 In here, we have Microsoft Excel 2011 version for the Mac. It looks a bit different from the Windows version. And we'll try and discuss both of these. It comes as part of Microsoft Office. So if you have Word installed, many people are familiar with Word. You'll probably also have Excel. It's a spreadsheet package. And many people are not familiar with this, but it is so useful and actually so easy to learn. I'm not going to go through everything and teach you Excel, but as we start doing the statistics, one or two things will become familiar to you. As we start using it, you'll get familiar with the use of Microsoft Excel. So as with most software packages, we'll have this menu bar at the top and every time I click on one of these, a different part of what is called the ribbon opens. And this ribbon has various parts to it. If I look there, there'll be table options, table styles, cells. So there's these various little sections under each of these tabs. So there are charts. The chart ribbon opens and under charts, I'll have insert chart and some of the options there. I'll have insert sparklines and some of the options there. It's just a way Microsoft, what didn't want to say invent, but what they use instead of just these drill down menus, everything I find here, I can just go to the menus up top, the old fashioned style of things that we used to. Now this is just a different way of getting to everything that is available. More neatly grouped and set out. It actually works quite well. So most of the time it'll be in the home menu there. There's your edit block there, which is copy and paste sort of thing. Font menu if you want to change the size on top of your font, the color, the color of the blocks, alignments. Many of these things will be quite the same as it is in Microsoft Word. Most importantly though, we come down to these cells. It's a grid pattern arranged in rows and columns. So here down, we'll see one, two, three, four, five. So this one refers to, if I click on it, this whole row, row one, row two, row three. And at the top columns, column A, column B, column C. See if I hover over that a little downward facing arrow appears and I can actually click on it and it'll highlight that whole column. Which means by row and column, well here it's actually by column and row, I can give an address to each of these little cells. So if I click there, that would be cell A1. If I click there, it will be cell D6. So every cell has an address and it is this ability to give an address to all your data that makes spreadsheet software so powerful. How do I enter data? Well, I simply just start typing. So for instance, I have two groups of patients that I want to do some research on. I'll simply start typing group A in the one. Now if I hit enter, now I just typed as I would in Microsoft Word and I typed right there in the cell. But once I've clicked on the cell, I can also enter things in this little bar here. It's exactly the same thing. And I can accept it or reject it by this green little icon here or this red icon. You can cancel whatever I've typed in there. Or while I'm in there, I can just hit the enter key. Now look, if I hit enter, I jump to the next cell down. Now I can just either click in the cell next door or if I was there, I can just use the arrow keys on my keyboard, one to the right and one up and now I'm there. And I start typing group B. Instead of typing it there, I'll type it here. So it remembers that I'm still on B1 and if I type here group B and accept it there, it'll stay on there. So for instance, let's say for argument's sake we're dealing with white blood cell counts. So I'm going to start typing in all my group A patients. They've admitted patient number one had an white cell count of 13,1 drop down. Now be very careful with this commas and full stops. It depends how your MAC is set up. If it's standard out the box, it'll use commas when it wants to delineate integer values to the left and decimals to the right. 13 being the integer, comma 1 the decimal. You can set up your MAC differently in your preferences panel and you can set it to full stop in Microsoft. Windows versions of Excel will automatically use the full stop there. Be very, very careful. Mine is still out the box so it still has the comma. Next patient had a white cell count of 13,4. 14,4 let's make it. Now remember if I hit enter I was going to jump one cell down but right then I can use the right arrow key and it'll jump to the cell across from there. So after typing in whatever you want you can just move the arrow key to the side where you want to go next. There's some other shortcuts as well holding in shift or control or command, there's all sorts of different ones. Let's say under group B I had 14,1 and now down arrow 15,9. Oops, now look at this. What to do now? Simply going to hit backspace and I'm going to click back in that cell. Now I'll have to retype the whole thing 15,9. But what if it was 14,9? I want to go back and change that 5 to a 4. If I hit the backspace now or I'm going to jump to that cell instead of the normal word document where I'll just move inside of what I was typing to the left. So let's move back there. You have to either make the correction up here so if I clicked in there and said back arrow, back arrow, back arrow I was going to get to that 5. Okay, that's one way. The other way is if I go into the cell and I hold down the control key on the Mac and you. Now I've entered what is called edit mode. Now if I use the back arrows and the forward arrows I move inside of there to make my change and I'll say backspace 4 and if I now hit enter it'll accept that. So you have to hit control and you while in a cell to use your arrow keys to move around. If I did not hit control and you and I use my arrow keys I jump between the cells. Now on Windows that's different. You simply hit the F2 key. At the top of your keyboard F2 and you enter edit mode not so on the Mac you have to control you. Now let's just move there. Let's type in another value 12 comma 1 and we'll have 10 comma 5 and then here we'll just type in 16 comma 1. You see definitely group 2. What's the group with the higher values? Let's have 13 comma 6. Now what about our very first statistical analysis we want to do and that is usually to get the mean otherwise known as the average. So I have four values there. What can I do? How can I add them very quickly? Now there are different ways and this is the power of spreadsheet software. I can simply do calculations called formulas by starting things off with an equal sign. So I'm in a cell there and I'm going to write equal. Now I could type in 13 comma 1 plus 14 comma 4 plus 12 comma 1 plus 10 comma 5 the whole thing. That takes so long. What if I had my equal sign there the cell is still highlighted but I move up and I click in the cell and look it says A2. So lo and behold now says plus A2 and I say plus and I click on the next one that's A3 plus I click in the next one that's A4 and I'm just hitting the plus on my keyboard shift and equal which is plus and I click in that one and now if I hit enter it's added up all of them for me. It's added them all up for me. Let's go back in there and you see here in this function bar A2 plus A3 plus A4 plus A5 those are the addresses of those cells. Remember the addresses of these cells. But what if I wanted to get the average? Well there's four values there so I'll just sum them up and divide it by four. So how would I do that? Well in that cell again I'm going to hit control U to enter edit mode. Now I can use my arrow keys. So remember the order of arithmetic operations I'll have to put into the front and to the back and putting parentheses around it so that that gets executed first and then divide by four. Boom and there we have the average of those four values is 12.525. Now I want to show you a bit of magic. If you clicked on that cell and you see there's a little block at the bottom there. If I hover my mouse cursor right there and I hold it in I don't let go and I drag it across and the cell next to it highlights and then I let go. Lo and behold I get another value there. If I go into that value look what it says at the top or if I enter control U I go into edit mode look what it did. It now has B2, B3, B4 and B5 nicely color coded so you can see what it refers to so you can see I'm adding all of this in parentheses so that happens first then divide by four so I'm actually getting the average of that I didn't type anything now just to get out of there I'm just going to hit the escape bar the escape key I should say escape means you leave the edit mode and everything is done so how did this work it's called referencing these cells and it's that what it's doing is it's not saying there A2, A3, A4, A5 what it's doing behind the scenes it's saying go 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 blocks up and then go 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 blocks up and then go 1, 2, 3, 4 up that's what it does it does not keep in its memory the actual values A4 it's just a reference to relatively relative to where this formula gets executed relative to that relative addressing it's so many blocks away from that so when I drag this across this new cell still said so many blocks above so many cells above so many cells above so many cells above so it was relative to where we are now now we're here we're not there anymore we're now here relative to this one so many blocks up would now be B2 and B3 and B4 and B5 so that's beautiful instead of having to retype stuff if I've used addressing like this relative it's just a relative to the cell if I now move things across so see that change and then moved it across it will do the same thing as it had before it will copy it but the relative referencing the relative address relative to this one up so many cells now it will do exactly the same thing so that is called a formula actually type in A2 A3 A4 A5 divided by 4 now let me introduce you to functions I can type in equals and there are hundreds of these functions now look at this I'm going to type average A-V-E-R-A-G-E and it actually popped up there so I can actually double click on it I needn't but let's do that because it's a nice little tool tip you'll see there's all sorts of other ones but that's the one I want I double click on average now I should not have done that double click just a single click would have sufficed and it says to me here number one, number two so what I can actually do is while I'm in between those two parentheses there I click on that first cell and hold it in and drag it down now look at that it now says average A2 colon A5 it is a magical word I'm using a key word to do a certain function I'm going to average all of those values if I hit enter now lo and behold exactly the same thing 12.5 to 5, isn't that magic now I'm making use of a relative cell references I'm going to click on there go to that little block in the corner my arrow changes I hold it in, hold the mouse click in drag it across to where I want it let go and let's click away and let's click back there and look at that average B2 colon B5 it just means B2 to B5 that whole lot there if I go back there and hit control U to go to edit mode you'll see B2BB5 is colored in that is what it is averaging on so that's beautiful instead of having to do everything I can type in a keyword and there are hundreds of keywords and a lot of statistical keywords for me just to do that another important one is discount let's practice with that lower case, I can do lower case so start writing count, there it is I'm just going to do one click on it and immediately puts both parentheses there for me and I'm also just going to go highlight all of those I clicked on the first one and drag let go, hit enter and it counts 4, there were 4 values again across to this side there were 4 values this is the beauty and power of statistical analysis you can well imagine now how you could type in all the values of the patients that you want to do your research on and how you can do statistical analysis and all of that you can already do average so this was an introduction to spreadsheet software and despite doing a few simple things I hope you've already become familiar with at least some of the aspects of spreadsheet software now there is a little bonus video in this playlist, bonus 01 actually 2 versions of it you can watch it watch the one with a stat plus video attached to it, it actually says so in the name of the video and in it I'll just discuss the p-value and show you a little bit of the statistical analysis that you can do on 2 columns of data here say for instance with group A and group B and how to quickly develop a p-value from there but that's a bonus it jumps ahead of time but it's also a nice video to give you an intuition as to what the p-value really is I'm jumping the gun completely but if you have some time watch that video