 Hello again everybody. Thanks for coming back. My name is Steve Nutter and today I'm going to talk to you more in depth about the history of the CRT or cathode ray tube display and just note that we'll be going through a lot of information here. I will have some picture slides. I'll be reading some notes to go with each one of them and if you do need any copy of resources for this presentation I do have some available. Alright so the development of the cathode ray tube all started with a glass vacuum tube and this is an example of what one of those first glass vacuum tubes would have looked like. So this all starts with these two gentlemen. And cathode rays were discovered in the mid 1850s and 1860s by Julius Pluker and Johann Wilhelm Hitroff. They used glass vacuum tubes to study cathode rays and the first gentleman Mr. Pluker, he was a German mathematician and a physicist. He made fundamental contributions to the field of analytical geometry and was a pioneer in investigation of cathode rays that led eventually to the discovery of the electron. He was made professor of physics at the University of Bonn in Germany in 1836 and 1858 after a year of working with vacuum tubes. He published his first researches on the action of the magnet on this electric discharge and rarefied gases. He found that the discharge caused a fluorescent glow to form on the glass walls of the vacuum tube and that glow could be made to shift by applying an electromagnetic or electromagnet to the tube, thus creating a magnetic field. It was later shown that the glow was produced by cathode rays. So I know there's a lot of information here but it is kind of important to get through this. Now the person that really helped Mr. Pluker was this gentleman Heinrich Geisler. He was a skilled glassblower and physicist. Geisler descended from a long line of skilled craftsmen in Bohemia. He worked at the University of Bonn in Germany starting in 1852 and there he was asked by Julius Pluker to design an apparatus for evacuating a glass tube and in 1857 he invented the Geisler tube which is the original cathode ray tube right there. This is the Geisler tube. That's an example of what one would have looked like. Now this one did, well it consists of a sealed partially evacuated cylinder with a metal electrode at each end which you'll see on the right and left of that picture. It contained a rarefied gas such as neon, argon or air, mercury, vapor or other conductive fluids. When a high voltage, when high voltage is applied between these two electrodes an electrical current flows through the tube. The current disassociates electrons from the gas molecules and creates ions and when the electrons recombine with the ions the gas will emit a light of fluorescence and depending on what elements you used you could manipulate this and make different colors and things like that. So eventually Geisler's tube became more of a novelty down the road and it kind of helped the development of neon neon glass, I'm sorry, and neon lights but most of the modern Geisler tubes now are simply for decorative purposes. Now another, the other scientist I'd mentioned Mr. Hittorf, he was a German physicist also who studied electricity ions and the atom. In 1853 Hittorf pointed out that some ions traveled more rapidly than others. In 1869 he asserted that the cathode rays glowed different colors because of the different gases and pressures. He noticed that when there was any object placed between the cathode and illuminating side of the tube then a shadow appeared at the other end. So these guys are really just the pioneers behind any of this study starting with these glass tubes. Some other people and scientists involved in these studies, another one is Arthur Schuster. He was a German physicist known for his work in electrochemistry, X radiography, and harmonic analysis and physics. In 1884 following his own cathode ray experiments Schuster claimed that cathode rays are particulate in nature and that the particles all carry the same quantity of electricity. He also performed experiments on the magnetic deflection of those rays which by 1890 allowed him to compare upper and lower bounds for the ratio of charge to mass of particular comprising the rays. Schuster claimed that the particles were negatively charged gas molecules. So they're kind of going through a point here of just studying these rays trying to figure out what's going on with them. And finally we come to Sir William Crooks and he was another, this is a British chemist and physicist. He created, he's credited with discovering the element thallium. He also invented 100% ultraviolet blocking sunglasses lens and he was a pioneer in vacuum tubes. So he took the geyser tube and modified it and made his own version of the tube in 1875 that he called the Crooks tube. And so we've got some pictures here of the Crooks tube and the Crooks tube experiments. He used his Crooks tube to study cathode rays and his investigations of conduction of electricity and low pressure gases. He discovered that as the pressure was lowered the negative electrode appeared to emit rays. And again so now they're talking about cathode rays and Crooks discovered that the rays can be moved and manipulated by means of magnetism. So we've got now the ray going through the tube and as you can see in our demonstration picture you've got where it's lit up and it's showing the gases and it emits a shadow on the back of the tube. And then if you look at the two bottom pictures there's a giant magnet that's manipulating the rays and the shadow and moving it around within this tube. Here's just a more simple drawn out version of that but you can see where he's got an anode and a cathode at one end of the tube and then they'd watch the ray, they'd add the magnet and they watched the ray move and so they were starting to study that the magnetism would affect these rays and could make it so you can manipulate them. JJ Thompson was also another person, another scientist involved in the studies of cathode rays. He was a British physicist and Nobel laureate in physics. He is credited with discovering the electron, the first subatomic particle to be discovered. He studied cathode rays and in 1897 Thompson showed that cathode rays were comprised of previously unknown negatively charged particles that we now call electrons. He calculated that the they must have bodies much smaller than the atom and in 1906 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics. So this study at this time it was less about display technology and trying to figure out the studying the atom and just electrical waves and JJ Thompson again is credited with the discovery of the electron. Now finally up to this point we get somebody who has the idea to use this tube as a display and that is a scientist Carl Braun and so in 1897 he came up with that first display you just saw there. He was a German electrical engineer, inventor, physicist and also a Nobel laureate in physics. Braun contributed significantly to the development of radio and television technology. In 1897 he built the first cathode ray tube and also a CRT oscilloscope and again he's the first one to think of it as a display. The first tube was called the Braun tube or the Braun tube. The CRT was a modification of the Crooks tube and had a fluorescent screen within the tube. Braun was again the first to conceive it as a display. If you look at this picture you can see the fluorescent disc that is at the bulb end on the left-hand side. That's the display screen that would have been within the first tube right there. Alright so we start to move into after Carl Braun and then we're getting into more of a development of this technology as thinking of it for display and oscilloscope purposes and the introduction of hot cathodes allowed for lower acceleration of anode voltages and higher electron beam currents. Since the anode now only accelerated electrons emitted by the hot cathode and no longer had to have high voltages to induce electron emission from the cold cathode. So prior to this CRTs did not have what was called a heater installed in the electron gun cathode area. That's what they started to add at this point and some plates to try to deflect with magnetic plates. Alright so now we're going to move on to a different kind of era and we're going to start talking about Kenjiro Takeyanagi and his work in the display. He was a Japanese engineer and a pioneer in the development of television. He began researching television in 1925 after reading about it in a French magazine. Over the next year he developed a cathode ray tube all electronic television set. On December 25th 1926 he successfully demonstrated his system at Hama Yatsu Industrial High School where he was a teacher at the time. The CRT set had a 40 line resolution and it displayed this image at the bottom. The top is a picture of that original tube display and then here's a closer look at that display and on December 26th he successfully demonstrated his system again at his high school and that's what it would have looked like. I do have one more picture so this was not something where he had an image to project like a video image obviously. None of that had really been made so he had a way of brightening up the image to the right and then getting that image to go through and be displayed on his screen and that would that is what the image reproduction would have looked like. He is known in Japan as the father of television and he continued to develop his TV sets and by 1927 he had improved the resolution of the image up to a hundred lines and then one year later he displayed the first human face on a CRT screen. Takeyanagi continued to play a key role in the development of television at NHK which was the Japanese Broadcasting Company and then at JVC or the Japan Victor company where he eventually became vice president. He was also involved in the development of color television and videotape recorders for Japan. All right so that's more of the 1920s era we're going to get into what other companies started to do as this technology progresses. There were a lot of other TV sets actually in development during this time. We're going to first take a look at an important two companies that were important for development of TVs and that's RCA and Westinghouse Electric. Okay so this would have been an example of one of their original monitor unit test units they called this one. The monitor unit which came to be known as the octagon set was developed in later years of the 1920s. It displayed a red and black image by means of rotating a rotating spiral hole disc set in front of a neon lamp. The motor speed was synchronized to that of the transmitter disc while the neon lamp flashed in accordance with the light impulses picking up by the photo cells. A lens increased the 24 line 20 frame per second image size to three inches square. So as a three by three image the electronics were built into a late 20s floor model radio cabinet so you have the electronics built down in here and the octagon TV tuning set up there and again this is like a test set. So at this time RCA in 1929 in the summer the engineers had constructed a 60 line 20 frame per second mechanical scanning camera and they were transmitting pictures including the images of Felix the cat using RCA's FCC authorized call W2XBS and this is what that image would have looked like if you were looking at it through that early television set and on the octagon set. Now another group was making a TV set called the Camden group and this would have been a small business that was working on a different style prototype for RCA to review. There's was called just a mechanical TV it was finally finished up at about 1930 and it worked similarly to the octagon set we just saw. So you've got those two sets in development other early television development RCA's president at the time David Sarnoff wanted to produce a working television system with the help of his former countryman Vladimir Kozma Zworkin and Sarnoff had taken an interest in Zworkin's work at Westinghouse. Zworkin was working at Westinghouse studying early television and the problem was Westinghouse Electric was not really interested in funding or pursuing really the work of Zworkin and further studies of the set but in 1929 RCA Sarnoff in an arrangement with Westinghouse he began funding the development of the iconoscope and a receiving tube called the kinescope both were developed and invented by Zworkin. In 1929 this would have been the kinescope the kinescope tube CRT this tube it was seven inches by 20 inches with a willamite phosphor screen prepared by Zworkin's group external vertical deflection plates as well as horizontal deflection coils were employed for scanning and the second anode voltage was 3,000 volts so these would have been quite experimental at the time and also had a lot of a lot of electricity in them. Here is the first kinescope TV set this was demonstrated in a lab in May of 1929 and radio transmissions using separate channels for video and sync was added in August of 1929 and there were seven of these test sets manufactured at that time. Alright so there's this all comes together these these sets they come together under what's called Sarnoff's tests and during 1930 Sarnoff wanted to test the sets Sarnoff and the RCA team began testing different TV sets against one another retired RCA engineer John Paul Smith was quoted we gave a demonstration for General Sarnoff of the status of television receivers at that time a demonstration was arranged was Zworkin's warehouse lab set a mirror and lid set which we saw that was one of the seven that was made and then it had the octagon set and the other set that was the mechanical set that we had talked about a second ago these are those sets so you see the on the right hand side this is a photo from the original tests you've got the octagon set and then the camden groups mechanical set and then these two on the left were Zworkin sets so that these are huge all the electronics are actually in these cabinets at the bottom so you have the one that has the mirror tilted up and then Zworkin made one that was just a set without the mirror. Okay so we get a little bit further down the way and it's obvious that RCA chose the mirror up set for the next set to develop and this was a 1932 set test set they did get the image quality up to 120 lines 20 frames 24 frames per second picture and sound were tuned separately and the CR the CRT had a green phosphor in 1984 RCA engineer Jeff Lindaro discovered an example of this television in an RCA warehouse in Indianapolis it was being junked and he rescued it the video receiver is an 11 tube tuning from 35 to 55 megahertz the auto audio receiver is a 10 tube super tuning between 55 and 75 megahertz and the power supplied to the unit was 1000 and 6000 volts so tons of electricity in this unit and the way that they created the images for the display set in 1932 the 120 line images transmitted to the 1932 test set were produced by giant photocell reflector assemblies and they required to pick up as much light as possible from the subject illuminated by the scanning beam the intense light was generated by 150 amp arc projector and chopped by the 120 hole scanning disk the resulting image was still very noisy according to the engineers so that this is a picture of that setup you can tell they was just an intense amount of light that needed to be reproduced to get the image to show up here's just some photos of this 1932 trial set you could tell in that middle picture how is just loaded with the tubes inside there that would power and help you transmit the image or the the frequencies to get an image now and by 1933's working developed a spherical iconoscope that could be incorporated into a camera a top-mounted mirror reflected the image on the mosaic on the mosaic to the camera operator so this is kind of the first display that would be on a camera so that the camera operator could watch what was being filmed through a tube and it's it's very big and complicated but there's just a tube in there and it it's a little bit distorted but up by the sea you can see that dome shaped tube kind of in that black and white image here's a closer look at this tube and there's an explanation of the iconoscope operation I'll read this to you it's a it's an image focused on the photosensitive mosaic globules liberates electrons leaving them positively charged in the bright areas the electron gun produces a scanning beam that additionally charges the globules and the different charge is captivately coupled to the signal plate generating a video signal so I mean that's a lot of speak it's very complicated the way it's worded but it's just basically the way he was able to get that image reflected through using a lens through the back of the tube onto a plate okay so this is all leading up to the 1930s when behind Sarnoff's leadership RCA continues to develop a TV system with broadcasting capabilities he announces at a stockholder meeting in May of 1935 that RCA would be investing one million dollars into the project the project would include the construction of studio facilities as well as a new transmitter and an antenna atop the Empire State Building in the mid 1936 in mid 1936 testing began in New York City's Radio City Studio 3H okay so now we're moving on to a 1936 television by RCA this is the RR359 receiver originally with a nine inch screen was designed for use in the 1936 343 line tests so 343 they're trying to up the resolution of the picture make it more clear this 32 tube set plus CRT tube used older 6D sixes some octal types as well as experimental tubes separate video and audio IF amplifier strips were employed the picture was still green and black and still reflected by a mirror for the viewers here's a look at that RR359 and you can just see how how many tubes were inside that it wasn't just the cathode tube it was all those other little tubes for the energy transmission and then to the left of that we have a picture of that first image okay so now we're all the way up to 1939 and we're getting into something that is going to be a little bit more available to the public this is the top of the line TRK 12 it had a 12 inch combination it was a 12 inch combination television and radio and it was first offered to the public at the fair the 1939 RCA publicity photo depicts the mirror in the lid 12 inch $600 combination TV and radio in an upscale home setting it tuned channels one through five 44 to 90 megahertz finally the picture was black and white and no longer green or red MSRP in 1940 would have been $600 and if we priced that out to inflation for today we're looking at a price tag of $12,321 for just that set now there was another set that they also came out with this was the TT5 the tabletop model TT5 was offered for only $200 but it required a separate radio connection to provide the sound amplifier and the speaker thus the set was often pictured with a console radio nearby it had a five inch black and white display screen and again it was $200 in 1940 inflation that would put it about $4100 today all right so night elsewhere commercially made cathode ray tube sets were produced by Telefunken in Germany in 1934 and were sold throughout Europe here's some examples of these early Telefunken sets they went with a little bit different design their tubes did mind up being a little bit bigger and they did not incorporate the mirror however the electronics did require a huge wood cabinet to house all the internal parts all right so now we've breezed through kind of the beginning era of television and we're moving into the late 30s and 40s and into the early 50s and black and white CRT TVs became very popular over those decades and of course since RCA was the first to develop these they held a big market share at the time nearly 50% in between 46 and 50 RCA labs develop a colors TV set using a shadow mask technology and between 56 and 58 television was finally broadcast in color and after the that happened into the early 60s color TV sets really started to take off and this is an example of what those early colored television sets would have looked like in the late 50s early 1960s here's a closer look at some of them you'll notice you've got way more of a rounded look on the picture as far as like a straight-edge geometry which we have ultra ultra ultimately evolve to but that's just an example of three of those sets here's some 60 sets where you're getting a little bit bigger pictures more streamlined into cabinets that were a little bit more aesthetically pleasing and RCA just continues to dominate the market at this time so here's a little bit more on shadow mask CRT technology so anybody who was in the class yesterday we saw the shadow mask CRT which would have been the dotronics DNR 27 or 25 I'm sorry this uses three electron beam guns for each color red blue and green the color beams are shot onto a metal plate with tiny holes in it called a shadow mask the original color beams were aligned in a triangular pattern called a triad and the alignment was later changed to have all three colors side by side to improve brightness and picture quality and this is just a small illustration demonstrates the electron gun with its triad figure shooting the color beams through the mask that does have an electrode that puts a current to it and then that tells it where to land on the screen and so the colors land on the screen and show you your image these are pictures of a CRT electron gun that are in a shadow mask so we saw the tube yesterday with that gun inside the mask and then we saw the Trinitron tube and if you compare it up here you can see in this first image to the left in the top that second image over you look down the middle and you see how those are separated out three different color guns right there and it's a bigger wider gun and it's it was very tricky to get those beams aligned right at the time now most the time you can also tell a shadow mask simply by the way it was curved on the grip on the glass it's curved on both the top axis and the bottom and the left and right axis so it's it's got a curve on every edge top to bottom and left to right okay so where's Sony at this time well in the 1960s Sony developed a portable black and white television called the TV 8-301 it was the first non-projection all transistor television so Sony tried to get in with a later version of a portable black and white TV there's that TV here's a closer look at an exact example of that television and it had an 8-inch display screen it was discontinued two years later in 1962 because it was not selling well and the unit was prone to break down so it wasn't a great start for Sony in 1961 Sony executives at they they tried to develop a color television they they went to an IEE trade show in New York and they stumbled across a booth for a small company called Autometric Autometric had designed a come a chromatron color CRT that uses a single electron gun the beam is shot on to a vertical grill of electrically charged wires instead of a shadow mask so Sony saw this technology they bought it immediately and they went in afterwards and started developing their own version of this chroma chromatron TV set with paramount pictures help in late 64 Sony unveils the first chromatron color TV set and it begins production and at this time to be competitive in the marketplace Sony's chromatron TVs were sold at a pretty large loss in hopes that costs could eventually be reduced in future production improvements so they were selling them at a pretty big loss here's pictures of that very first color chromatron set this was again from 1964 by 1966 Sony had not been able to reduce the cost for production more competitors started to make shadow mask color TV sets under RCA's license notably Toshiba and Panasonic and due to the continued financial losses Sony is forced to redesign their CRT and abandon the color TV market by the end of 66 Sony executives work with over 30 staffed engineers to develop alternatives to the chromatron tube between 1966 and 67 Sony your engineers have a major advancement in their design they develop a new CRT electron gun which emitted again a single beam separated by three cathodes and used a newly designed grill of the elect a grill for the electrically slotted grill now termed the aperture grill so this is Sony's breakthrough in 1968 Sony had designed had redesigned all aspects of the chromatron and abandoned the chromatron technology the new final CRT tube design was finished and the final product was unique enough to apply for its own patent the new Sony tube is named the trinitron this name comes from the root word trinity for the union of the three electrons and three electron guns into a single electron gun tron is taken from the word rude work electrons that's where trinitron came from and that was a pic sorry that's a picture of that first color trinitron set right there now here's some pictures of a trinitron tube just to show you a little bit difference we went through this in the class yesterday but the trinitron tubes have one flat side to begin with and that's up there on the top left and then at the bottom right is a curved side so one side's curved one side's flat and then there's a picture of how the smaller neck was made with a smaller single beam trinitron electron gun Sony's new technology out performs the competition on every level the new screens are brighter and they require less adjustment after production and they are eventually cheaper to produce than shadow mass CRTs this helps Sony dominate the CRT market with the trinitron for the next 40 years shadow mass technology is still used during this time in competition with Sony but it wasn't until their patent expired Sony's that is in 1996 that competitors started to make their major advances in shadow mass technology that would once again rival the trinitron and quality here's some pictures of 1970s example style trinitron sets RF mostly and then here's just how that progressed into the 1980s and you have just a sleeker design smaller sets and more channel tuning abilities larger screens and so finally then we move into like the 1990s trinitrons and this is an example of how this technology basically progressed in towards its end of life and we get the plastic era where they've moved from the heavy wood sets to things that were smaller had a lot of size variations and a couple of color choices white or black but the trinitron tubes from the 90s are some of the best ever made and that's some examples of what they would have looked like and then finally into the 2000s you get the more modern looks CRTs that you might have seen somewhere before but this is we're getting into those flat screen technology so we've moved from having any curve to the 2000s where we start adding just flat screens and other resolution and inputs are added like component video as video was added more in the 90s but the 2000s started adding higher quality inputs okay so the modern T the let's talk a little bit more about modern CRT displays and the cathode ray tube is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns the beams of which are manipulated to display a phosphor on the screen the images may represent electrical waveforms for an oscilloscope or pictures for a TV set there was also radio or radar targets and then a CRT on a television set is commonly called a picture tube so we have some modern uses here for the CRT we obviously have art installations are still using them arcade cabinets have had our CRTs ever since they were first developed and a lot of people are really passionate about keeping CRTs in them so they're always going to have arcades with CRTs as long as the technology exists retro video games and really all any analog video consoles or content even VHS DVD laser discs really anything like that really does a good job playing back because it was designed in analog form and so it fits best easiest with an analog playback monitor so you can use this also modern uses or retro PC installations you can use it to stream 4 by 3 aspect ratio content in the proper aspect ratio of course there's still military equipment that uses CRTs and oscilloscopes are still used and used today with CRTs in them and let's talk a little bit more and how this CRT display actually works I'm about to show you a really nice picture with a lot of stuff going on here but this would be your shadow mask tube you could start all the way on the right hand side and you see how we have our end with our electron gun in it and then our pins outside of the tube that's where our neck board would connect and then our neck board would send the data and energy into that electron gun and emit the proper beam to shoot and then the deflection coil and the deflection yoke which is right beyond the electron gun in the short end of over on the right that thing in the middle with it says deflection yoke and coils that's the device that creates the magnetic field and tells the beam where to land on the screen and then it's also dialed in further on the screen and the colors are sent to the proper spot through the aperture grill which again is energized it realigns the beams and spits it onto the glass and then it's just drawing that image at a high enough refresh rate from left to right and top to bottom that our eyes naturally cannot see this drawing happening but if we if we're eyes were working at a faster frame rate we would be able to see it's just a line slowly being drawn from top to bottom and then it starts over again at the top okay so I like we've been talking CRTs are designed for analog video most consumer CRTs and pro video monitors display 240p and 480i video resolutions there are some higher end pro video monitors that will display 240p up to 1080i and the digital video resolutions because digital video resolution start at 480p and above they can be displayed on VGA CRT monitors or computer monitors nearly all flat screen TVs and normal flat screen monitors don't support 240p or 480i video resolutions properly on their own the the analog video processing will add latency artifacts visual noise etc so when you try that's like when we were talking about trying to put some old analog video signal just into a normal newer CR or newer HDMI television you get a lot of sometimes those built-in TVs will add things to your analog video signal to try to get it properly sent onto the screen in an HDMI fashion and you can tell here this this these boxes on the left the bottom represent what the size of the screen is as you go up in resolution and that blacked out box area is the resolution containment area for a normal CRT where you just have the 4x3 or you could have a widescreen CRT down there that might do the green but really anything over that is all digital the red and yellow there are a lot of disadvantages to CRT technology they do have high power consumption they're big and heavy a relatively small maximum display size that says 36 inches but that's obviously wrong because you guys have two that are 44 inches much bigger we do there is this thing called 480 I flicker which has to do with the way that the video resolution 480 I works and we will get that into that more into the resolutions how video resolutions work presentation but that's just a phenomenon where people watch 480 I video on a display and you can almost see a flicker as the image is shown on the screen there's a high frequency of noise associated with CRTs and that's from the flyback transformer and some people don't hear it it is a high pitch come a squealing noise but a lot of people do hear it and it's supposedly as you age you lose that frequency so you you know you might some of us might not be able to hear it I can I still can't a little most can't display digital video signals we just talked about and of course CRTs need servicing and repairs at this point because of their age and they've all kind of cycled out of their life expectancy right so if you're looking for a CRT for some reason there are some things you should really ask yourself when you're deciding to buy these there are some markets believe it or not globally that still do refurbish and sell CRT sets a lot of markets in Asia and and like India and a lot of that areas still do sell CRTs as a normal display and these are a lot of times refurbished recycled units they get sent there from America and the Western world but if you do find yourself looking for a CRT you should ask yourself does it work how does the screen look sometimes the branding can be important because the better the brand generally means the higher quality the build what inputs does it have and what screen size fits your situation best and if you want to you should consider what year was made if you're concerned about life expectancy or needing to service that tube something new or might be better okay let's look at just some normal consumer CRT TV video inputs we've got RF which is just radio frequency and that comes in the form of a coax usually now in the older TVs you might have to screw something into the back where it has a UHF and VHF plate on there and it would just be screwed in by like a blank cable that would go to an antenna eventually that was put in that coax form which you can see on the top picture at the far left then you have composite AV which is the yellow white and red plug in down there and then you have S video which is a little bit higher quality video which separates chroma and luma from the signal in the video and that's the four pin DIN connector it's at the bottom picture here you can see it right there that's an S video input and component video was added to those later sets and some before it was officially called component video was also labeled color stream video by competitors so if you run into a set from our from Toshiba they will use color stream they'll call that but that's just component video that's their version of it so if you see color stream that means it has a component input some of the best brands the consumer CRT set we'll look at just some really high-end ones for first off of course Sony Trinitron's we've gone through in yesterday's demo we could see how much more hardware was in the Sony compared to the other brands how much more how much better the technology was basically advanced to Sony really had the CRT technology done to a really good level by the time they finished in the 90s so they're always going to be a top brand there and again two of the other really really really good brands are going to be JVC and Toshiba came out with a top-of-the-line AF series that's one of them one of their best ever that they made and then the JVC had a D series CRT television that was just an incredible set it's one of their bests that they ever made now what about the best CRTs that were ever made they would have been manufactured from the late 80s till the mid 2000s many companies in CRT industry produced commercial-grade CRT monitors these professional video monitors were developed for three industries the medical field the film and TV production industry and security CCTV the pro monitors often cost ten times the price of the consumer television and monitors and pro-level monitors provides superior picture for performance and they are completely adjustable and really were unrivaled for their quality at the time and pro CRT monitors also offer more inputs and consumer grades do they have support for both PAL and NTSC videos often and they have higher screen level resolutions and better display picture and so here's just some pictures again we've been talking we went through the PVM yesterday Sony also made a BVM which is a broadcast and that would have been their highest quality monitor excuse me and then here's just some more examples of PVMs there's the 2030 but there were plenty of other versions and footprints that they made this is a 1354Q at the top left that would have been from the middle 1990s pretty much right after the 2030 was made Sony went over to this 54Q style which would had all the dials and things at the bottom and the pull rack mount hardware right there at the front and then there's a larger version of what that progressed into into the late 90s early 2000s the M2MDU right under there there's also a gray version but that's specifically a medical version that had the white frame and build out and then there's these field monitors that you would have seen a lot during the 90s into early 2000s these eight inch field monitors here's some examples of what a BVM would look like they have a lot more hardware generally cost a lot more more more dependable for the build quality and this is what a 20-inch would look like with a built-in controller you can get ones where that controller is not there that controller can be moved elsewhere so you don't have any controls available from the outside if you want there's a BVM that's built all in one at the top and then they also had field BVMs and the back of the BVM they were a little bit more modular so they would have options as to what inputs you could fill it with whatever input cards you need Sony would provide that and then they provide a bay in the back that would have four or five different slots and you could insert pull out different cards and switch up the capability of your monitor that way. Shadowmass ProCRT monitors were also made these are the major companies who made them there's JVC Panasonic, Ikegami and NEC and that right there on the picture with Sonic is a JVC monitor there's also Panasonic's version up here there's a picture of the JVC monitor we just saw a TMH150CG there's the Ikegami monitor right here which were pretty much broadcast quality the Ikegami one so they're all metal and then the XM29 is a very large screen from NEC this one is highly desirable just because it's larger and it also does a little bit of digital processing so NEC added 480p support to their monitors which gives it that just almost a little bit more of an edge if you need that that's a good monitor for it. Let's talk a little bit about multi format ProCRTs and these are CRTs that support video signals from 240p or 480i that analog video all the way up to the 1080i format through component video and HDSDI. They generally had really high levels of resolution built into the tube itself so they maxed out at about a thousand lines on the top of models they even had a widescreen format available they were Sony's highest build qualities they do need regular maintenance and they are complex that was pretty much a normal thing for these when they were in use at the time and they do have to have an external controller and the video cards this is an example down here of one that you'll notice has no controller built into it there's there's an option port right here to add on the front a controller or the back but you can control it remotely so you don't have to have just the knobs there. So here's some just examples of those multi format CRTs at the top is a 24 inch widescreen BVM this is just a actually that that's just a mantra CRT it goes up to 32 inches and weighs a ton and they also have the PVM 20 L5 series or which well L5 series sorry that came in a 14 inch or a 20 inch variety that's over here on the right hand side that was not as high build equality as the BVMs it was just the best supporting multi format PVM that Sony came out with so it's not as high a build quality but it does do that same resolution support and then there's an example on the bottom of the last generation that Sony made in the CRT format it's the a series made up until about 2007 BVM a 32 was the largest that they made a 32 inch widescreen version of the analog television and multi format so shadow mass multi format CRTs are also available Ikegami has a couple they make they make a 20 inch version a 15 inch version right there very nice high build quality broadcast monitors kind of a competitor to Sony very good screens that they made on those there's also a JVC version of a digital video monitor that does that 1080 I support this is that DTV series in a 17 inch on the right and in a 19 inch version on the left there's also a bunch of PC CRTs that are out there there's some top ones the Sony GDM FW 900 is a wide screen CRT that people are just crazy about if they look if they're looking for a CRT for computer purposes it has just an unbelievable native resolution of 2304 by 1440 at 80 Hertz and really high vertical and horizontal refresh rate okay so we're climbing down towards the end of this the last thing I like to talk about a little bit is e-waste just some interesting facts about e-waste so in 2006 the EPA designated CRTs that are marked for disposable they're considered hazardous waste and that's due to the lead in the funnel glass of the tube and they don't and this has never changed they encourage recycling and or reuse basically reuse is the only thing at this point that's still profitable it's very difficult it's possible but it is very difficult and expensive to properly recycle this glass again because of the high lead content in it the glass is hazardous when it breaks its vacuum seal and there's only a few places around the entire world that have the ability to extract the clean glass and the lead from each other it's a very high heat process of molten glass they can extract it and sell it in its natural form but that's the only way to properly recycle it you can't for example break up sometimes you have the options to break up glass and add it to concrete mix as a additive to kind of get rid of it but that's not possible because again of the lead content in these tubes and of course you couldn't reuse that glass for anything else that would be used by a person so just remember if you do have a CRT and you want to dispose of it the regulations will differ per state on how you're supposed to dispose of it but there are companies that will take your tubes and you can ship them to them and they will break it down properly or get it into the right place so yeah this the problem is it's nowadays this is where you'll see a lot of CRTs they're very expensive hazardous and difficult to recycle as I said so I've been in plenty of facilities that would look like this on the left where you don't know what you have it's they don't have the manpower to sit down and break everything down because these things you know you have to eventually break everything out to get rid of a tube television and you have to separate the tube from all the other electronics that are recyclable so it's very manual time-demanding to just rip it all apart unfortunately most CRTs do end up in landfills or they get shipped overseas for the dangerous metal scrapping trade so these are just some different pictures from around the world there are plenty documentaries that will show you terrible things happen where these end up in areas of Africa and other areas around the world in developing countries and you'll see children around smoldering pits of fire actually breaking down circuit boards and removing components to sell on the secondary market and it's very dangerous obviously it's there's the the components are covered in more lead we talked about solder they're burning the solder with fire so there's open fumes where they're constantly breathing in leaded solder and this lead also gets into their ground and in their water table and then what they usually do is just throw the tube out it breaks on the ground it just gets trampled up so all the lead from the glass and the tube is all over the place in some of these areas but there is good news there's still plenty of great CRTs available and everyone should own at least one maybe more but that's gonna wrap up this presentation today thank you and I don't know if anybody had any questions fish okay yeah that is called a tally light and let's go back a second and look at one so the tally light for example right there you mean that's that's a system that will light up it's got a remote control port in the back and what it was designed for so you're in a broadcast environment let's say a room and you're like which cameras which which camera are we on like and when you have 20 monitors in front of you and your production manager and you want to know which monitor you're on you want to know which one you want to switch to and the best way to do that is like you'll energize this one it'll turn green you can change it yellow sometimes a red so you could have it like well this one's next that one and it's really just a method of knowing which one is active yeah yeah you can actually trip it out if you just have a if you have just a cable that has you know just a grab a cable with a metal end on each that conducts electricity small tiny you can go in the back and you just put the pin for tally light it's in the manual tell you which one it is you just connect that to ground the ground pin and it'll always light up when you turn it on so it'll always be green and you just unplug it and it'll turn off so that's the way you did it you would have a control board and you'd hit a button it would light that up to tell you what it was anything yes sir oh my goodness so the the price difference is really unreal so if you look at this page this 20 l 5 on the right it sells for almost the prices was new still today because it was about four thousand dollars when it came out but the two bvms I mean you're looking at about forty thousand dollars for those machines each then now now if you have a good one of the 32 you probably sell it for $12,000 in the open market and then the 24 inch that will go for 10,000 8,000 depending on the condition it has to be in good shape unfortunately I've got one more of these 24 inch ones but the tubes bad in it so it's kind of like a giant boat anchor because it's very hard to find a replacement tube for some of these and unfortunately there is a replacement tube and another monitor for that d24 but it's in oh did I go too far the other way it's in this CRT I showed a picture of it the FW 900 it must be there this FW 900 let's see when people found out about this one they go crazy about it there's some guy who has like 10 million 10 million followers on YouTube that does a tech channel and like last week he highlighted this monitor and every time that happens everybody on the planet goes crazy trying to get one and they're already impossible to find so every time that happens they just become harder and harder to get I have a 20 inch version of that monitor and I found it so luckily a guy on Facebook marketplace put it available for $100 and it was four hours from me and I immediately told him I would buy it and I was like please hold it for me I know you're gonna get about a thousand people after me finding you and sure enough he did and I was really happy to get it because it has all the same resolution it just has a 19 inch screen that's four by three instead of the 16 by 10 widescreen people are so enamored with the widescreen because it's comparable to a not modern display and they can hook up a modern PC to it and then you know play whatever games on there and do things like that to the PC any other questions nobody anymore it's the last the thing is is the the actual art and hazardous nature of making a CRT all those facilities were shut down and basically phased out once CRTs became the dead technology because CRTs have just gone through more of a resurgence over the last eight years if you really want to track it back to when it started to hit and come forward but before that these would have been scrapped and a lot of like I showed you in that last picture even really good ones companies wanted to get rid of them and didn't care they just wanted to bring in all new flat screen technology and so a lot of them ended up gone and at the same time the production companies that were making CRTs they switch over to flat screens abandon all their old tooling and all their old personnel that was glass artisans for the most part knowing how to properly I mean you think the complexity of making a glass tube that's consistent and working that was that took that took Sony 60 years and near bankruptcy to or not 60 years but it took them a decade and near bankruptcy to get it perfect the first time and then they got rid of all that technology so now we're at an edge where you just I don't know if there's enough skilled people that would be able to pull it off but also the environmentally dangerous nature of the lead glass would you would never get a jurisdiction most likely at least in the modern world or Western world to give you a permit to make that kind of a glass tube yeah so he yeah so when let's say it's the years 2007 or 8 and there are some companies so when you get to the end of the lifespan of the CRT you had a lot of companies that would use it's like one company would make the tube and that tube would be in maybe ten different types of CRTs it could be in an Orion branded CRT or a Zenith CRT that would say Zenith on the outside but the tubes might be the same from one place that made just the tubes and then sold them to the different places to be fit into a television set and then sold on the open market so in the Dottronics case he was able to find someone who was ready to get was basically at the end of their production cycle they had a lot of leftover certain sizes of tubes thousands of them new old stock and so he was able to purchase those and store them and then develop his own method of getting the hardware the circuit boards to work on that screen and so that's how he's making new CRT like monitors but the tube itself which is an integral part of it that's not being remade there are some companies that make the flyback which is the other high voltage system with the little plastic piece on the main deflection board there are companies that will make those still to this day in Asia so there's an ability to for that but there's nobody making the tubes at all anymore that I know of any other questions all right well thanks everybody I'll do it for this one thank you