 Hi everyone. This is TWIS, this week in Science, episode number 567, recorded on May 18, 2016 without a net. Hi everyone. I'm Doctor, not a doctor, Blair Basterich, and today we will fill your head with fish, edible robots, and no-key-key. Hmm. But first... Diiiis, clamor, disclaimer, disclaimer. The following hour of programming is being performed without a net, as a net could not be with us tonight. Everything you are about to hear is recorded live, unrehearsed, unedited, unless we happen to curse in which case we will edit out the curse word and replace it with a more polished, high production value curse word. The content has been vetted only in that we have read it, believed that it comes from a reliable source, and think that it may be interesting to talk about. Aside from working without a net, Doctor Kiki is also not with us tonight. While many long-time listeners will be saddened to hear that Kiki has left the show, they will be delighted to learn that it is only for tonight and that she will be back again next week. So while the Doctor's way, the patients will be running the twist asylum here on This Week in Science, coming up next. There's only one place to go to find the knowledge I seek. I want to know what's happening, what's happening, what's happening this week in science. What's happening, what's happening week in science. Good science, D-Blair. Good science to you, Justin, and good science to all of our listeners out there. Today we have an amazing show ahead. I have so much science news. I have an extra chock full, enormous Blair's Animal Corner this week. What did you bring, Justin? What did I, that's a good question. I'll have to find out. Oh yeah, take two robots, call me in the morning. That's going to be a good one. What else have I got in there? Native Nation, a little bit of Native Nation hunting mastodons and for days too. They were, they were at it for a while. And I've got some other stories in the mix as well, something to sort of follow the trend of the last few weeks and a gut bacteria story, a danger to gut bacteria story. Nice. I brought panda poop, just a story about it, and I brought a whole bunch of stuff about fish and also birds that may or may not be in the mafia. Yeah. Well, let's, let's start it off, let's start the ball rolling with some science. Do you have something fun for us? Oh yeah, so this is, this is my favorite story of what I brought this week, 14,550. Remember this number, 14,550. You can forget it now, but that's how many years old the stone tools are that they found in underwater in a Florida sinkhole submerged just 30 feet underwater. The site is producing tools, a by face knife that's a double edge knife that was used for cutting butchering animals, as well as a bit of the beast that was being used to butcher mastodon tusk. So the mastodon tusk actually was found about 30 years ago on the same site, and it had cut marks that were dated to over 14,000 years old. But the notion that humans could have caused them was quickly dismissed because back then everybody knew humans weren't in the Americas yet. No, they were originally the earlier estimates were about 9,000 years ago. The across the Bering Strait came the native nation peoples. The 9,000 year number did get pushed back by Clovis artifacts once they were dated at 13,200 years old. And for a while Clovis represented the oldest human presence. Seemingly older sites were then pretty much dismissed or looked at with great scrutiny. And like something wasn't right, your dating methods are wrong. You'll have to go back and relook at it. There can't be a 14,000, 15,000 year old site in South America. People weren't here until 13,000 years. You got it all wrong. But since then of course these things have been getting pushed back. The recent discovery using radio carbon dating techniques found all of the artifacts to be about 14,550 years old. And considering that there are now five sites in between North and South America that are known to be older than this one, the history of the native nation peoples is still being written. It is still being discovered. But not just the history of the humans. There he has had been that humans killed off all the megafauna. And it's pretty much as soon as we got here, like, ah, dig, easy prey, kill them all off, boom, wipe them out. And that's because mastodons were gone right as soon after the supposed arrival of the humans at the 13,000 year mark. But now this shows that human mastodon interactions would have continued for thousands of years. A thousand years? Or thousands. So I think it's somewhere in the neighborhood of 12,500-ish years. 12,000-ish years that the mastodons are thought to be gone. And that's within pretty short period of time after humans got here. But this is now another 1,500 years back. So now it's thousands. We weren't as good at killing things right away is what you're saying. It took us a little while to figure out how to make a species extinct. Partly that. But we also had some decent amount of climate change taking place there as well. I mean, there was a bunch of factors. But it wasn't just we showed up, killed them all. There was thousands of years of Native Nation peoples and mastodons. And I don't know what the giant sloth, how long they made it, but there was a lot more cohabitation or co-livering on the same continenting going on. This is a big deal, said Florida State University Professor of Anthropology, Jesse Halligan. And she's right, it is. Halligan's research was published May 13th in the Academic Journal of Science Advances. And so yeah, the peoples of South Florida, this is also 1,500 years older than any southeastern North American site. So it's also pushing back Native American finds there. There's some up towards Pennsylvania that are known to be older. But this is the oldest now in Southeast United States. And this is sort of a sad story too, because removing a mastodon tusk with a stone knife is not easy. This is not an easy task. This would have possibly taken an entire day's effort by maybe more than one early American. And to then go to cross a stream, they found this in a river, but it's a sinkhole. It goes down 30 feet further than they would have hunked it would. So you're carrying this, you got to cross this one creek, you're like, ah, it doesn't look deep. And then partway through, ka-plunked down to the bottom, you go, possibly. So that's sort of a sad story, and all that effort just to get. But then you're contributing to science in ways that you couldn't possibly have imagined. So next time I do something really clumsy, I can just say, oh, well, you know, scientists could study this later, thousands of years from now. Next time you drop an iPhone, sewer, great. I'm just contributing to science. Very nice. Well, speaking of climate change, I have a pretty fun story about climate change to start off the show, speaking about changing climates and animals and how they're affected by that. And I have fish. So fish, we have talked a lot about ocean ecosystems and how they will change with a changing climate. And particularly, we've talked a lot about which species will do better, which species will do worse. We know, for example, that most fish, most cold water fish, like to follow cold water currents and that when water temperatures rise, a lot of fish have problems finding food because colder water carries more nutrients. However, animals that live in warmer water, sometimes a little bit of warming might actually do them good as long as there's enough food around. Well, overall, a recent study from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has found that the key to it is not whether one individual is more or less fit for a changing climate, but the overall biodiversity of an area. So we value biodiversity as a species because it's more beautiful to see all sorts of animals around. We know that it's a complete food web. We know that some species are more important than others, but that all species are important within an environment, except for perhaps mosquitoes, which we've talked about in the show before, right? So overall, each species is important. Some are more important than others, and they all make up this food web. Well, it turns out that the collection is greater than the sum of its parts in this case, and that actually biodiversity is one of the main predictors in being able to figure out if an ocean ecosystem will survive a large change in climate. So researchers tracked how 11 different environmental factors influence total fish biomass on coral and rocky reefs around the world. Most of this was done through citizen science, through untrained scuba divers doing surveys, which is pretty cool. They found about 3,000 fish species in 44 countries around the world, and they found that overall, the temperature had a more complex relationship with fish of biomass, and that warmer ocean temperatures boosted fish biomass on average, while wider temperature fluctuations hindered it. So warmer oceans, the fish grew bigger and bigger and bigger until all of a sudden, it warmed above 20 degrees Celsius, about 68 degrees Fahrenheit, at which point biomass drastically started to fall. But the communities with many fish species remain stable at these higher temperatures. So basically, having biodiversity allows for kind of a self-correction in these environments in a way we're not even really sure of. We just know at this point that biodiversity is key to adaptability. Yeah. So I guess there is a silver lining there in that global warming. Isn't it isn't because we're talking about ocean ecosystems where fisheries, unsustainable fisheries, the main influence that those have on ocean ecosystems is reducing biodiversity. Yeah. But if we're ending up with bigger fish, that sounds like a good thing. So is it megalodon? What's the megashark? Is that megalodon? Um, it was, oh my gosh, I'm totally blanking right now. The giant giant. So when that was in the ocean was at 400 parts per billion and what have you in the atmosphere, which is kind of where we're getting now. So we may be, we may be heading back to the age of the giant ocean fish and sharks, which, you know, we'll make a shark week more and more exciting each year. Every year they find a bigger shark. But biomass didn't increase if there wasn't as much biodiversity across the board, even with higher ocean temperatures before that cusp point. If temperatures went up without, without biodiversity, biomass shrank. So no matter what, if you don't have this balance, this full food web, this huge biodiversity in the ocean, there's very little adaptability. So we talk about reducing the effects of climate change. And we also talk about responding to climate change that will happen no matter what, even if we stop putting out carbon today forever, we're still going to have some change. And so looking at that, we need to know, yes, reducing our carbon output is so important. And even with that, we need to know how to remain adaptable to the change that's coming. And so the, the change that's coming, the way to fix that in terms of ocean ecosystems, based on the study is due in large part on biodiversity. So each species is important. And this is also, I think, another great time to remember sustainable seafood, because the easiest way to maintain biodiversity in an ecosystem is to not wipe out a species by overfishing. Good point. Yeah. So I just, I really like this study because we talk about the importance of biodiversity all the time, because it's just kind of obvious. You want all the species to be around, you want to see a rich ecosystem, you want a full food web, but I really like that they actually tested the effects of biodiversity and the benefits of biodiversity. So we talk about like keystone species all the time, things like sea otters are a keystone species, right? Because they eat all the urchins, the urchins don't eat the kelp, the kelp is allowed to survive. You take the otters out, urchins explode, there's no kelp for us, the entire ecosystem is destroyed. So those are what we call a keystone species. But in this view, every species is a keystone species, because biodiversity is key. And I really like that idea. I think it's great. Yeah. What else you got, Justin? So this is a story that I, it's about edible robots. I already love it. I know. And at first, like, why would you want to eat a robot? Like, why are they working so hard to make a robot that you can eat? I can think of a few ways. If it's small enough, it could edit my genes for me, right? Maybe. Maybe. Let's see. It could kill off all the bad bacteria in my stomach. Maybe. Or the good one. It could take my blood pressure from inside my body. It's so important to eat a robot to do that, right? Because there's no other way. Rebuild my brain cells for me? I don't think it's going to be going into your brain. I hope you don't get it. Well, this is, according to Daniela Russ, Professor of MIT's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, my colleague bought a piece of ham. And he put a small battery on the ham. I'm paraphrasing heavily. This is, I think, an effort to convince her. Was it a ham radio? Oh, no, no. This is an effort to convince her that they needed to invent the robot to do something. Now, within half an hour, the battery was fully submerged in the ham. So that made me realize that, yes, this is important. If you have a battery in your body, you really want it out as soon as possible. So, I think our colleague was attempting to show the critical need for was because every year, about 3,500 people in the United States, at least, swallow batteries. What? Yeah. It's probably kids and it's probably small batteries. Frequently, the batteries are digested normally. But if they come into prolonged contact with the tissue of the esophagus or stomach, they can cause an electric current that produces hydroxide, which then burns the tissue. Once you ingest... It's like you're also to touch a broken battery, right? Because there's acid in there. Yeah. Yeah, you don't want... Yeah, I mean, I figure when they say digest normally, that it just goes through the body without getting digested. But once you ingest this battery and you want it out, what do you do? If you're a child, at least you see your child swallow a watch battery or something like this. What do you do? You pick one of those cartoon grade magnets up against their stomach, right? And then you just pull up? No, because you don't want it pressing up against the stomach. That's the thing. That's how it creates a hydroxide and then boom. Otherwise, my plan was perfect. Yes, otherwise, your plan was fantastic. Actually, it's kind of how they do some of this. But their answer is a tiny origami robot. One that can unfold itself from a swallowed capsule and steered by not exactly magnets, but an external magnetic field, which is exactly what magnets do, to crawl across the stomach wall to remove the swallowed button battery or even patch up a wound if they can discover one. So this is actually the second generation that they're announcing of this. The new robot, the successor, is pretty a lot like the old one. It uses something called stick and slip motion where it uses the appendages to stick to a surface friction when it executes a move, but then slips free again as the body flexes to change its weight distribution. So it just sort of scoots about in the body. Material difference in this one. Robots envisioned use also dictated a host of structural modifications, stick slip, which is that movement process. It works when the robot is small enough and too it is stiff enough with the original Mylar design. It was much stiffer than the new design, which is based on a biocompatible material. So they made some adjustments to it, but this is one of these things that is going to be like sounds really weird to us right now that you would have a reason to or desire to swallow a small encapsulated robot and have it like it sounds weird at all. I think it makes perfect sense. And that's the generational difference right there. That sounds weird. Science, right? I'm going to swallow a robot, maybe two. And then it's going to take care of my problem. I was having down there, robot in my belly. Oh, geez. I think it makes perfect sense. All right. If you just tuned in, you're listening to This Week in Science with Dr. Kiki, who is sadly not with us today. So it's just Justin Jackson and me, doctor, not a doctor. And do you know what time it is, Justin? The only time anybody ever asked me what time it is is when it's time for Blads Animal Corner. Right. And yet, and yet, I do believe you brought for us a panda story. Very much unlike your intro song would have you suspect. Well, you'll be hearing about why pandas are bad at pandaying today. So I think it's still on brand. Okay. So let's get right into it since you brought it up. So I want to talk about panda poop. And I want to talk about good panda poop and bad panda poop. Let me guess. The bad panda poop is the panda poop that ends up on your shoe. Sure. And good panda poop is like, if your research hinges on having panda poo and you've been looking all day and finally you've come across one, it must look like gold. You're like, oh, I found a panda poo. I have my data set, which is completely two different ways to experience panda poo. Right. So I want to tell you about a story from the University of Wisconsin-Madison that involved collecting panda poop, wrapping it in tinfoil from the Memphis Zoo, sending it off to the University of Madison. And then taking a good look at that panda poop. So sometimes panda poop looks like a, quote, normal panda bowel movement. And that'll be when it looks just kind of like bamboo stalks. It looks very kind of, it just looks like shredded bamboo in there. It's pretty dry. It's, it looks like any herbivores poop. But remember, it looks even less digested because as we've talked about on the show before, pandas lack the correct microbiome to digest bamboo. Yet that's all they eat. So then they look at a irregular panda poo that it's called a mucoid. And that's when they pass part of their intestinal tract, the poop. Yeah. So that looks like thick, chewy, gelatinous mass. And apparently, according to the researchers, smells a terrible. And this is a really important thing to study because apparently they get these slothing of internal mucus membrane off their gastrointestinal tract that gives them terrible stomach aches. They're clutching their stomachs. They won't eat for sometimes a day at a time during peak gestation periods. Yeah. So again, pandas not great at pandaing. So this study was trying to figure out what the pandas were eating that coincided with this, what their, their microbiome looked like during this time and what point of their reproductive cycle they were in at this time. And this was a very small sample set. It was just from two giant pandas, Lele, a male and Yaya, a female. And they have been collecting feeding behavior data. So they've been doing feeding observations for up to 12 hours a day on these two females since 2003. So then using that data and then collecting the poop, they collected from Yaya, they collected five normal fecal samples and one mucoid and from Lele, the male, 13 regular bowel movements and five mucoids. And they say the samples arrived from the zoo like chicken breast wrapped in foil. So they analyzed the microbial composition. Oh, my mistake. Yeah. No chicken for anyone for a while, I would guess. So they, they looked at the microbial composition of the panda poop. And they found that the panda poop had unusually low bacterial diversity relative to other herbivores, which makes sense because as we said before, they do not have good stomachs for eating bamboo. But the mix of bacteria changed from day to day and the diversity dropped very low right before the mucoids and then spiked in the mucoids themselves, leading them to believe that perhaps the mucoids were actually the body trying to rid the stomach and intestines of bad bacteria. So it's an inflammatory response where basically they shed their gastrointestinal lining to allow for placement of the microbes in there. So they're like resetting their microbiome. So they have no idea why pandas are doing this. They know that they eat up to a third of their body weight in bamboo every day, but it passes quickly through their digestive systems. And that's not the case for other animals that eat lots of leaves and bark. Most animals will take up to 12 or 24 hours digesting complex carbohydrates in plants like cows who have the four stomachs, right? These guys, it's going right through them. So not only do they not have the right microbiome to eat bamboo, they're digesting it too fast and they're eating way less than should be required to maintain their body size. So, or sorry, they're eating way more than is, than should be necessary to eat. So they're eating so much because they're not digesting. Because they're only digesting small fractions of them. So they have no idea why this happens, but it does look like they do eat more leaves right before the mucoid and less of the stalks. So it's possible, again, that they're doing that to trigger that, just kind of like about my dog that eats a bunch of grass if she doesn't feel good, social barf, right? So it might be a relation to that is that they're actually eating the leaves to make themselves poop out their intestinal lining. So it's, it's very interesting because they're bad at digesting this food, their guts are just ravaged by it. And on top of it, they seem to always do this right in conjunction with when they're trying to breed, which means they can't eat for half a day or a whole day, and then they can't maintain a pregnancy because they don't get enough nutrients because they're barely getting any at all from the food that they eat. It's, it's more evidence as far as I see it for pandas being just a series of evolutionary mistakes. At Ben Rothig in the chat room, this is what happens when a predator goes vegan. Yes. And they've, they've acknowledged the fact that this is an animal that is 100% set up to eat meat. But if you fed a panda meat, it would get violently ill. So, so here's what's interesting. And here's what, here's what the story kind of made me think. These are pandas in captivity, but there's also wild pandas who probably have somewhat similar situation. But maybe there's something in a panda's normal habitat that allows them to re-up the beneficial bacteria. Maybe it's in the soils of their native stomping grounds. You know, maybe it's something that they're not getting reintroduced enough to, and that this is why it's so hard to breed pandas. They always have a stomach ache. They're always ill in captivity. Or this could have been, like you say, an evolutionary mistake. Like at some point, back when there were the really giant pandas, right, they came across a, a bacteria, some sort of super bamboo digesting gut microflora, which they were like, look, I eat three of these leaves. I'm good all day. Right. Like, this is so easy. I don't have to hunt. I've done it. There's just a couple of these leaves. I've got all this energy. And then they became reliant on that. And something happened that wiped out that gut microflora. And now they're like, Oh, I have to eat a half a forest just to get through the day. You know, it's, it just seems like things are so terribly stacked against the panda. It's, yeah, they have so many issues just at being a panda that. Yeah. But, but I would, we got to go, we got to go check out some native pandas and do the, the, the microflora comparisons and see if there is something in the normal environment that helps them digest better. And if this doesn't happen as often in the wild, we've got something we can reintroduce. We could get a, some sort of beneficial bacteria diet for the captive panda. Yeah. Some poo pills for the pandas. Yeah. It's, I think that. Dr. Panda is not a real panda poo pill. Right. Not a real panda poo pill. I do want to mention real quick before we move on that again, this was a teeny, tiny, itty, itty sample size. This was two pandas. One of them only produced one bad poo. Bad poo. Bad poo. Bad poo. Not a bad poo. It absolutely was. It was, if it's a, if it's a poo that gives you terrible stomach ache and you lose a bunch of the lining of your stomach and that's a bad poo apparently if you're a panda. So anyway, the, yes, absolutely. Someone needs to go out into the wild and collect panda poop in the wild and look at it and figure it out. See if these pandas in the wild are getting stomach aches. See if it has to do with, I know before on the show we've talked about a different variety of bamboo that they eat in the wild that's different from what they're eating in captivity. If that has an effect on it, these are all things that we need to know to know if this is just a captive phenomenon, if this is a wild phenomenon. Yes. Absolutely. Certainly, this is a scientific approach we should be taking before we are playing videos of panda porn in front of the pandas hoping that that gets them around. There's probably, there's probably, you could start square one with the science and say like, before we get on to trying to teach pandas to enjoy pornography. And it's so interesting because maybe we should be checking their diets with so many captive animals. When you're trying to figure out how to breed them, you will test their hormones through their poop. So you think someone would have noticed before now that these pandas are having these mucoid poops? Like what, how come we haven't heard about this before? I think it's fascinating. But yes, much research to be done on panda poop. And maybe you can tell me, maybe you can tell me this, maybe you have the answer to this. What level of scientific inquiry gets you the position of cleaning out a panda star at a zoo? I mean, is that a job that is given to a veteran of the zoo who's been working with animals for years and years? Or is that sort of like the new interns first role? It would very much depend. It would depend on if you were going in with the panda when you cleaned. I don't think anybody should do that. If, whoa, people do. They should not be in there with pandas. If the pandas in a separate room, that's certainly something an entry level zookeeper could do. But it's, I mean, it depends on a lot of different things. There's a lot of panda situations where keepers go in every day with them. It's pretty common. Okay, so I have one more story in the corner today, and it's about mafia birds. So the brown headed cowbird we've talked a lot about on the show, they're brood parasites. That means, again, that they lay their eggs in another species nest so that that species will take care of their babies for them. And a recent study from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology at Harvard have looked at using a mathematical model. They have looked at the interaction between avian brood parasites and their host. And they were looking specifically at what they call cuckoo mafia birds. No such things a mafia. So that means that there is retaliation involved if the brood parasites egg is kicked out of the nest. So the mafia hypothesis is an exploit as to why some host birds don't remove the parasites eggs from their nest, even though they look drastically different than the other eggs in the nest. So the cuckoo lay mommy how mommy how come sis looks so quiet. Never speak of it again. Never speak of it. Never talk about your sister this way. Don't mention it to anybody. Don't say anything about this. That's right. So if obviously his beak is different, he's in his feathers all the wrong coat. Listen, you're going to get us all in a lot of trouble. Just play along kid. So if the American brown headed cowbird, the North American brown headed cowbird or the European great spotted cuckoo, if they lay their egg in a host nest and the host kicks the eggs out, they kick out all of the other eggs as a result. Because now this is and this is this is also something it's interesting that we've talked about before on the show is they don't necessarily just leave them there. They watch out and they'll be like, well, how do they learn the songs? Well, it's because the parents are maybe a couple of trees over singing the song and the kids like, hey, that's a catchy tune. I like that Sinatra sound over there and anybody else anybody else dig that sound? That's the sound that sounds good to me. I know you guys are all, you know, listen to the Osmond twins or whatever, but that Sinatra sound is really kicking, right? Because they're over there in the neighborhood singing and in some instances as they're young, right, they'll start to go out alone like maybe at night or something and maybe they're joining the rest of the family on some. Yeah. Yeah. So when the retaliation occurs, the vast majority leave the brood parasite in their nest and they take care of it. They see it as a cost of- It's like a protection racket. Yeah. It's, you know, it's protection money, but it's their insurance of nobody's going to come mess up their nest if they take care of this mafia bird's baby, right? But if there's no retaliation in a species, then the majority of times these hosts will kick out the parasitic A. So if with no retaliation, they have nothing to lose by kicking out an egg that isn't theirs. There are some scientists that think that this quote mafia hypothesis doesn't exist and they think that it actually has to do with what they call farming. So what that means is that the reasoning behind these brood parasites destroying the nest is because they were not ready to lay their eggs yet. And so they wanted to destroy the host family's nest so that they would make it again lay eggs when they were ready to lay eggs and add to the nest. Or, or they had an insurance policy on that particular nest and were likely to get paid at the end. No. I think, I mean, obviously, it does sort of, yeah, either one could be true, of course, but Yeah. So, and this is just- It is more intriguing to the imagination that the other birds are sort of living in some level of fear of that. Oh, yeah. So, yeah, this is totally an arms race, just like with a predator-prey relationship, with a brood parasite and host relationship, they're both kind of adapting to each other. The parasite is going to keep finding ways to get their babies into that nest and the host is going to try to keep finding ways to kick that baby out to not waste unnecessary resources. So, there's definitely a counter strategy for each strategy. There's no optimal behavior in host-parasite relations, but there are certainly some that work out better for everybody involved. So, I think it's fascinating that that is happening in the bird world. There's a sort of retaliation and that the birds know that all that will happen. So, they will take care of birds. They know are not there. So, I think it's fascinating. And with that, we've reached the end of the first half of the show. Stay tuned for more of us. We can science if you know what's good for you. Did you know that Twist has merchandise you might enjoy? Head on over to twist.org to buy some of our swag. We now have a link on our website that goes directly to our Zazzle Store. So, go to twist.org, click on Zazzle Store, and check out our store in the menu to start buying now. We also have a Cafe Press Store. If you go to our announcements on twist.org, you'll find all sorts of information about the different ways that you can collect Twist merch. Twist is supported by listeners like you. Your donations pay for our hosting, bandwidth, contractors we need to hire, and fun things we try to do for the show. We really appreciate any amount you can give $2, $5, $10, even $100. You make the show possible. We currently accept donations a couple of ways. First, we have our PayPal donation button on each show page on our website, www.twist.org, or we have started a Patreon account at patreon.com slash this week in science. It's kind of like Kickstarter for media producers where you can get stuff in return for your donation. Whichever your preference, go to our website, listen to the most recent episode, and make comments on the show. You can make donations as well. There's also brand new Blair's Animal Corner artwork for 2016 working on that 2017 calendar coming soon. 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A new study suggests triclosan, antimicrobial antifungal agent found in many consumer products ranging from hand soaps to toys and even toothpaste can readily disrupt bacterial communities found in the gut. This research was published in PLOS ONE by scientists from Oregon State University based on findings in zebrafish. Triclosan, a brief history of the thing, was first used as a hospital scrub in the 70s and is now one of the most common antimicrobial agents in the world. It's found in shampoos, deodorants, toothpaste, mouth washes, kitchen utensils, cutting boards, toys, bedding, socks, trash bags, combs, breakfast cereal. The last one was made up. But it continues also to be used in medical settings and it is known to be easily absorbed through the skin. And not in this, but in a really old story we did on twist maybe a decade ago, triclosan can react with chlorine in a way that produces a carcinogen. So you can imagine using antibacterial soaps with triclosan in them. When you shower and your municipal water has added chlorine, this can be a problem. So they did some sort, they're looking into it of course and they found yeah, there's now growing awareness, the importance of the bacteria of course as we've been covering of our microbiome for human health, it can reduce things like inflammation, it helps us digest foods properly, it affects our metabolism, how much we gain weight, what illnesses we are subject to. And so there's a situation here where they're saying we really need to look at this. And now based on this last study, they show okay, in the study researchers found that triclosan exposure caused rapid changes both in the diversity and composition of the microbiome in the zebrafish. So they didn't know what the implications directly would be to human health. But scientists believe that compromising the bacteria in the intestinal tract is not a good thing. And what's sort of interesting too is it talks about how it sort of had little effect on some decimated other populations of bacteria and may have even encouraged the growth of others by the lack of competition. And it's like we were talking to Josiah last week, it might not necessarily be just that there's good bacteria and bad bacteria, but that there's ratios amongst the bacteria in the gut that are healthier. So yeah, now they have some further evidence that we should probably be taking triclosan out of the system. Also, it's also been implicated in sort of the superbugs, because if you're using an antibacterial agent over and over again, things can become immune to them. If you're using them in hospital settings, it seems like you're doing the right thing. But then if it's just creating a better environment for superbugs to take over and become resistant, you're also creating a problem. And you're doing the same thing with humans. And this is something that shows up now in urine samples and breast milk. And I mean, it's getting infused to the human not ecosystem, like everywhere, like not just the gut bacteria, not just your skin, but throughout your body. Yeah, it just remember how we were just talking about biodiversity. Here we go. Here it is again. The biodiversity is so important. And that even if you wipe out something that you think is bad for you, having zero of it might actually be worse than having too much of it. Yeah, yeah. Yeah, you got to be careful with that. Oh gosh, it goes on. It's also been associated with endocrine disruption and fish and rats may act as a liver tumor promoter, liver tumor promoter. That can't be good. Who? It is a tumor. Again, also the inflammatory responses probably due to the effect of intestines. Wow. Yeah, that was a reckless end. Just don't buy anti-microbial stuff if you can even avoid it. If you can actually even find a soap product that doesn't say antibacterial on it. Buy that instead. Well, if too much of that stuff gets into the water, you might see some changes in fish. I'm going to take it back to fish again. Here we go. I have an amazing story about chalk bass. Serenis tortugarum. They're a small sea bass in the grouper family. And what makes them so interesting is that they're simultaneous hermaphrodites. I've talked a lot about sequential hermaphrodites on the show. Those are animals that either start as male and then progress to be females or vice versa. Simultaneous hermaphrodites, those are like snails and slugs. They're both always. And they have both male and female reproductive tissue at the same time. And what makes it very interesting is that they are not kind of willy-nilly about who they mate with. They'll actually find a partner. And what they found that's fascinating is they assumed, researchers assumed that looking at the chalk bass that they would, there would be a dominant member or a submissive member, or they would take on clear gender roles in their kind of relationship. You could call it. Why? Because that's what humans would assume. Because that's what humans do or also because I think the assumption was because female reproductive tissue is harder to make. It takes more energy, right? That being the male would be more advantageous because it's the same genetic, it's the same genetic percentage with less energy investment, right? So the idea was that someone would be more dominant and that they would be the one who would get to fertilize eggs. They wouldn't have to make the eggs. It turns out that they actually take turns. So they actually will spawn daily and they go up to the water column. They spawn once with one individual as a female and the other as a male. Then they come back down to the substrate, do some courtship behaviors, then they'll go back up and do it again with the gender roles reversed. Yeah. They repeat these spawning bouts over and over in a reproductive tactic called egg parceling. So in order for them to parcel and fertilize their eggs, they receive a parcel of eggs from their partner to fertilize. So it's just kind of like, you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours. So this is reciprocity between unrelated individuals. Both partners benefit. They both get eggs fertilized. They both get to fertilize. And it all depends on partners trading essentially equal number of eggs. So in equal risk, equal exploitation, equal investment. And so they actually have long-term relationships more often because exploitation is less likely, I guess, if you're kind of invested. If you've had many interactions multiple times and it works out evenly, nobody takes advantage of anybody else each time. You're more likely to go back to that same mate because you know that you won't get taken advantage of. Yeah. So I just, I was very fascinated to hear that. I had never heard about simultaneous hermaphrodites trading off back and forth between playing the male and the female. It makes perfect sense, but it's something that I haven't really heard of before. And Kevin Unique is asking what fish this is again. This is the Chalk Bass. CHALK Bass. B-A-S-S. All about that bass. No trifle? No. Okay. So I have that. And then my very last story I wanted to bring up today was about overpasses and underpasses. So It wasn't just the star you just did? Oh my God. It totally was. You just won. You just won this week in science, Justin. So in the Western United States, specifically looking at mule deer and pronghorns, they go through annual migrations and this causes them to cross busy roadways in huge droves. And so a new study looking at underpasses and overpasses in Western Wyoming proved that over three years researchers documented 40,251 crossings of the highway, my mule deer, and 19,290 crossings by pronghorn of those highway crossings. 79% of mule deer moved under highways and 93% of pronghorn moved over highways. As a result of the underpasses and overpasses, collisions were reduced by 81% and pronghorn vehicle collisions were completely eliminated. So it's kind of a no-brainer. I mean, I don't think we're surprised that underpasses and overpasses have resulted in reduced collisions on roadways. But I think a lot of people are skeptical about whether a deer is, quote, smart enough to know to use an underpass or an overpass, but it's actually quite natural for them. And I think that was one thing about this study that I found so interesting was that the mule deer on the whole preferred an underpass and the pronghorns preferred an overpass. And I think that that actually has to do with their ecological role in the environment and their normal behavior patterns is the mule deer are looking to get under and out of sight and the pronghorns are jumping and they're a little more bold. They're more likely likely to go over. And so all these things are taken into effect when you give them options too. So it's not just giving them all an overpass. You give overpasses and underpasses. Animals have places to go and just giving them an option. They know they don't want to go in front of cars. I think that's something people don't always realize. They see a car. They're like, nah, I don't want that. If you give them a safe place to go, they will use it. And that's just like monkeys will use lines. If you put ropes across highways, they'll climb the ropes. They know they're smart. So my hope of an investment and sorry to add to that hitting a mule deer or a pronghorn in your car. And I'm sure just you can attest to this. It sometimes totals a car. So this isn't just saving animals lives. It's potentially saving human lives because when you hit these animals, sometimes you run off the road or trying to avoid the animals you run off the road. It's also saving a lot of money, fixing cars, highway cleanup, CHP response, all this stuff could be reduced with just some extra pathways under and over freeways for animals to cross safely. My whole concept of animal intelligence has been challenged because we have turkeys, wild turkeys in the city of Davis. And I've observed them using a crosswalk going across the green. And when they have the option, they seem to follow that sort of logical, okay, all the cars just stopped. Here's these lines that get us to the other side, we'll just all stay right there and the cross will go. And it's just mind boggling. Of course, then they turn down my street and we'll just wander around the middle of the street at times and not care. But when they hit the intersection, they use the crosswalk. Huh. Yeah. Well, I guess they know the difference between a moving car and a stopped car. And they can recognize that. I don't know if the turkeys are looking at the lights and recognizing what a stop and a go is, but I think they do know what stopped cars and going cars look like. Do you have any more stories for us, Justin? So there's a whole bunch, but I think I'm going to do it in that sort of run downy end of the show. So I want to hear them all. Okay. So researchers found that more gender equality in a country of origin to hire the math scores of girls relative to boys living in the same country. So basically what they came across, this comes across as the more progressive, the more gender equality and gender progressiveness of the country of origin, the better the math abilities of girls. But that's possibly just because- Yeah, which is cause and which is effect there, I mean. Yeah, it's showing that education. Yeah, well-educated women are empowered women, right? Yeah. This is another one. This was University of Missouri, Colombia says, exercise more than diet key to preventing obesity. Let me say- I love this story. I think that's very interesting. I want to hear more. Tell me about it. So it's also interesting because it prefaces this story saying that the two factors, metabolism and gut microbes are the key players in the fight against obesity. But once you've got the microbes in the gut, right, because that's actually the most important. Which is directly influenced by diet, by the way. Well, it can be. But after that, it says exercise- and actually I would disagree with you. But actually after that, it says exercise is more important than diet. And the reason I would sort of disagree with you about the diet thing is that I think a very healthy microbiome isn't as reliant on the food that you put in as you might think. But this is, of course, debatable. I think that's still under pretty high debate. I mean, some of it's under some debate. That's under some debate. But it's based on, you know, who you live with and what things you've touched and where you live and all this kind of stuff. But it's definitely also influenced by what you eat. And we've read numerous stories about that. So I do think it's a comment of it. Yeah. But there's also the, you know, the fact that you can have the same diet with mice who have what you see in mice that don't, and then just change the microbes and then the result changes even while you're still eating the same diet. So part of it is like, if you have the, I don't know if you want to call it the healthy, you can call it the lean microbiome, right? You can eat higher fatty foods and not be affected by it. So there's still a lot to be learned. Anyway, the synopsis of this story is basically that they're saying now after the microbiome is taken out because that's the key factor, exercise does more to maintain than changing a diet to prevent obesity. Yeah. I do want to mention though that again, this is a mouse study. And so the quote diet of the mice was like a whole different ball game from what quote diet is. So if you don't believe in mouse study, how about a B study? Hold on. Hold on. So with the, with the diet and exercise, I do want to mention, I think that it's very interesting to find out which is more important. But I think to make it a versus is a mistake. And when you look at human diet and human exercise and all this kind of stuff, I think, yes, you have to get moving. Without that, you're going to have all sorts of health problems besides obesity as well. But you can't then eat a pizza every day. You're going to get hypertension. You're going to get all sorts of problems. Plus you'll be so bloated from all that cheese and salt. Not necessarily. Not if you have to write microbiome. Here's the thing too. And I agree with you and I disagree with you because I don't know the answer. But I think it would be funny though to find out, you know, 10 years later doing this show that turns out it's not what you eat at all. Doesn't even matter. Has nothing to do with it. Eat as healthy as you like. Eat as much junk food as you like. If you have the right microflora, they'll take care of everything for you. Just eat ice cream every day. Eat pancakes for breakfast. Eat pizza for lunch. Just, you know, jog a couple miles every day. Take Dr. Justin's not a real Dr. Poop Pills movie. This is I'm going to try to go quick. And then I've got a story to follow up with this. Bees and cities avoid processed sugars. So a bee finding like a spilt soda, not interested, still going after an actor, even though you would think the high fructose, the sugars that it would be normally after are just that much more available. No, these aren't into processed foods. Where's the one I was going to? I got to find this. Okay. So this is really kind of a bizarre story. So this is, forensic anthropologists thought there was a skull condition called Ceebra orbitalia or C.L. that was sort of a thing of the past. And this is a condition that holds in the head. Yeah, that's it. So it's orbits are holes and cerebral is head. It's head holes, but it's in the eyes, which is also a head hole. Is there already a hole where your eyes are? Yes. But what this was was behind the eyeballs. When you're looking at the skull, there were these porous formations in the bone. Now, they're not really necessarily associated with diseases specifically, but they had noticed them as sort of being common in the past, but not something in it was associated with diet. So if you didn't have a good varied diet, and here we go diet that can affect more than the biome might not affect the biome as much as it does, perhaps skull formation. So I'm trying to find the they looked at over a thousand skulls or about a thousand skulls, prehistoric, historic, modern. They did comparisons between them and what was really fascinating. So prehistoric, and I'm not sure where you start prehistory, but North American skulls had a CO rate of 11.86%. African skulls, historic South African skulls had been evaluated. At 11%. Let's see. All right, hang on. Oh, it was only 2.23% of South African skulls. 6.25% of historic North American skulls. And the prehistoric North American skull was 11.86%. Okay. So anyway, this is this is a skull around. It moves around, but it's, you know, it was it was considered to be directly associated with poor diets or limited variety of diet in the people's milk or not enough calcium, I guess. Yeah, modern North Americans 12.35%. Oh, it's worse. It's getting worse. Is it a problem? Is it bad? Well, you know, it's there. The findings drive home the fact that disadvantaged socioeconomic groups and parts of the developing world are just struggling with access to adequate nutrition. It will jump up to 16.8% of modern South Africans, for instance. But it says here, I love this quote, corn may give people a full belly, but it's not going to give people all the nutrients they need to be healthy. Right. Full belly, not full skull. Yeah. Very interesting. We do love our corn. We do eat a lot of corn and salt. You have any more science for us, Justin? Of course, I've still got more. We can go on all night like this. I just need to quickly find one. Oh, carbon capture is substantial in secondary tropical forests. This is important. So this is tropical forests, rainforests. It's been cut down. They're talking about the need to preserve those areas that have been cut down so that they can regrow because that regrowth is actually doing a great deal of carbon capture. Whereas in streams in the Northwest United States, they're noticing an awful lot of carbon heading out to sea via tributaries, meaning perhaps there's not quite as much sequestration taking place in old growth. And humans are causing earthquakes in Texas through mineral mining. That kind of is the summary of those stories I had left over in the till. All right. I think that does it for the formal portion of this Week in Science for this week. Thank you, all Patreons. Every last single one of you. Whose names we don't have directly before us. And so as not to leave anybody out, we won't attempt to name those names that come readily to the forefront of our. So, hey, just say your name after the following. Thank you to for supporting us on Patreon this week. Hey, you helped make the show. Thanks for your support. If you're interested in supporting us and you're not yet a Patron, or if you would like to increase your support, you can find us at patreon.com slash this weekend science. Oh, it's patreon.com slash this weekend science. Patreon.com slash this weekend science. And as I mentioned in the break, we actually have brand new original Blair's Animal Corner mixed media paintings that are now available for the $15 and above level of patron ship, if that's a word. Also remember that you can help us out simply by telling your friends about twists. Tell five friends about twists this week. That's your homework. On next week's show, we will be broadcasting live online again at 8pm pst on twist.org slash live and Kiki will be here. I missed her. We need a real doctor on the show. So twist.org slash live where you can watch and join our chat room. But don't worry if you can't make it. As always, you can find past episodes at youtube.com slash this weekend science twist.org slash youtube or twist.org. Thank you for enjoying the show. Twist is also available as a podcast. Just google this weekend science your iTunes directory. Or if you have a mobile Android device, we are twist the number four droid app in that place. You can also look up this weekend science and anything else that's Apple marketplace, including the Apple TV, which I've still never seen a representation of physically. Do they exist? Maybe they don't. I have no way of knowing. I'm just guessing. For more information about that and anything you've heard today on our show, show notes will be available on our website. That's at www.twist.org where you can also make comments and start conversations with the hosts as well as other listeners. Or you can contact us directly email kirsten at kirsten at thisweekandscience.com, Justin at twistminion at gmail.com or Blair at BlairBazz at twist.org. Just be sure to put twist TWS somewhere in the subject line or your email will be spam filtered into oblivion. You can also hit us up on the Twitter where we are at twist science at Dr. Kiki and at Jackson Fly. Oh, and at Blair's Menagerie. We love your feedback. If there's a topic you would like us to cover and address, a suggestion for an interview at Haiku that comes due in the night. Please let us know. We'll be back here next week and we hope you'll join us again for more great science news. And if you've learned anything from the show, remember, it's all in your head. So everybody listen to what I say. I use the scientific method for broadcast my opinion all of this week in science, this week in science, this week in science, science, science, science, this week in science, this week in science, this week in science, science, science, science. I've got one disclaimer and it shouldn't be news that what I say may not represent your views, but I've done the calculations and I've got a plan. If you listen to the science, you may just get to understand that we're not trying to threaten your philosophy. We're just trying to save the world from jeopardy. And this week in science is coming away. So everybody listen to everything we say. And if you use our methods, instead of rolling a die, we may rid the world of top plasma, go die, because it's this week in science, this week in science, this week in science, this week in science, this week in science, this week in science, we call the long list of items I want to address from stopping global hunger So to dredging Loch Ness, I'm trying to promote more rational thought And I'll try to answer any question you've got But how can I ever see the changes I seek When I can only set up shop one hour a week? This week in science is coming your way You better just listen to what we say And if you learn anything from the words that we've said Then please just remember it's on your head Cause it's this week in science This week in science This week in science This week in science This week in science This week in science This week in science This week in science So while we're waiting for Justin, I was just showing off the four pieces of Blair's Animal Corner artwork that I have available now via the Patreon sponsorship I'm also working on getting all of our art kind of onto some things on the Zazzle Store The store is looking really good. I just need to update some orientations on some items and stuff like that But you can also do that, I think, when you select things in the store, in the Zazzle Store And then I just saw somebody asking about the 2017 calendar, which I'm hoping to do pre-orders for pretty early Like mid to late summer, I want to start taking pre-orders, but I have to talk to Kiki about that And yeah, Ed, the 2016 is sold out Ed, did you not get a 2016 calendar? I feel like that's not right Yeah, I hadn't used this sound board I think since last September So I realized I had to get it out So I started fiddling with it at 6.15, I think, maybe 6.30 And then, I don't know, we still started later But it's because I had to figure out all the levels, which shakes forever, because what I hear is not what you guys hear So I had to get Justin on here, and I had to give him feedback on the loudness of me versus the loudness of the music And then I had to figure out his loudness So, Gord, it is a Pro FX8, it's a USB connected sound board It's the exact same one that Justin has I don't know if he's using it though I don't use it for the normal show, that's why I have a different microphone right now than my steering wheel I use the steering wheel one when Kiki is in charge because then I don't have to deal with everything USB Yes, Ben, you can get an iPhone case with my art on Zazzle, but I don't know how easy it is right now I have to figure that out Have they been edited yet? Because my last viewing of those was that thing Yeah, so I made this myself on Zazzle, so I had to like edit it Yes, so the ones we have on there So let me see, hold on, let me see They're all pretty bad, we need to edit them Yeah, Kiki hasn't given me the login yet, but I will absolutely edit them What do you have? Let me see My iPhone case Ooh, that's a nice iPhone case, is that also from Zazzle? No, this is, well it could be, I don't know, I got it on either the eBay or the Amazon Yes, I'm looking, I know it's better, Kiki spent some time fixing some of it I don't know about, oh yeah, like there's a, but I think you can click on it and you can change it Like, so here I see the tortoise iPhone case And then I think you can like edit it for an individual item Like, where is it? It's, customize it, you can click And then, um, oh so let me screen share, okay So, here we go, I'm sharing the Zazzle store So I clicked on the tortoise phone case that was like kind of janky and not right And so then I clicked customize it down here And then you can rotate That's not bad And then you can resize it Except now the camera is coming out of the tortoise's butt Yeah, hold on, patience There is no try, there's only try harder So I need to have the time, oh and then I also need to change which phone it's for So like, let's pretend I have an iPhone 6S Okay, so that changes the footprint also And then, yeah, so like look at that, that's pretty cute Look at that, that's a pretty adorable case Yeah, that's nice There we go, so I just need to go through with a login to our Zazzle store which I don't have And then permanently edit these things to be like centered and moved right And then you can change which kind of case you have Like this is the Which version of the case, there's like different, okay so That's the image That's the case, oh and then here's like the tough case So that's like the bigger version of the case and it looks like that instead, right So it changes the footprint a little bit Yeah There doesn't, the case that I have is the tough extreme or whatever it's called So I don't know why, huh Oh, because it was the plus, that's why, okay So here's the tough extreme There we go, look at that Perfect You get the sun in there, up in the corner See, tortoise case, John Wow, that looked easy So it shouldn't take you any time at all to get the rest of them, right No, it takes forever Or you can flip it, I would probably flip it, I would do it this way I think Yeah, I would do it like that But yep, there's an old corner tortoise case right there Nice Let's see, tortoise butt cam, yes Oh yes, there's twist stamps Oh yeah, what's this? Yeah, see the postcards aren't quite right either, like I have versions of some of this art With black borders, which will make it look a lot better I ordered one of the twist stamps It was much larger than I expected, it actually takes up the whole envelope Let me see it Oh yeah, yeah, yeah The thing that I really liked, look they have wrapping paper I really like that But I think my favorite thing, oh yeah, recently viewed That's the way to do it, like oh look here, there's Look, an award, a crystal award They have these sweatshirts, I can't remember You have won the tortoise award, you work slower than anybody I have ever worked with before It's a tortoise pendant, it's adorable The necklace That is pretty cool But my favorite thing Oh I need that, yeah Necktie I do need that one How cute is that? Yeah, that's pretty cute But again they all need a little bit of fine tuning and editing Yeah, that's pretty stinking cute Let's see, there's something else on here Interesting But I do have to say to everyone listening right now That if anybody gets this stuff from Zazzle Whether it's the twist logo or any of the Blair's Animal Corner stuff No matter what it is I need to be tweeted pictures of whatever it is that you buy Because that's really awesome I want to see how you're consuming all these, this artwork The other thing, there's a few other pieces of like old twist artwork from over the years That I want to see if we can put on some things Like I was thinking about, I don't know if you remember here I have to talk to, I think it was Tony Steele did it Do you remember when we left Twit and he did that Happy Trails cartoon of us on a stagecoach Oh gosh, yeah I have that and I want to put that on some stuff And I actually want to own like a tote bag with that on it Like I think that'd be so cute I'm going to screen share it So I have to message him about it But I definitely have it somewhere Can't be far There's this that, who made this? Think of maybe Patrick did Oh yeah, oh yeah, okay Stand by, I'm trying to screen share This would be so fun What am I seeing? You're seeing me riding a giant rhinoceros beetle Through the desert Yes, but that's not what I was talking about before I was talking about this Happy Trails Which I can definitely find Stand by What a bummer, where is it? Somewhere This is my lower third, that's not very helpful My lower thord Yeah, I was going to put the Happy Trails on a tote bag a long time ago But I never did I found it Are you so excited? It's worth the wait Oh yes, oh look there's me I made it smaller so you guys can see all of them Oh look, you're feeding the hippo A Twinkie for some reason No, no, it's a binny on my thigh No, it's definitely a Twinkie Twist nose rank, good job Dave, definitely Twist hamster shavings of course Twist gun holster, twist brass knuckles, yep Twist cards, see the cards I need to edit as well Gord, I already drew a hip-no-tote, it's right here Oh, I need to stop screen sharing for you to see it Doi, remember the cover to my calendar? Oh, the award Ben is $90 I'm sure people are just breaking down the door to buy that one for sure Yeah, Ed, you didn't answer my question Do you not have a calendar? Ed, are you in there? Twist aftershave, of course How about a twist pre-shave? I feel like I'm lacking a product, I need a pre-shave Ew What? Something that you put on before Something that grosses me out I don't know why Twist aftershave I did want to mention one story that I found in the news this week that I saved for the after-show and it's about homosexual activity in female gorillas documented for the first time in the wild How did this not make the show? Because it's kind of graphic What do you mean? I understand it's science and all this kind of stuff but I've also heard a lot about how people use our show in classrooms I can talk about copulation and I can talk about traumatic insemination I'm talking about gorilla frottage Things become less PG Okay, so I'm having to admit something Yes, frottage I didn't realize I didn't realize it was a category of something to know It's something that you should know about So, Dr. Nattarille, Dr. Blair Since we're using scientific technical terms I suppose it's fair for you to describe frottage to the audience Yes, so frottage I've always said with a British accent Frottage, that makes it less dirty It just made it sound much duderier to me Frottage is when two individuals rub up against each other without penetration and achieve sexual satisfaction Oh, scissoring Yeah, or dry-humping No, it's scissoring Yeah, it's the scissoring It could be done with males and females and then it's dry-humping When you look up frottage in humans it comes up a lot as two clothed people rubbing up against each other until they reach sexual This is very interesting I don't really want to get too deep into why I know this But there's something called fraudulism which is in the DNSO It's a psychiatric condition and fraudulists have the urge to rub up rub their genitals against people That's what this is from, I guess Yeah, interesting Yeah, so they found this behavior in female gorillas and associate professor Cyril Gruter from UWA's University of Western Australia's School of Anatomy, Psychology and Human Biology conducted a study on the feeding ecology of mountain gorillas in Rwanda and he observed homosexual behavior in some of the females and that caused him to look a little deeper He studied 22 female gorillas 18 engaged in homosexual activity specifically frottage And the original hypothesis was that the behavior was about dominance, social rank or reinforcing of social bonds or reconciliation after a fight because all of those are at least part of why bonobos are constantly doing it But none of those hypotheses had any support So next he had to look at elevated arousal in these gorillas and he found real evidence that the homosexual behavior was more frequent at times when females also engaged in heterosexual copulations indicating that it actually had to do with libido So the idea is that these females derive pleasure from this sexual interaction with other females and that it's possible that if they cannot access a male when they are interested then they go to each other or if a male is not around or if a male is otherwise engaged or whatever it is or if it was not satisfactory whatever they had with the male and so they see this very fluid relationship between heterosexuality and homosexuality in females Which is fascinating because also this week there was a story about homosexuality and heterosexuality and how the difference is a lot more blurred between females than males So this story is a completely different story I'm trying to find it now because I love it So before you go on to that I'm going to go back to a slightly different thing while you're looking it up which is that the lice that people get in their hair on their heads is different than the lice people can have on their pubic hairs and when they did DNA analysis of the lice that inhabit the lower human region it was the same as that which inhabits pretty much the all over of a gorilla and so at some point in human history they were like how is it that humans ended up with gorilla lice on their pubes and perhaps it was some ancestor and this would have been possibly Lucy this might have been like in the 3 million year ago some innocent early hominid was wandering along and what was the word again I've already forgot it's not fraudulent but they got fraudulized they got what's the word they frotted each other they got frotted possibly unwillingly by a gorilla because when there's an 800 pound gorilla that wants to frotulate you there's probably a lot you can do about it but yeah it's possible we now know that this gorilla behavior happened to one of our ancestors and that's how we have gorilla lice why not yeah so this this other story that I saw today was about why female sexuality is considered more flexible than male sexuality so a new evolutionary theory from Dr. Kanazawa an author of a biological reviews article is that women may have been evolutionarily quote designed or like adapted to be sexually fluid they changed their sexual desires and identities from lesbian to bisexual to heterosexual and back again in order to allow them to have sex with their co-wives and polygons marriages therefore reducing conflict and tension inherent to such marriages while at the same time successfully reproducing with their husbands and heterosexual unions which also might explain a number of puzzles in human sex research including differences in male and female homosexuality male arousal to lesbian sex and menstrual synchrony so sexual orientation in males versus females may be very different rather than being straight or gay to whom women are sexually attracted may depend largely on the particular partner their reproductive status and other circumstances so I think that there's a couple things here so they look at it very black and white like men and women are different surprise but it makes perfect sense that the way they move along the sexuality spectrum could be different because hormones are different because sexual arousal is different because sex itself is very different a different experience for females versus males there's all these things going on attraction is different all these things can be very different for males versus females the way hormones are released when you're attracted or in love or all these things are very different from males to females so it stands to reason but I also think indicating that male sexuality is more black and white is also kind of totally well I don't know part of that makes me think like no wonder women are over sexualized in society if it's not just the men doing it but it's the women doing it too then it sort of stands to reason why this is like a thing you know you would think that and maybe it is to some extent just because we live in a misogynistic male dominated society and all societies are but you don't have as much male sex appeal being wanted to society as you do female sex appeal and maybe it's because female sex appeal reaches a wider audience you know maybe it's maybe it's a maybe that makes sense then yeah I mean I think it's an interesting conversation to have but I think that just recognizing that somebody who studies this stuff yeah I think that you know it's just good to remind people that in every species sexuality is a spectrum and it's fluid and I think that that is a really good thing to remember and sometimes spectrum in it's fluids there you go and that just because you see a gorilla participating in homosexual behavior does not make it a lesbian gorilla like it's very we like to label things we're as humans we like putting things in boxes and categories and labeling them and differentiating them and we're kind of like a kid putting their toys in their various chests and like we want to put the cars with the cars and the blocks with the blocks and the dolls with the dolls right and these definitions change over time like now we're you know you had a whole movement of people who are outing themselves as homosexual to sort of own it as an identity but it's not always an effective thing psychologically for them and it's like okay I did this and now it's still a you know I didn't like to solve all of my problems in life just because I've done this and and we had other definitions in the past like there used to be something called an eccentric southern bachelor gentleman you know right like we we parsed sex once or twice um like who cares like but the thing is it's like you know it's very interesting and now we're talking about bathrooms like this is a big debate you know and and the only thing I can think on this is sort of the efficiency of the bathroom which is that this is what's really challenged is our attempt to make one trough to hold all pee right like like you know that might I always I mean this is just a personal preference I always prefer any restroom that I go into to have single occupancy yeah yeah so this is something that I keep so that at that point who cares who cares who was how was it done before that in so many places I've been specifically when I was living in Israel pretty much every single public bathroom I went to was a bank of stalls unisex big trough sink oh really well it wasn't a sink I hope you didn't wash your hands in that no that was a sink it was not a sink it was a sink running water trickling through but it was not a sink you alright very funny I know what it was they were saying over the trough the trough is only there for one no no they're like those fancy stainless steel sinks that like the ball game a cross from the urinal there's the urinal trough that's like like it's not a sink in a women's room it's a sink so anyway point being whether it was things whatever it is they had these bank of stalls they had the stalls had doors that went from roof from ceiling to floor so they were complete doors so these stalls pretty much closed off completely and then they had sinks across from those stalls and it was everybody got in line together and it was kind of weird for me at first and I was like am I really going to pee next to a guy like I guess this is kind of weird but by the time I left I was so over it because women didn't have to wait in line as long I would assume men didn't have to deal with disgusting men's rooms excuse me excuse me please let's be real let's be real let's dispel this myth right now because one of my first jobs ever maybe the third, fourth, fifth job whatever it was I went through a lot of jobs was I worked as a janitor well in junior college and the most dreadful thing that I ever had to encounter as janitor guy was the women's restroom to this day I still try not to visualize how it is possible to get blood splatter at like say eye level in a stall but it's not that uncommon so the biggest the biggest downside to a shared communal restroom has nothing to do with the proclaimed identity, sexual or otherwise of the person going in there but but with what was done there like really sure although I can tell you I've not wanted to wait in line a lot in my life and snuck into the men's room and it's always gross in there day Friday I don't know I think guys move too fast in there they're in they're out the reason there's no line is because they are not very clean about what they do in there no you know what the reason it's not that long is because we don't then we don't like start this is our alone time no don't even start with that nope not gonna stay fairly Dave Riedel says Justin misses a lot I used to this is true I used to until I realized I just had to I had to stand further back this is what twist is when Kiki's not here this is what it turns into alright anyway it's further back and one urinal over from the one I oh jeez fade you've a fade I got a little hook shot I feel like there's something else I wanted to probably wasn't oh this is off the record on the record did you have a chance to hear or see that I put a song into the I saw that it was in there I haven't heard it yet okay yeah we're getting music submissions so we should have said this earlier while we still had a larger audience but if you have or no musician or are when yourself we'd like to contribute sciency-esque music songs to this week in science buffering music compilation CD 2016 it might end up being 2017 please do send submissions to some address of which I don't know which one but well let us know that you've come up with it because we are this is a seems to be a proud tradition of the shows we do this collection of songs and it's all of the bumper music to the show now is listener contributed music and there's more that we don't use frequently enough that's also in that in that realm so get the musicians on also if anybody wants to start a band I need to start a band I don't have I could I need a band and hold on hold on the harmonica okay that was cute but I want to hear you bend bend a note give me a railroad the tiny whistle draw that draw it and bend it girl I can't do it on here it's too tiny yeah I don't have a harmonica hand otherwise I you know what I can do on harmonica it's the weirdest thing but I can do a bit of a Pink Floyd song from the final cut it's uh like bop bop bop bop bop bop bop bop bop bop bop bop bop bop bop bop I can play the harmonica uh but yeah I can play the harmonica now I'm starting a surf guitar band I just need the rest of the band well the saxophone is not very helpful then so maybe you know what band always saxophone seems to apply to outside of jazz outside of jazz is something fusion not a berry sax you can tell it's a fusion band as soon as they have a saxophonist then you're like oh it's just something fusion band the saxophone is a dead sax instrument how come you don't ever play it on the show it makes the wall shake wow every time I've played it in this apartment my neighbors have come and rang our doorbell and threatened to call the cops wow it's very loud not a quiet instrument nope definitely rattles the walls so I did a what did my google search parentheses twists and then art a lot of random stuff and a ton of the zazzle stuff so you really didn't need to fix those because they are showing up in google if you search what I did in parentheses twists and then I put art they're showing up because a lot of them are off centered or whatever like nobody would click through and buy anything we're misrepresenting the brand we're ruining the brand the longer this is out there yeah I don't have the I don't have you gotta take it over TWS art well I had twists and parentheses which means twists has to be somewhere in the search it's not working for me identity 4 do you want to be in my band we can totally start a band together I would come out with something that was pre-recorded not in tune and through the beauty of you spending insane amounts of hours it could sound like music yeah a lot of it's coming up you're right I mean it's more than I would have suspected the zazzle really does be the internet stuff yeah I I just need the login alright we'll get it we'll make that a thing that happens let's see what's happening in the chat room okay let's see yeah whiskey renegade was saying breathe in and out real fast with the harmonica up and down and it will sound hillbilly that's true with a normal harmonica but that has like 10 holes and this only has 4 so it's like a little 8 mini harmonica that's not very effective what is cemethycesia what is that and Dave asked about a silencer so they have a mute for a saxophone but it's really expensive because they like it's a really rare thing people don't buy that I do sometimes stuff like a sweatshirt into the bell of my saxophone which helps but it's still real loud cemethycesia yeah what is cemethycesia so I guess I'm gonna wikipedia here alright so neurological topography issue one common form of cemethycesia known as graphing color cemethycesia color okay so color letters you've inherently colored by specific colors gotcha so it's sort of yeah like it sounds yellow that sound is yellow or the number 4 is green well isn't that how that one guy became a quote sideborg cured his color blindness was he put an implant in his head so that he could hear the colors and so he was wearing a super bright outfit because it sounded really good to him hmm interesting kind of like the lsd story kiki had last week says when whiskey renegade the drug was making the brain mix parts together that normally go together mixes parts that normally go together I think it was causing cross communication that normally wouldn't happen so yeah so perhaps realizing that the number 4 is intricate to the color red or like like it's so that sound of an E flat when you are hearing blue E minor sorry yeah I got a drum silencer for the kids snare drum which is this little ring you put down on it that just makes the drum a different tone of loud that's all it does it's not a mute right now yeah she's a toilet plunger just put that big red right in there or put a screen in it uses as a hookah true story what do you call it not a settling torch but some sort of barbecue lighter a tuba a metal colander and an ounce of weed yeah try it it turns out it's a horribly inefficient way to smoke your ounce of weed yeah I imagine that it would get lost out of the various valves well the valves actually were pretty okay it was more just like it was exhausting and then by the time you got then you were it was just a waste of a lot of weed kind of like what happened but I don't I don't suggest doing this as an adult this was something that was tried as a as a teenager so don't try this as an adult this is something this sort of random active useless imagination is something is there a protein based on that you should say good night Blair are you ready to go I gotta go and come right back but I could stay up I've got another hour I could do this well I can't do another hour but I could do like another 15 okay so for the next 15 minutes chat room listen up and listen tight you can ask Blair anything and she will be compelled it's an AMA you guys she'll be compelled to answer that question with her own level of honesty as she should always subject all of your questions I don't know if a reddit AMA would actually work for me if anyone would find I don't know what you're talking about your words make no sense AMA is an ask me anything so basically you just announced that you're going to do it and then absolutely anybody from the internet can post a question to your ask me anything reddit page and you answer it oh oh my gosh the intense visual hallucinations from alcohol withdrawal was called the blue devils is that true that's the that's the mask out of my high school is the blue devils the high school blue devils it would actually be fantastic to learn that high school mascot was the analogy of digital hallucinations from alcohol withdrawal because that's sort of what high school felt like okay I'm seeing some questions I'll answer some questions okay so strengths to know what zoo animals have I accidentally injured thankfully none I have a gun would never injured an animal hooray um Dave wants to know how many species of poop I've touched are we talking bare hands or do gloves like surgical gloves does that still count thoroughly wants to know what kind of doctors we are I am not a doctor um I have a degree in zoology but I do not have a doctorate um Justin it is an armchair physicist heard the voice of reason apparently um Kiki who is not with us today is a neuroscientist she is a neuroscience PhD um Dave classic question would you rather fight 100 duck size horses or one horse size duck that is a great question I would definitely fight 100 duck sized horses um which zoo animals accidentally have injured me in the past that's gonna be a hard one to count um well the Martin was the big one um I was bit by a macaw once that caused me to lose all feeling in my left hand for a couple of weeks I was a pinched nerve um I was bit by a kinkajoo um I was scratched by an armadillo I've been bit a few times by vultures I was bit by a smaller parrot um I was pinched by a tamandua that was not a good one um I've been chased by an ostrich but thankfully I was not injured by her um let's see that's enough um Blair question what buttons on your phone without looking don't have a number uh I don't understand that question because I have a touch screen on my phone but I think you mean pound star uh Blair bats have you had a personal experience with a hypnotode those don't exist the thing that they are very close to is horned toads or horned frogs excuse me and I have worked with a choco horned frog that looks a lot like a hypnotode and she's amazing her name is Clementine um what animals make good pets that are commonly ever kept as pets um I would have to say the animals that I've worked with it really depends on what you're looking for Iowa Minion um if you're looking for something fairly low key something inexpensive something that won't cause you a lot of vet bills that would probably be uh a guinea pig I think guinea pigs actually make really good pets um if you're looking besides dogs and cats after that birds generally speaking I don't think make very good pets they're really hard to keep happy and healthy and they take a lot of work and they poop everywhere um certain reptiles can make really good pets but only if you're a really well educated reptile owner and you're willing to put in the time reptiles are pretty expensive I would say turtles little like a little box turtle would be probably the best version of all of those reptiles that you could have as pets but they still have really intense temperature humidity and vitamin requirements to stay healthy um yeah I would just say general blanket statement there's not a lot of animals that make good pets that aren't already pets there's like really good reasons for that I don't know what zoo animals and other animals have it um Ben wants to know what cute zoo animals the biggest jerk um the oh that's a good question I would say primates in general um they're really good at kind of at amusing themselves and so that means they know how to mess with you makes it frustrating even though people find monkeys to be super cute um trying to think what else oh actually I take it back the cute zoo animal that was the biggest jerk I've ever worked with were sugar gliders sugar gliders people try to keep them as pets but we called them fuzzy chainsaws because they were so terrible um foxes make terrible pets zero neuro anyway um foxes are bitey they're wild they they do not make good pets they're not they're not an animal you can count on to to be domestic you should not have foxes as pets how about raccoons absolutely not uh oh identity four wants to know when I just when did I decide zoology was going to my career and why it was kind of a fun story um so uh I was a volunteer as a teenager at the zoo I started volunteering there when I was 13 and I always loved it and I always thought kind of as my hobby and I wasn't sure what my career was going to be and I actually never in middle school and for most of high school I was science was in many ways my worst subject which meant you know like a b- and so I didn't think I was cut out for science at all and I I think some of it also was the whole like that was the only class where I was a minority as a woman um all my other classes there were I was there were way more females than males in the classes but in my science classes there were always more guys um and so I was I was not really I did not think I should go study science in college and I also spent my entire teenage years being told by pretty much every adult I came across that yeah the zoo is fun and all but I have to find something more lucrative as a career and so um I was convinced like okay so I just have to find something else and I was holding I had a great horned owl on my arm and it was a Saturday uh and I was volunteering at the zoo and I think I was 17 and I was applying to colleges and I was talking to somebody about the owl and just like a family that was at the zoo that day and I kind of took this moment you know you have those moments where you kind of go outside of yourself and kind of like look down on yourself and think about where you are in space and time and judge yourself massively well and I had one of those rare moments where you are not judging yourself but you are thinking about the fact that you are content in this exact moment in space and time have you ever had that moment like I had that recently when I was sitting in my lazy boy recliner in my living room I was like sipping on a a red blend and I was watching I think Futurama or something I don't know and I was just like I am really content in this exact moment in time but I was 17 and not sure what I was going to do next and I was holding the owl and talking to this family and I just realized I was so content in what I was doing and for the first time ever I felt like I was really good at something like really good at something and I didn't it took me years to figure out that that feeling was because I'm an educator and a communicator which I now know but back then I was just like oh it's the zoo right and so I spent the next ten years in all these different kind of adjacent and related jobs to the zoo or to education or to science education or communication and only really like maybe two three years ago I figured out oh it's the education and communication part of it that is actually what I need to be my career yeah I had a very very similar experience but I'm feedback I had a very similar experience and so I pursued that you know communication and education role and now I have three kids so is that your communication education is having your never mind that was your minions long time listener I'm saying you sound like an owl I sound like an owl all right I've ever had my arm up some things but for an exam no I did not go to pre vet school so that never happened to me I have done other interesting things in medical procedures with animals but that specific one no this is a piece of fabric that I bought at a fabric store and then I have a clothes line hanging from my molding on either side of my room yeah and I am actually on the moon Dave can you make bread yes I can I do it fairly often I really like to bake you strengths I've never had to see oh no I've never had to collect semen from an animal I've had to clean up semen before primates get up to interesting things late at night and then you have to scrub the walls the next day also asks Jackson fly has a customer ever schooled you on your own car you're selling often than I will ever not so much not so much at the current dealership not so much at Honda Honda has less cars but it would happen occasionally at Toyota which has I think 21 or 200 models of vehicle under the umbrella I would like totally lose track and they would have like a technology package and the convenience package and an inconvenience package and yeah I would definitely lose track and so somebody who's like narrowed it down and done all their research on the car that they want to buy and drive more often than I care to admit knows way more about that car than I do which is great yeah wow I even know that this car is really awesome I even know how awesome it was it's got that too man that is cool wow and once to know when I discovered my love of hippos and so growing up I had different favorite animals like every year so one year it was wolves one year it was giraffes one year it was zebras one year for a few years it was platypuses I remember platypuses were my favorite animal for a long long time and then I do remember doing a class project on a hippo on hippos in like fifth grade when my favorite animal was still the platypus at this point but I learned a lot about hippos and they remained something I found pretty fascinating and I can't really remember a specific moment when suddenly hippos became my thing but they really have become my thing like I have so many hippos are everywhere in my life I have no idea when it happened that's a great question gosh it was definitely before 2009 yeah I have no idea how interesting I've never seen a platypus in real life strengths have you how do we know that they actually exist I've seen videos and I've seen taxidermied platypuses anything else or is it bedtime what do we think chat room that was fun the questions are coming pretty fast while you are gone Justin I know I saw the chat room was full of them I'm Noah which three animals got on my arc I would have to bring all of the same species because otherwise there would be no genetic diversity and they'd all die and on that note I would pick humans yeah probably humans if humans aren't being counted in this probably goats because you could get milk they'd help ensure the healthy landscape once the flood stopped they reproduce quickly they're very fast they're very fast that's true they're very smart is what I meant to say and worst comes to worst they are pretty decent meat my reading headsets have been invented for dogs so we can hear them speak you'd pick any animal which one would you like to hear speak oh my gosh that's a great absolutely mice they've been everywhere they've seen everything I would go rats I think yeah mice rats or birds oh maybe an animal that has maybe crows or something that would have like something with something intelligent structure that's tough yeah I don't know I have to think about it I think crows would be the way to go here Dave flying out dolphins yeah dolphins would be good oh no there we go orca and see what they thought of no no they'd be so mean what do you mean they have no interest in anything but themselves oh my goodness I'd want an animal that's an orca hater no I'm not an orca hater you are I know that they eat everything smaller than them they have a very complex social structure within their own situation but that they also I don't think they'd have any interest in communicating with us oh Dave that's not what Facebook says yes on Facebook I am married to a very good friend of mine but we are not married in real life so this is cover and causes confusion with any perspective just on Facebook who is on Facebook oh my goodness Blair Baz do you not realize that one you have a name that makes you instantly findable on Facebook that's part of why I did that and two anybody considering dating you the first thing they would do is go to your Facebook and go oh man did I just but it says married and then it says interested in men yeah oh that actually might be a lure that might be like fake I don't need anybody who's not going to talk to me because my Facebook says that I'm married really yeah who would want somebody that ethical no because that means that they're a stranger and they don't know my situation and he actually knows me knows that I'm not actually married to Jen so I'm seeking somebody unethical what that says you're silly oh yeah that looks fantastic I lived on a farmish situation once where we had goats not bad yes strengths you should always be curious oh wait that was vicarious let me read that yeah I have a chat zero neuro that's why it was invented no it was invented to talk to people who have the same classes as you no no it was not okay hold on a second I joined Facebook the year it was invented yeah and you weren't in college yet or I was in college because you could only join Facebook if you had an approved college email address and they like vetted it they like made sure you were actually in college so you had to do that then they made you sign up for all of the classes that you were in your semester that you are currently in and then the people that popped up there was no newsfeed there were no messages there were no photos there was only there weren't even walls yet there was only messaging back and forth and poking and then you had your classroom like group pages and that was it and so it was actually used to be like hey who didn't get the homework yesterday and like yes Dave Zuckerberg originally created to do a hot or not page with women on campus whatever right but that's what it was used for when it became this college wide and then you know nationwide college based thing was you could find other people in your classes which sure of course then you could use it to like find a hottie in your class or whatever the heck it was but like it was also used to find people that you met in class so yeah and now it's something we use to post selfies and show announcements and now it's more like my space was what's that my space I had a my space I probably still have a month and it's like you say my space still exists you guys oh god my space still exists well yours will be easy to find because there was only one of you on facebook there's a bazillion Justin Jacksons in this world but speaking of which this one of those bazillion has got to tap out for the night hold on let me just see if I can find this my space page goodnight minions thank you for hanging out into the later hours after show with us thank you Blair for doing a fantastic job I tried I was flustered filling in hosting tonight producer ring hosting whatever producer ring is hard the challenge when was the last time you you googled your my space still exists my space still exists yeah it's still there I just googled my space and up came this thing that's saying it's my space anyway oh good question thoroughly online dating sites don't have questions about STDs that's a very good point they should oh yeah they did um I guess that's it's complicated bettergotherpes.com and you'll see sorry um oh my goodness what was your name on uh my space uh one would assume Blair Baz I think you've been taken down probably I mean I haven't checked it in 10 years no that's not right uh yeah that's probably 10 years oh yeah it's all like musical artists yeah yeah I don't think I exist on my space anymore what a bummer there are so many Justin Jacksons oh my goodness okay all right we're not an attractive crowd who the Justin Jacksons we're a motley crew it looks like none of us passed high school are there any other Blair Baz in the world and all of us all of us can't figure out how to do a selfie by reversing the camera we all do it shooting the picture in the mirror oh okay that guy got it oh I haven't touched my google phone there's another one so you have an iPhone you have an iPhone it has a reverse on the camera you don't have to shoot you have to scream here then buddy huh um you should screen share no because these are actual people so I don't want to public domain I don't want to mock actual people on the show I'm just my god though there's a lot of Justin there are zillions of us Jay's a pretty popular letter and it looks like about half of us are in some kind of sport or again here's another one yeah it doesn't have to be a bathroom picture that's another iPhone oh I'm gonna have to send a memo out to all the Justin Jacksons to learn how to reverse camera because this is embarrassing a lot of us got our grills done too I'm thinking about doing it it's not quite there grills huh sweet non-reversible camera having maybe these were all taken just long ago enough that wasn't a thing yet don't worry how many of us have to wear sunglasses in a profile like that's also a thing that you're not that's pretty but I mean there are tens of thousands apparently according to a social media like synthesis website I am influential in the fields of science geek and astronomy what how did you get that one 71% of my twitter followers are male 14% of my twitter followers are celebrities about half of my twitter followers are 25 to 34 years old hey wait where are you at 75% are in the United States wait where did you find this thing clear.com k-l-e-a-r k-l right wait again one more time I wasn't listening k-l-e-a-r and do I have to give them my password to my facebook account hot rods that's definitely not me this is pretty interesting yes I average 2.1 tweets per day 39% of the time I get a retweet interesting and you went to analysis is that what you looking at yeah I have average activity I have slightly above average popularity and I have high responsiveness categorized as chatty yeah I got chatty as well yes chatty I don't know what popularity is I don't tweet much I tweet a lot did you see my most recent tweet of a bear in a tub it's adorable no let me show it to you yes I wanted to see it no wait how many of your people were celebrities 18% you are way more connected I only got 3% but I have less followers than you oh how many followers do you have 1800 you have more than me no 3000 look at this I have 1700 actually I should pull my actual face back look at the bear in the tub look at the bear look at the bear in the tub okay that's fine how many of you think I have 1800 on facebook what no no that was twitter oh I think mine is looking at facebook oh oh no you are right you are right most of my followers are novices they are mostly 25 to 34 mostly United States mostly New York mostly science and geek bear in a tub I am the science geek in podcasting it won't tell me what celebrities I talk to probably none of them 0.7 tweets per day 0.7 tweets per day alright again I am going to profess my need for being past my bedtime say goodnight Justin goodnight Justin say goodnight Blair goodnight Justin goodnight Minions we will see you next week indeedy do that's loopy talk goodnight everybody goodnight everybody happy science to you all