 Okay, thanks. Our next presenter will be Dr. Eric Kemp Benedict, who's the director of SEI's Asia Office in Bangkok, where I work. David, unlike his colleagues, holds a PhD in theoretical physics from Boston University and has very wide-ranging research interests which include cross-disciplinary policy analysis for sustainable development strategies, that is a mouthful, applied tools and methods for participatory sustainability analysis and the macroeconomics of sustainability transition. So some things quite a bit different from wheat modeling. David will be presenting Urban Metabolism in Bangalore and Bangkok. Sorry, Eric, yeah, sorry. Thank you. I can get away with this because I'm new here, but not for much longer, so yeah. Yeah, findings in future directions. And Eric will be delivering this on behalf of the primary author, Dr. Vishal Mehta, also of the group in the US, SEI's group in the US, although Eric has also played a role in this research. And I won't say much about it, you'll hear about it, but the Urban Metabolism approach, which is kind of an intriguing concept to me, views dynamic urban areas as analogous to living organisms and as with living organisms, water plays an indispensable role in maintaining health and viability. So with that, leave it to you. Thank you very much, yeah. So I'm presenting this on behalf of others. And in addition to Vishal, who's leading this from the US Center, also there is someone in the room who's leading it at the Asia Center, choose it, but he just took over the project from Ornumah who is going on to graduate school. Some of you may know her. So he's still getting a little bit up to speed. He'll join me for questions later. So an overview, Urban Metabolism. As Charles just said, views cities as organisms that consume and excrete materials. And in this project, we're starting with water. This particular project is extending a project that had focused on Bangalore under a previous round of funding. And I'll just, and it's extending it to Bangkok. What I'm going to end up doing is going through a rapid fire explanation of some of the main methods that we're using. But first I'll just compare Bangalore and Bangkok. Anything that's bold is where there's a difference between them. There are a lot of similarities. Similar populations, but very different land areas. So different density. Similar rates of population growth, although faster in Bangalore. A lot of that is from inflows from outside. Bangalore is semi-arid, Bangkok is humid. That's one major difference. Another one, Bangalore is a hill city. It was once a hill fort, Bangkok is a flood plain. So those are quite different. Nevertheless, they have similar challenges. So Bangalore, most of the water supply is surface water, but it comes from a great distance away. However, there's a lot of groundwater use and that's causing some challenges. The metropolitan area, there's a combined use of groundwater in surface water, but the overdraft of the groundwater was causing subsidence, which is a challenge. So it's similar problems with extraction of groundwater, but different manifestations. Failing wells in Bangalore land subsidence in Bangkok. Local flooding in Bangalore, mainly due to changes in surface cover from development. Large-scale flooding in Bangkok. So the research questions and methods in the whole project, looking at the city-wide pattern of water resource availability, geographic distribution of water consumption, drivers that explain patterns of water use projections for water demand and supply, and links and feedbacks to the biophysical system. The whole thing built around a participatory engagement. So I'm gonna go through some of the methods that we use. So data from public utilities and municipalities, and like I said, this is just rapid fire, so this is a particular example. Data for Bangkok trends in piped water use. You can see that there was quite a jump, not in the number of connections, but in the degree of water use from piped water. And that was tied, I'm nearly certain, to a legal change. Chusek can correct me if that's not right. Second, we're focusing on a GIS analysis, because this urban metabolism idea is, it applies to the whole city level, but it also is very important spatially where it happens. You can see that population growth in Bangkok is happening mostly in the outer areas. The same thing is happening in Bangalore, and this is rather important because of the different level of provision of services, different income levels. And just another example of the GIS analysis, this is a simulation model of groundwater model. There is recharge in Bangalore from leaky pipes, but there is also withdrawal from a number of unreported groundwater extraction points, making an estimate of the extent to which that is likely based on water needs of people and how much is supplied from the pipe system. Vishal estimated that extraction exceeds recharge, but the spatial distribution is quite interesting. In terms of drivers explaining the pattern of water use, we're taking two different approaches. In Bangalore, there's a household water survey, arguably the most comprehensive household survey to understand urban water consumption. It's a major study, statistically representative at city level, information on several different measures, so you can look at a number of interacting issues. The sample frame, five regions based on pipe water availability, randomly selected polling booths, selected households around there, but I'm sorry, within that polling booth region, all the households were given a simple questionnaire, so about 30,000 households. Also, 20 households were randomly selected for a more extensive interview, a 40 minute on average interview, 1500 such households. And the expectation is this will result in the first statistically robust estimates for the number of private wells in Bangalore, penetration of piped water supply, groundwater imports through tanker supply and storage infrastructure at the household level. And this is remarkable, because these are very hard data to get a handle on, and this is important for transitions in water use, so we're very, very pleased with this. Fieldwork was completed on 24th December, data is now being entered and is still being analyzed, sorry, still being entered and it'll be available for analysis at the end of March. In Bangkok, we used a participatory planning workshop. The idea here was to engage a number of different actors, so the municipal authority was co-host of the event, the water authority, private sector, academic and research institute, civil society organizations all joined us to talk about the challenges in the management and governance of freshwater resources in Bangkok and implications of those challenges for social, political, economic and ecosystem well-being. So this is an initial engagement that we had in the project, we're in the middle of the analysis, we'll subsequently have a follow-on workshop. The key issues, they identified several quality of raw water for piped water production, so this is an increasing challenge. Availability of water sources, institutional complexity, that's fairly common situation, but it's raised to a considerable degree. In Bangkok, there's a lot of overlap in authority. High water leakage rates, although there have been some reductions. Uncertainty around climate change, rapid population growth in water users, unwilling to bear the cost of solid waste and wastewater management. And then there are these driving forces, so changes in the biophysical environment, national policy environment, institutional arrangements. And then among the social factors they identified were partly generational change. It's a very different group rising up now. Their attitudes, their experiences are very different from their parents. And there are potentially, it's not clear, changing understanding of environmental flows and valuation of the benefits of managing wastewater. So this water users unwilling to bear the cost of water management, that may change. Some final remarks just to summarize. The urban metabolism framework can be useful because it focuses attention on material needs. It constrains the analysis using material balances. But it's important to look at the spatial distribution of flows for insight into social processes. And this project combines quantitative analysis with engagement in a cycle of engagement and analysis that permits a two-way flow of information. I will also say I wasn't going to do it in this presentation, but since it's relevant for this session, there's also a web-based interactive tool for looking at this process as well, which is well-developed for Bangalore and we're looking at developing it for Bangkok. Thank you very much.