 శియ్రి కరినిలుమెన్అ వర్యనిందిస్వాలాస్లాస్ప్రాల్ ఴ్లికికెరిలాళోచొరిర్వాలిసరంనొపిరి. నోర్వ్ నుల్ల్క్యుల్స్ల్చో఩ింది. ఇవాలిక్యాస్కులి ఆఖాలాక్యల్షిలాల్ల్చ్లిండి. నాయాల్ స్వుల్క్యాల్ట్లాల్్ల్లులు. వాదఎచా కికెంద్లెయినింది. నినిరండిప్చాపనుంచి. నిఅడినాచ్పచా and ఎవివిమేలింనంది. ప్రేలిరంది. మావినుతికరానా న్స్తరిక్ంం ఆగావ నునిక్లితాక్గారంతుఖలికుకార్క్. so thumb rules also very very important these thumb rules also can be added one among the tools for imbriving your scientific weather forecast similar to your ITK Integinous Tradition Knowledge that we will be doing for today's discussion so here the cause and effect are combined scientifically thumb rules very scientifically quantified in year to the actual for the benefit of mass and easy adoption very easy to adopt thumb rules so when you merge these three these means scientific weather forecast ITK and thumb rules your aggro advisory validity is still improved to the greater level and farmers may have or may develop confidence on your aggro advisories so this is a good opportunity to learn more on the thumb rules to be used one is rainfall what is a thumb rule here if you get 5 to 10mm of rainfall enough soil moisture to support your crop 5 to 10mm 5 to 10mm means through rain gauge you measure the rainfall and you take this then when this is the case you go for plant protection for plant protection some amount of soil moisture is required when you apply any chemicals on the plant surface the plant surface develop some hotness or temperature leaf temperature gets increased similar to what we have studied with reference to higher argage so we have to cool the plant for cooling the plant there must be some rainfall or go for single irrigation 5 to 10mm then if the rainfall of a particular area time is 10 to 12mm during the season you go for hand wading and hoeing so these are all thumb rules rule is here something is there based on that thumb rule is developed when the rainfall is 12 to 15mm you go for fertilizer application if the fertilizer is applied without any soil moisture means it is a waste it does not go into the soil profile it is not being taken by your plant so some amount of moisture is required so 12 to 15mm go for fertilizer application in the case of the irrigated agriculture moisture is not a limiting factor because after application of fertilizer you can provide irrigation but for dry land agriculture with the receipt of rainfall you have to decide your farm operation for that this knowledge would be highly useful to you if a rainfall is 25 to 30mm sowing under dry land can be done or even under irrigated condition you can start sowing by saving your groundwater so integrated management combining groundwater as well as your rainfall then greater than 30mm there would be soil loss through soil erosion so take appropriate action against soil erosion and water conservation technologies so these are all thumb rules see on this side science is there this side what is the decision to be taken based on our past experiences you are combining both together then the temperature if the day temperature is greater than 32 degree centigrade and continue to for a week this environment make sucking pest to come in larger numbers and feed the our crops so initiation of sucking pest infestation and say planning for plant protection plan yourself when the temperature is more than 32 degree centigrade and continue to for a week when the night temperature that is minimum temperature lesser than 20 degree and continued for a week germination of disease 4 and hence planning for plant protection when the night temperature falls below 20 degree centigrade means the leaf moisture would be more this force that have fallen already on the leaf tries to germinate with the moisture available from the leaf so disease incidence would be initiating when the day temperature is more than 34 degree centigrade and continues provide irrigation immediately to protect the crop from early maturity and stresses one example I like to say for this in one part of Tamil Nadu there was a sudden fall on tomato price it was selling last week about 50 rupees per kilogram but suddenly the price has fallen to 10 rupees per kilogram what happened there is good amount of arable in the market then we examined with the farmers we were able to understand that there was high temperature more than 34 degree centigrade in the last two weeks so the maturity the fruits had turned full maturity and arrived to the market then we reviewed the literature it was saying that when the temperature is more than 34 degree centigrade immediately you provide irrigation then your maturity will be stopped so in the next session with the same event of 34 degree centigrade we practiced irrigation to the tomato crop and we could see very interestingly that the science was proved that about 35 degree with irrigation the crop is so good as and it came to maturity at regular intervals rather not suddenly so like that these are all some thumb rules greatly to be integrated for our developing our agro advisories now wind speed see the wind speed is lesser than 5 kilometer classically we say it is very calm plant protection, hand wading and hoeing can be done plant protection means no drifting hand wading and hoeing means no spread of your soils over the people working in the field then 10 to 15 kilometer winnowing of the produce without any energy mechanical energy electrical energy through natural energy you can clean your produce in 15 to 20 plus rainfall greater than 25 mm propping of sugar cane is necessary otherwise it may get fall wind speed greater than 20 propping of sugar cane more than 8 months and banana then wind speed of greater than 20 plus minimum temperature lesser than 20 degree centigrade plus evening harvest of greater than 60 percent ABD makes spread of disease so we have to take plant protection and everything so this is the way we have to use these developed information for developing our agro advisories as well as improving the preciseness of our weather forecast now come to the relative humidity when the evening relative humidity is more than 60 and continued for a week disease initiation will start like minimum temperature and evening harvest more than 60 with a minimum temperature of 20 degree wind speed of 15 then ABD makes spread of the disease so epidemic is very very very important so these are the weather elements that help to carry the disease further away and spread very intensively then some things present disease forecast for long range this is published available in many books so mean air temperature if it is greater than 30 degree centigrade during December January and February conflict beetle infestation would be more in maize crop beetle will come so here tobacco will be heavily affected with blue fungi in America some other countries similarly it is given for India yellow wheat purple rust and black wheat rust so all those will come when these things are observed in a particular environment so these are all some thumb rules that can be used effectively one to improve your weather forecast accuracy two to improve your agro advisory preparations so in addition to scientific weather forecast you have to utilize the thumb rules and also indigenous traditional knowledge then you will be always successful in reducing the crop protection disc so you will be seen in the next class thank you very much