforts helping build or rebuild and Reconstruct Germany With the 1980s onwards with rising unemployment and all this The picture has been changing and we've seen many incidents in Germany skinhead movements They've been they've been they've been having atrocities. They've been making atrocities against Turks Turks burnt to flame Lit to flame and and this is also this has also been Been continuing much more sporadically than back in the 1980s and 1990s but but the idea of the Gus Darbiter's the guest workers who've come to Germany as Migrants Economic migrants well in time. They've brought their families Through policies of reunification. I'm sorry family unification with that More than 300 me three three million in Germany out of 80 million so So the the identity or self-conception of Germans German identity has been changing And Germany now addresses itself more or less as a settler Country a country of immigration You know, we have countries of immigration Western offshoots, right? North America Australasia But but Germany now is Coming to grips with Redefining itself as a country of migration So so changing conception of you know, who is German? So so are these migrants still after 50 years? Do we call them in their 60 years the first generation the second generation the third generation the fourth generation is about to Emerge do we call them still? guest workers Or have they become more or less an ethnicity within Germany Okay, so so the idea of German identity. So this is what we read in books in novels in film in movies And this is also what we hear in in expert opinion in political discourses in observers Op-eds and all that so so it is very much on the agenda You know, how do we redefine our system? Do we redefine? Multiculturalism, how do we come to terms with with the changing social reality? Stress caused by refugees and asylum seekers in the most recent period as you must you must have read in the news You must must have heard last year Angela Merkel had been cooperating with the Turkish government, you know, that there was a package deal of some billion euros So so so how do we deal with the current challenge of? of Mass mobility mass inflow. How do we regulate this otherwise irregular? Movement hmm How do we regulate this? How do we change the behavior of of all these actors? And is this going to cause a resurgence in German nationalism is there going to be a backlash or if so How will it play out? more sociologically more culturally less politically instead of how do we respond this so we're all concerned about you know, how is German society Going to be reacting to to all these these changes and finally eurozone crisis Which has been felt In the early period after especially but but later on we didn't have mass bank failures We didn't have mass unemployment But the German economy which has been the motor force the locomotive of the European economy has been slowing down but still has been picking up with rising levels of job creation and Lowering of unemployment rates elsewhere across Europe. We had skyrocketing rates of unemployment, especially among you guys Especially in in your category This hasn't been so pronounced in Germany This has been so much pronounced elsewhere in Europe, especially in the most hardest hit countries like Greece to a certain extent Italy, but also Portugal Spain The southern rim But this has been much pronounced much less pronounced in the German case because of how inclusive The society is but also because of the less The less The less severity of the crisis as experienced in Germany questions. I talk too much. I feel Any questions Okay, this completes our discussion on Germany And we'll start off with the case on Japan next time