 the talk about from megatons to megawatts this track will be translated into English from German by the C3 lingo at the mics for you are Oscar and MFR we will translate into English for you and feel free to leave feedback for us on Twitter at C3 lingo or under the hashtag C3T We will talk a little bit about nuclear destruction or megatons to megawatts how you can convert military goods into energy. With a warm welcome, Julia! the hands went up but this is a screenshot from a movie that was called what exactly war games the movie is from 1983 and 1983 was the high period of the Cold War and cobalt and the thermonuclear war was a real threat scenario that people were experiencing in their lives and they had constant fear about a coming nuclear war and by the end of the 80s the global inventory of nuclear weapons was roughly at 40,000 in Russia and again roughly 25,000 in the US so you can imagine that roughly 60,000 nuclear warheads in salas or silos are just waiting to be sent out so in this movie war games it's about game theory and a mathematician that is trying to not just go into things like chess but also getting into scenarios for global thermonuclear war okay and so very suddenly there was the whole problem with the Cold War and suddenly wasn't really there anymore after 1989 you know what happened the old Russia didn't exist anymore the way it did before and so the issue was that we suddenly he had 40,000 nuclear warheads in a country that didn't really get governed properly anymore and was kind of broken at the time and didn't have proper structures they had in in in the government that is they didn't have protection strategies for all of those warheads and and in the year 91 there was an article in the New York Times where a journalist suggested that what about if all of this this old old state if you just bought all of their warheads and looked into maybe using them degrading the material and made it usable for nuclear power we I will talk more later about how that would actually work this program was called megatons to megawatts and it actually existed it was between 93 and 2013 and the old Soviet Union actually sold a highly enriched uranium to the US to transfer to convert into a low enriched uranium from former Russia actually used this material and gave it to the US because they they had a lot left over and five hundred tons of this H.E.U. were converted into burning material for nuclear power plants and this actually led to 10% of the entire electric needs of the US being covered by this program so this was actually a very relevant amount of energy it was not just a little thing replacing one power plant but it did make a big difference okay so I said 40,000 warheads in the US and 55,000 in the US I'm sorry Russia was the former and so these are this is the data for 2018 this is roughly how much exists roughly 600,000 in the US in Russia and 6,000 in Russia and 6,000 in the US so of course there are others as well China is a growing one that has roughly more which was also impacted by the Cold War Pakistan is also growing which it's its own story we we have to wonder who actually taught them there's another topic there about the technology and the knowledge involved and not just the uranium or the plutonium the proliferation is actually way more than that so in effect there's not just plutonium and uranium in warheads I'm gonna use the word warheads instead of the German version so there's also highly enriched uranium that is not actually in warheads but in storage the same is for plutonium and I can explain this later but it is mostly a side product in the operation of certain kinds of nuclear power plants and so a lot of this material is actually available in inventory and depending on what sources one uses there's between a thousand and five hundred a thousand and two hundred tons of highly enriched uranium that are lying around and between 200 and 250 tons of plutonium which is available and could be used for this which is actually what it's for it's not very usable in other ways the principle the principle of this is very simple you take something which you can split up something which you can fix something for starting the whole procedure and something for for boosting the thing there are multiple designs depending on whether you use with plutonium or whether you use uranium but they use boostings boostings for pure fishing weapons are usually not really exist anymore things like big boy that which we're using in Roshima were plus splitting weapons there you need a certain amount of spittable material a certain geometry for the whole thing to produce more munitions per time unit that it's used using it by itself and therefore it's going up for boosting you have the same thing but it's just you have a ratio of about one so the amount of which is used is pretty much the amount which is produced boosted fish and works with the addendum so there's which is usually the terrarium or tritium and these these mean that there's not a there's not a compute fission which is initiated so there's a there's a little bit of little bit of neutron production which is started at the beginning but it's not exploding up but because because if you have more neutrons which happens which are produced them that is called boosted fission because if you have neutrons there's new more reactions happening that's usually what is what is also termed hydrogen weapons so all these bombs usually have a physics package that's the package where there's usually all these all these things inside on the left hand side you see a picture of so it's an old picture because the current pictures getting them is pretty difficult because because it's pretty difficult to get them if you're taking the middle of the of the of the left picture and you're going a bit to the next this metal piece that's a physics package and the shimmer of this can be seen in the right-hand side of the left you see the classic atomic bombs the classic fission bomb that we've been talking about and on the right-hand side you have the the thermonuclear weapons it's combined it's combined fission for creating enough temperature in order to start the fusion process so you have the splitting the fission as well as the fusion the current melting and therefore they have a bigger the bigger power I think I don't have to explain how fission actually works so in the principle you have a particle like a heavy heavy core like something of number 90 or above and on that you're shooting a neutron and the neutron can do multiple things so it can either hit the uranium core and you can split it and therefore creates energy and splitting materials and further neutrons or otherwise it can be captured so there's a core in the middle on that neutron hits and the neutral and the core just takes the neutron and becomes a thing else and the other number will change and which will be another mass number and other properties and the new core as a result the new the product of this reaction can have other split processes and can be split up into other elements so something like better minus splitting or better better better plus radiation and as a result of all of this energy is created and this is energy is created the energy which is created on top of the of the splitting process is energy which which drives the next splitting and in nuclear power plant the rate of creating neutrons to to start a to start the new next set of reactions is the same as the rate which is used for studying this reaction so that's the so-called criticality if this criticality is above one you have a nuclear bomb which if it's if it's less than one or one it's a self-limiting so therefore it's overall control every every nuclear power plant typically works at 1.000 and a little bit and this is really why you have to where you have to control the whole plant and where you have to make it stable by doing that so now I'm going to expand a bit about things so so natural uranium is a mixture of different isotopes so there's uranium to 235 but it's mostly uranium 238 235 is only in choice tracer pieces basically everything is created by by splits by splitting it up by fission or by activation for for natural uranium is 0.7 or more accurate 0.711 percent of uranium 238 and the rest is well almost all of the rest is uranium 238 and a little bit of other substances other isotopes of uranium it's not quite clear which ones low-enriched uranium L.U. is slow small-enriched uranium it has a part of uranium 238 of below 20% and the rest is usually uranium 238 highly rich uranium has a buff 90% of uranium 235 and 30 there's depleted uranium D.U. which is less than 0.7% uranium 235 everything which is less than 0.7 uranium 235 is depleted uranium from from dear about dear retribution you can actually publish books and whole whole presentations about it that so so basically there's a whole discussion about how threatening this all is weapons and basically weapons their whole astronauts of weapons which are created from depleted uranium because it's kind of produced all the time by nuclear power plants and yeah you can basically use it a lot of the time as as barrier breaking ammunition and so basically it's not usually something you put onto the waste and leave it there until you need it and the same thing you have for plutonium as well so this is for example weapons graduate plutonium it's a mixture of plutonium 239 and plutonium 244 usually plutonium 240 has a has a weight ratio of less than 6.5% it doesn't want to split that easily as plutonium 239 and therefore you need a therefore you need a well a bigger part of plutonium 239 mox is a fuel it's the abbreviation for mixed oxide fuel for that you can basically take as whatever you want usually it's 93 but usually it's a 7% plutonium 239 and 93% natural uranium and it's not just about their energy generated okay so there are a big amount of various nuclear reactor types they in general do the same thing you did see the Chernobyl movie by Vargy Legasov he explains really well what a reactor actually is so there is burning material that's needed you also need a neutron airbag a moderator that breaks the neutrons so they have a smaller cross-section and then you need a cooler that's something that actually takes the heat to bring it to the turbine so the turbine turns and generates electricity and all of these parts exist in any nuclear power plant any nuclear reactor and sometimes the cooling systems different but in effect the known systems are fairly similar the pressure water reactor and the body water reactor are very similar and they work with low-enriched uranium and these mox's and they can do is a Canadian version it's a Canadian development that works uses natural uranium the way it comes from the earth basically and you don't have to enrich it or deridge it and can just be operated directly with that and maybe also makes us and then my my favorite reactor is the rbmk it also it has a interesting properties it is for a base also based on the cold wall it is had been built mostly for bridging gaps and it can actually have its burning material replaced during operation you don't have to shut it down and cool it down and then put it up back up again but instead there is a crane that can just pull the material out and basically with a system you can automatically while in operation use some natural uranium or low-enriched uranium lower it into the reactor and depending on how it's currently running where that's on low low power you can depending on the the operational efficiency you can insert or remove the burning material you can do fission to produce energy or you can breed which means that you can create plutonium from natural in you for example and then there is a there are new versions in the race which are liquid molten salt reactors that work with mixed oxides and more resource-friendly and but they're in effect also working with these burning material systems and then there are the liquid molten fast breeding reactors that actually were covered at car vest here and they don't know how I don't know whether it actually was operational and then there's the advanced heavy water reactor which is an indian development which is also liquid molten salt and is also a breeder okay so the the fuel cycle that we get from natural uranium which is mostly uranium 238 and then by putting that into a reactor and shooting it with neutrons so to say and with a certain cross-section in there that can be used and then it will be transformed into uranium 239 the the molar mass changes it stays uranium but the number changes and it changes from to uranium 238 to uranium 239 and then from there there are two various types of better dissipation to so this is from book this this this is actually has a has a printing error it's not and oh it's NP so from the uranium 238 we are breeding uranium 239 and then with beta-minus dissipation it falls down to this I know 239 and from this you can also initially create energy and the same thing you can also do for thorium so this is from a first this is called a fertile isotope because it's you can you can breed it quite easily and this was just actually which is actually split up in the end by the fission is not thorium itself it's the uranium which is created in the process so so the others can also the others can also produce energy but but what can be efficient efficiently is the uranium which is in there so so one problem how you can really recycle it is to do with this I will talk about this later so one question is what what is the inventory of of depleted uranium what are the amounts which are available so one idea could be we can we can take the whole inventory of highly in which you and and just to down blending so we're just mixing it with the depleted uranium and from this we can create something which we eventually can put into a reactor loy for example could be created from this you can potentially drive a reactor and produce energy so from this you have you have solved two things at once you don't have the highly in which uranium anymore and you have also solved the depleted uranium and I mean the other things you can do with depleted uranium is producing ammunition but I mean it's pretty still very very active so this is still a problem so so you are you needed a lot of measures in order to take care of this so to to have a do a back of the envelope calculation from 1,350 tons of high-rich uranium what can we do with it so it depends a little bit on how you want to create what which type of lu lawyer you want to create them depending on how many percentage of uranium 235 you want to have in there it depends a little bit on the erector as well so high pressure water reactor for example from using that you have about the fifth 40 gigawatts per day so the nuclear power plant will be will create about 40 gigawatts per day which would be for an average power plant of about one gigabyte this is quite a lot actually so this is just from this 1340 tons of highly rich uranium which which which are from these warheads we have been talking about before there's more but these are the numbers you can actually find somewhere so actually uranium is not the problem here the problem that we have is actually the plutonium because we have as we have seen before there's we have seen before how much plutonium there is a round so this is now a different source which has different numbers because well I said before that I can't really say how much numbers about these numbers I can't really say how much is around there but we are always usually around between 200 and 500 tons I would say that's usually a pretty good estimate so the question is what do we do with this plutonium now so so uranium we can just blend down you can just use depleted uranium with it mix it in and then we just put it back into your act so we're just building ourselves new plutonium with this however as we saw before so that's just what happens when you when you use when you shoot your neutrons onto uranium 238 then you get uranium 239 it does two beta decays and then it gets your plutonium 239 so it's basically a zero zero calculation so just you're using warheads on the one hand but you're creating material for new warheads so this is well this is a question whether once you do that so what do we do what we need is some cycle which doesn't have the uranium inside I've said before that I will that I will say what what this cross-section neutral cross-section actually is effectively reactor doesn't have neutrons of the same energy so there's a certain probability that a neutron of energy x will will initiate a process of of fission and this is really dependent quite a lot on energy as you can see in the blue curve here so which are which are actually high which are oscillations of the core inside so the problem is that if the neutron only has a little change in energy the reactor efficiency changes a lot so yeah the the fission there is the the thermal calculations are the energies are roughly 10 to the minus 3 mega electron volts so that's down there you can see mega electron volts that's a energy amount for physicians that work with very small energy amounts that's a that's unit that we use that's a roughly a mega electron volt is at 90 joules which is not always weirdly for usage in physics but mega electron volts is the energy that we use on the x-axis and on the y-axis we have something that's called barns a one barn is roughly 10 to minus 24 square centimeters which is an area which is roughly represents the area the chance that a reaction occurs and barns are the unit for that a barn is the probability for a certain reaction happening which is of course a nice security by security feature because what a barn is is not that commonly known so what we can see here is that we have a very big differences in in magnitudes between the rianium to 838 and the things that actually interest us for example the planet plutonium I don't have a laser pointer right now but what you can see is that it's not very parallel some is actually way slower and then there's a reaction in the plutonium for example and if you imagine that this mixed oxide that we have and that we can use for burning material are made from Union uranium 238 for example you can see that if we mix those we need to have different zones in the actor where the neutral levels are different but which is difficult when to separate them so it's different it's difficult to separate the radium and the plutonium because we have a very mixed burning material so how do we do this that's the reason for why this is hard so as we said earlier there is this breeding process that happens which gives us the rianium 239 which we actually wanted to have less of but so this is not an option so as an alternative we have this thorium cycle which is very interesting because all of the thermal and liquid gas reactors work with this so there is already a lot of research into this that has happened and a lot of these fast breeders were developed then which is actually pretty similar which is it works with slower and less energy dense neutrons but yeah we can use these for the things that we want to breed it and they were used for breeding the things that we needed a lot in the cold war for the highly enriched uranium that and the plutonium that was supposed to be generated for all of the weapons so this variant was actually very interesting then and now we thought that in effect when thinking about the thorium cycle maybe we have a cycle where we can prevent the regeneration of these elements so maybe can we inside of the thorium cycle go in there and build a burning material that uses the thorium and works with it but also uses the plutonium 239 and also uses that and processes it so we need a reactor that can do that and that doesn't really exist so theoretically we have to think about maybe the thing we want to do is build our own reactor type build a reactor type that could in and effect dissipate and use this plutonium which is very difficult because the scattering cross-section is in this weird area that we don't actually want to use and it's very difficult to keep this running in a normal reactor these fast breeders for example work a little bit like this but they're on a very way different scale then we would need so yeah the red curve that's the fast breeder that is great for the plutonium and that's where it wants to split but the pressure water reactors actually don't really do anything in that area so the plutonium just stays the way it is lying around there and the solution is is already shown in here as another shortcut it's this TMSR so yesterday I thought about it with some colleagues and we were thinking about it had some thought experiments about without going into technical detail just like what would we theoretically need to build this and theoretically we would need a reactor where we can have various neutron temperatures in there so we can have reactions with higher energies and also the ones with low energies and so there is no really no actual reactor that where this is all similar so this is actually controllable and surprise this is actually done so these TMSR reactors are a new idea for how to build these reactors and when one thinks about how to build these you'd have to think about how all of the the different core loading operations happen and so you just use MCMP but these reactors were actually a lot of different fuel types are used they already exist and one of the reactors the linear reactor actually has the same problem there they were built in a time where highly enriched uranium wasn't really a problem where we just had lots of it and just threw it into the reactor but nowadays it's this is just not done anymore because all of these burning rods are lying around in cellars and becoming an issue so we don't want to have this weapon grade nuclear material lying around so this is a security issue as well as a nuisance all right all right so this this problem exists so how can we build a reactor where we can have all of the highly enriched uranium and use it in just these few rods that are used for highly enriched uranium so some simulations we done with this MCMP system which is used for neutron simulations so you just build your reactor and then you think a lot about which burning rods should be where which reflector should be where and all of the other building parameters and just rebuild it so this is a trigger actor where we're thinking about whether replacing one of these burning rods with something that is less highly enriched and that's exactly what one has to do with these thorium and plutonium mixed cores so the solution is that in the middle you create an area where the neutrons are working with way higher energies and then towards the the borders to the boundaries of the reactor they have smaller energies and then theoretically we can burn our plutonium 239 okay but the problem is what kind of a reaction is that it splits but and it doesn't just create its parts the things that are created when splitting which we can see on the x-axis but also what happens is that what comes with this is that we are also producing plutonium 240 which is the x-axis why there is years so this is the amount of years that this reactor would have to run for the plutonium to actually dissipate and this is what it would take to actually use fission to dissipate this plutonium and so why using this kind of reactor we are actually producing a different kind of plutonium and we have the same problem as before so this doesn't really help it's not as splitable as plutonium 240 so it's not as usable for weapons but it is radiating just as much and still just as much as a problem in terms of its half-life so the even the weapon grade plutonium can be removed and used for energy production but it still produces other problems and I don't really know if plutonium 240 is actually a lot better than 239 so this it is kind of an advantage but it doesn't really make a difference so the waste economy there is just creating new waste which we already discussed at the last camp where we talked about the energy sources per kilowatt hour and the waste is never really used in any of those power calculation costs is factored in what the what the disposal of the waste actually costs so plutonium 240 is not that much better than 239 in terms of proliferation it's probably better but in terms of waste it's just as bad so what what would we do with this it's kind of a sad thing to think about so when we look at it we see this megatons to megawatts program but it's not it's not actually in such a way it was not successful in such a way that the inventory of these materials has actually gone down and when one looks at China and for example India you can see that they are actually widening their nuclear arsenals and not reducing them and then there's this theory that a lot of nuclear power reactors are actually just running there to produce more plutonium which of course only works breeding reactors but that's you can buy this of course but then there are other countries that don't actually want to give this away because it's kind of a power issue so I think in the end I would rather play chess or go instead of participating in this global war and I don't think that this is a sacrifice that we should make so this should maybe be discussed in a different context but it will probably go into too much detail for for now this was of course just a very superficial overview but this is roughly how it could work thank you that's all this talk was translated by the C3 lingo talking to you were Oscar and Emma farm you can leave feedback about our translation on twitter at C3 lingo on of the hashtag C3 t we will continue with the questions next you had this you had it in your talk right now there's a suggestion succeeding talk about the waste problem so I wanted to talk about two things one is the whole thing of the nuclear waste and with this you can also really fill ours yeah so I mean I'm not just talking about it in the nuclear context so I as a reactor physicist of course I'm totally biased towards to see sort of problems well I'm saying I'm saying it realistically it's not the best energy form I mean especially when you're talking about things like like waste so the question really is what are we optimizing are we optimizing towards cheapness towards not enough not a lot of CO2 towards waste yeah so that's the question yeah it's an exciting topic you can think about atomic anything what you want but we should stick with atomic dissolve and there were one opinion microphone number one yeah thanks for the talk my question is the highly enriched uranium wasn't enriched at some point couldn't you like spread it somehow so that it isn't enriched anymore what are you meaning by distribute well only small amounts and very lightly spread so it's like no risk for the environment something like neutral uranium in the end well that that existed isn't the earth so so depleted uranium and enriched uranium is kind of really means the same thing it's it's only about them the mixture of isotope numbers it's about having more uranium 235 and the highly enriched uranium was done in the low and rich uranium so basically yeah you're really doing the same thing if you if you're down blending you're using the highly enriched uranium and the depleted uranium and mixing them as a result yeah well in the end in the reactor you're you're not really destroying or well when you're enriching you're not really destroying isotopes or creating anything you're just just changing the order you you're just having a centrifuge and then you're splitting it up into different pieces different it's just a it's just a change of just separation by mass and of course you can mix it in the end so not that simply but you can mix it so basically what you're doing is you're just taking the uranium from the earth and then you're enriching it and I mean theoretically you could back could put it back into earth and it would be the same as before so roughly at least it's how it works not exactly but roughly yeah the question would be why don't they do this yeah it's yeah we could I mean if you did this mega tons of megawatt program then we could do that and there's also a follow-up program yeah the problem is that not not every country wants that the day uranium is gone so not all the countries are want want to get rid of all the weapon great union they have in the inventory and blend it down and and get rid of it so I mean yeah they could we could do it if it was possible yeah thanks a question from the internet yeah it's really a lot amount of questions and it's about a heat where do we can we can we put the heat and will it take effort on the environmental warming and what is just one question up that another yeah it's one topic environmental heating global heating so I haven't really thought about this I haven't really thought about whether the global warming create well the warming created by burning nuclear fuel with any contribution to the global warming of the earth and I will think about this I will I will sit down tomorrow and and we'll do some some the back of the envelope congratulations yeah I will I will catch Christian Fogel and some other people want to contribute they're very very welcome to do so be my guest yeah the question is of course very interesting I don't know I don't know I have asked me again tomorrow what was the second question yeah what with the proportion of division and fusing of yeah we have some we have some things and eat as some prototypes for fission productions so there are some ideas about something we could use for for high for using hydrogen bombs basically fusion or fission are basically roughly speaking the same thing they're just just going in different directions it's because of the the mass effect and the stability of the mass effect depending off the order number and energy difference between the core as a whole and the sum of all the parts basically like the bit the binding energy of the of the core of the nucleus and that's basically what gets free when you're splitting up the energy or respectively the energy which is freed when you are when you're when you're merging the course and basically you can you can have fission releasing energy for portal numbers above 90 that's when it starts to get interesting that's energy which is released from binding energy of the course mass defect that's what it's called was it yes thank you yeah thanks microphone number three there's someone's waiting okay I don't know if this fits to your topic but what do you think what should change in a satiety manner so that project like megatons to megawatts continued or maybe have succeeding projects and set up in other countries no really right now we have a pretty pretty peaceful society you don't really have a peaceful society was well without what we don't really need the hydrogen bombs or atomic bombs and before before we don't really have a peaceful society so the question is maybe the financial interest so the megatons to megawatts program was not really for reducing the amount of of weapons it wasn't really for for that it was more of financial interest it was really the idea to get very cheap uranium and at the same time of course our previous enemy also gets rid of all his highly enriched humanum but overall it really was about money yeah I think microphone number two was next yeah one question yeah people say that the term cycle is like the most interesting thing and it's like new to see neutral and more secure nuclear technology is that white it depends a bit on the company which builds a reactor that's my honest answer it depends on the country which puts up the reactor because they have a lot of influence on how the reactor is built how safely it is built where how it is pushed whether you have systematic problems in building the reactor if I could add wasn't just one of the point about liquid crystal reactors that the liquid crystal needs to be pumped through the actor all the time and if there's a power loss then we have a problem yes well I think we just need to think a bit more about the technology basically if you look at the normal pressure water reactor we also needed 50 years how we finally got to an answer how we make them inherently safe basically how so the idea about this is that the physics really turns off the reactor and yeah so for example the thing gets hot the reactor gets hot therefore the the efficiency of the reactor goes down I mean we didn't really know this 50 years ago it's it's a yeah the technology was developed over time I have to say that such reactors are not really my specialty so I have a rough idea how they work but I don't really know whether the technology is fine after that all these details have been figured out I think if you really have to build reactors one should build the newest generation pressure water reactors in countries which are which are thinking about safety and not in countries like I don't really want to talk about this anymore thank you I think that there's no micro number eight which is quite dark and anonymous hello yeah I'm quite shocked to have a talk that is as far as understood promotes to yeah and enhance the usage of atom energy excuse me I really this triggers me completely because I just got I just had to had to listen to the same thing on the on the on my lecture on the camp yeah I just could go near by accident please please can you maybe look at the at the recording of the camp then will be answered can you but maybe you could listen say your opinion once because I'm missing a statement what your opinion is on that topic and I'd interest on that so this was not really the topic of this talk is so the topic of the other talk at the camp so where we really just talked about it so the question is really what do you want to optimize do you want to talk for cheap power or see co2 neutral power at least very little of ways there are a couple of parameters which ones do you really want to optimize for do we have three minutes so now Germany is an organism which keeps the power which this gets a power mostly from coal power plants so solar and winds we also have and water energy also exists so Germany needs about 51 terawatt hours of per year so organism is Germany needs about 51 terawatt hours per year so what are we cannot really extend anymore because there is just not enough water where we can store this energy so we can't we don't really have a lot of space to play around there so if you want to optimize only towards co2 neutrality and price so then the question is how much sense per kilowatts do water power and coal power and all these things cost so then we just add all these costs and then we estimate how much co2 exhaust all these different powers have and then we just make a very simple linear optimization looking at all these parameters just based on these facts there are no cons there are some constraints so for example so stick oxen nitrous oxides for example so another constraint could be that one concept could be that we just have a certain amount of energy we can get from water power and if you just do this optimization you get a solution which which just says nuclear power what we want is nuclear power so it's not completely neutral with it comes to neutrals oxides for example so for example water it's not completely unusual to notice actually because if you remove the water and it gets free then there's some sometimes oxides release but if you if you look at all these facts and you optimize into what's price and co2 neutrality and so I can't really quote these figures now but please look at the recording and that's why we're said about talked about this so basically yeah from this the solution is nuclear power so but but what I want to stress here it's about when it's good when it's made when it's done good yeah I'd like to add but please no comments we are switching to microphone number two I will be near speedy later so please just just talk to me there talk to me on Twitter contact me on Twitter I'm very happy to meet up and continue the discussion if I understood that right I can make from a new turn and you were in 238 something splitable in the caster is then is most isn't there mostly 238 I honestly don't know I don't know maybe yeah I think there was one of the main points that yeah it has a high deterioration time and we can like store it in that way no no no okay so the problem with uranium 238 is that so we the problem is we were getting plutonium 239 from this but this is not splitable in a normal conventional high pressure water reactor you needed with these high temperature reactors these liquid salt most in salt reactors for example and these high temperatures which you don't really have in the standard reactors that we have these days in a normal boiling water reactor but the problem is those those kind of reactors which exist most of the time can't really use these plutonium based power plutonium based fuel so and the other problem is that you want to you want to save you need to save you need to keep your plutonium 239 differently yeah I think we missed our bintenate quite a bit yeah you did just a quick feedback there's like a very vivid and constructive discussion on the internet yeah and one question stick like how many percent from such a missile is staying in the caster as atomic waste is it different from atomic uranium yeah well it's like apples and pears it's kind of it's different from the from the stuff that nuclear power plants don't want to have anymore so for so we are the wetland people about the caster stuff I don't really know a lot about castles so these are just just just I only know that these are containers which are used to safely move nuclear flu around a nuclear waste around I don't know much about that so technically I don't really know much more about this so I can't really answer this so sorry about that the question was is there more atomic waste if we make a weapon atomic in a uranium yeah amount and danger define danger it's really a quite a quite a fishy fishy thing I it's usually it's staying it's more dangerous always in the in the form of which is in the weapon but because you can actually make damage with it and you can yeah damage towards people but I don't that's what be my answer I can't be saying yeah I think there's one last question microphone number two please yeah it's like about my understanding I'm not sure what is against those trivial solutions to mix like highly rich uranium with lower in which uranium so we get like neutral when you and we don't need to the store it and we they are like skipping all this waste problematics so the problem is this is only a theoretical so it's only a theoretical thing because the others you also need to to get rid of the highly rich uranium we also need to get rid of the weapons but problem is theoretically you can do it but in practice you are missing the highly rich uranium you're missing the high because yeah it's just not around so for you can't really do it yeah but anyways yes but the yeah but this in it's into the people which have the weapon silos they have about it so the points that you could make atomic energy from it or I don't know why we should do this politic is the answer here really I think yeah I think we need to stop or talk here yeah but there's a good message here we stay here and we can ask a question afterwards I think there's opinion of the C3 speechy so you can spend for a beer there thanks also from the concentration bill from listening this was the translation of the talk by Lucaro MF and Oscar