 So the idea is that the gut is also the habitat of the gut microbiota, so with functions, as you know, on health. And yogurt is a food product with live bacteria. So it's probably we wanted to focus on things related with the bacteria in their own habitat in the gut. So then, so the idea was also to focus on normal joggers, so joggers with thermophilus and vulgaricus. We mostly considered joggers with thermophilus and vulgaricus. And also mentioned other fermented milk with added strains for apovertic value. And since the gut microbiota makes or contributes to the metabolic functions of the gut in terms of helping the extraction of energy or nutrients from food. The first topic was to check how joggers has a role in lactose digestion. And Denis Saviano has made a presentation. He was pioneering these studies some years ago. And in fact, he demonstrated very clearly how in subjects without lactase or with lactase deficiency in their small bowel mucosa, these individuals, when they eat lactose, they cannot digest lactose. And then these lactose reaches the colon where it's fermented by the gut bacteria and then hydrogen is produced. And you can detect hydrogen on breath. You can see here the paper published in the New England Journal of Medicine by Saviano's group, where you can see the amount of hydrogen on breath in people that were in the green line that were eating lactulose. So lactulose is a disaccharide that we don't have the enzyme. Everybody would produce hydrogen. Or people drinking milk, people without lactase. So it's a lot of hydrogen also produced because all the lactose reaches the colon. And people in the yellow line, these people drinking a solution of lactose. But when you look at the blue line in the bottom, when these people were drinking a juggert with 11 grams lactose or even with 18 gram lactose in the brown line, the production of hydrogen was much lower, indicating that these lactose did not reach the colon. This was digested and absorbed in the small bowel. And this was associated with important changes in symptoms. People that cannot digest lactose, my experience diarrhea and with juggert, it does not happen. They also experience flatulence because hydrogen or other gases are generated in the colon. And this doesn't happen when they take a juggert. So and he also mentioned another study where people were allocated in two groups. Either it was, again, people with lactase deficiency were eating heated yogurt and fresh yogurt. The lines at the bottom. And you can see the hydroxan excretion. You can see with fresh yogurt, there is no hydrogen production. So there's a repetition of the same experiment. And the point here was that D1, so just the study was done eating the first heated yogurt with lactose, but without life bacteria, these people will produce a lot of hydrogen. You can see in the solid line. But when the 15 days after, when the same test was performed, it was a kind of adaptation. So again, sometimes when the lactose reaches the colon and some bacteria migrate and adapt. And these people also have less symptoms. Learned some really, his role was to look at other effects on the gut health by joggers. And he made the point first of bioling the gut, which beneficial effects other than lactose is shared to be needed by bioling jogger bacteria. And biol versus unbiol, any difference for gut health. He reported about the studies that were looking at recovering jogger bacteria, termophilus and bulgaricus, lactobacillus bulgaricus, and feces from individuals eating joggers, thinking joggers. And he reported two studies that were positive. They could recover the bacteria in feces. And one study that was negative, but also he was mentioned that it's very important to read carefully the methodology because the last study was done by culturing and was probably not well done. So they could detect DNA of the bacteria, but not recovered by culture. And then this is an interesting study where a particular strain of bulgaricus, this strain, or LL-107, 73 or 1, who was found in vitro study to have an effect on dendritic cells and on the immune system, was then used for studies on elder people to prevent common cold. And he presented, so this data where you can see on the figure on your right, the incidence or the odds ratio of presenting a common cold in this group of elder people during the winter that was reduced by the two studies done with this yogurt prepared with this particular culture, bulgaricus culture strain. And also the meta-analysis plotting the two studies. So they would be, the in vitro observations was also related with a reduction of infectious common colds during winter. We did not mention probiotics. I just wanted to call here this paper by Marina Richer where she reviews all the data using probiotics in different health indications. In these cases are particular probiotics, strain selected for a particular strain. It's not yogurt, so it was not the topic today but I thought it was interesting. So finally, yogurt cultures could have beneficial effects on lactology as soon. Effects on immunity have also been reported and possibly are same specific. And the effects are related to the ingestion of viable bacterial cells. These were the points of our discussion. So thank you.