 The study found that great-tailed grackles, a social and polygamous species rapidly expanding its geographic range, have higher flexibility variants, measured by reversal learning and persistence average in the newer population on the northern edge of the expansion front compared to the older population in Tempe, Arizona. The study also found no significant differences between the two populations and average levels of flexibility, innovativeness, exploration, or persistence. The results suggest that individuals differentially expressing a particular behavior in an edge population could facilitate rapid geographic range expansion and highlight the value of population studies and breaking down cognitive concepts into direct measures of individual abilities to better understand how species might adapt to novel circumstances. This article was authored by Logan, Corinna, McEun, Kelsey, Lagrande-Rose, Krista, and others.