 So I'm with Lenny Caffe, I'm the old leader at South Dakota State University. I have been the leader for the past five years now. So I'm going to talk about a partner chair grant where we have done some trials under authority trials, under organic management. And so all of you are growing oats. And so if you see, if you have comments, you can stop me during the talk. I'm also interested in getting your input and what you're thinking. So this grant was initiated, the idea was initiated with a talk between Jesse Ol, he's a farmer in South Dakota, in Amlington, South Dakota, and Jim Fennegan in RCS. So he was transitioning to organic and he wanted to test what variety of oats he was interested in, putting oats and what variety of oats should he put there. And so then I reached out to my two breeder in Minnesota and in Wisconsin and they reached out to farmers of the desert that would be interested. And so we had trials on common fenceholding medicine, Minnesota, and in Wisconsin, on Mark Dolas farm, both have been organic farmer. And so Kevin Smith was a person in Minnesota but he's a barley and oat breeder. And in Wisconsin, the strategist is also a small grain breeder over there. So I will give you first an introduction of why it's important to look at the variety and have knowledge of how the variety is going to perform and then I will give the results from the circumstance and I will also introduce another grant, another work that we are doing that is funded by General Mills. So Farmer Sustainable Farming System, you need to be respectful of the environment and of people's health and it needs to enable for the farmer to make a living. And so I think oat is a good fit in a sustainable farming system in bringing diversity in the crop and for soil health. Oat fits well as a large crop for alfalfa. It's good with mycorrhizae for the soil health and it also has less input compared to other cereal crops. And as a food, oat has health benefits, so it also fits well. But for the farmer to be able to make a living, the crop needs to have a return and the choice of variety that is planted can make a big difference in terms of productivity and also if you are able to market your grain. So plant breeding has a role to play to develop variety that are adapted to the production system and we are increasing productivity, disease resistance, lodging and use quality. And to show you the difference to the impact that it can have on the future. Here is an example, that's from the conventional system that we run at South Dakota State University. There is CPT and every year they do trial, quality trial. And we use that as a result for the Eastern Farming. We see similar results on the Central and Western Farms and just to give an example, if we, for example, Jerry over three years of also location from the eastern part of the state. So that's an example from the trial. And if we see the overhaul yield average for Jerry and compared to Dion, we have a difference of almost 43 bushels per acre. And that's over several locations and three years. So that can make quite a bit of difference just what variety you're choosing on the region. And if we take at the organic price, it makes even more different kind of a bigger impact. There is a demand for organic growth. This is for the grain, organic grains, not only growth, but, and it shows that there is more value for imparted grain versus domestic. Far out, even conventional, a lot of it is imparted from Canada. But there is a deep market there for organic food. But to be able to meet that market, variety is also important because you need to meet the specification of the market. And from one variety to another, it might make it that you can sell your grain or not be able to sell it and market it. This resistance is also really important. Here, the major issue with oat is corn rust. How many days do you think there is? This is a susceptible variety. Both pitchers were taken in various rounds of the time in 2019. How many days do you think there is between those two pitchers? It's eight days. So that's off-power. It's very susceptible to corn rust. And the corn rust will make that you have barely any grain harvested. The test weight will be really low and it will break the straw so it can really damage the crop. And in South Dakota, or not just in the area, in the region, we have the bad farm that is present as the alternate host. And because of the presence of the alternate host, the corn rust can do its full cycle and there is new races that can overcome the resistance gene. So often, varieties that have been released that are resistant they become susceptible. For example, off-power that we just seen was resistant when it was released and then it became susceptible. So also looking at newer variety releases is important to have corn rust resistant as well. There is over-disease, smud, barley, little dwarf. And so then we, as part of this, we did a survey of organic farm and asked, it's just a small survey, there was a few participants and we asked what was the important trait when they select variety and so yield test weight and use quality were among the most important. We also asked what variety the farm were growing on their organic farm and some of them, of the reply, were actually variety that are, but we know are very susceptible to corn rust. So when we, there is a lack of information on what is recommended for organic management. Steve Zunger here does an organic trial in the NSU, perhaps you've been doing that for a long time, but on the other area of the region there is not a lot of information. So the objective was to identify profitable, good variety for organic production. So we assembled a set of 20-hought variety, seven different breeding programs. We asked producer, like, three-hought breeders that were participating to that and then milling industry into which variety we should be testing and we tested two, OT 1006 was actually released as cancer and Oravina, those are released by farm, come from Canada. We included them because they were developed specifically under organic management from the beginning of the breeding process. So we wanted to see if those would fit better while the other ones that were developed for conventional management. So we had trials at those three farms in two years and then because the first year, one of the trials, we were not able to harvest. We decided that at each state we would also have one on the experimental station to make sure we have enough data at the end. So each one were managed a little bit differently in terms of previous crop, they had under seeding, the seeding rate. And so I will present just the, I won't go in detail at each location or I will present an overview to make sure I'm keeping in time. So for yield, in this concerned location and Minnesota, it was very similar ranking and the overall beta gene, Dion and Saddard can hire for yield. At the South Dakota location, we had no farm rest at all. It was a dry year. So the ranking was a little bit different and obviously Aiden, Newberg and Leggett did well. For that's why it was consistent hope-wise location and environment with Auntie Go and Sumo that did best. We hired Saddard Leggett, Aiden, Natty, Shelby and Dion. So those who have started the yield also were started by yield, overall average yield. We also tested for quality to make, to look how they are meeting quality requirements of the milling industry. So here the plant-meat seed is important as we've seen is a waste of the milling industry. So the one that you see, I put a red cross. Those are the ones that would not meet but would have deduction on the pricing. But often after 12% seen, you get a discount and hire about 20% that can reject and don't want to buy it. So Auntie Go has very high seed, very small seed. So that's something to be aware of. Beta gene has a high-person plant so a very big seed that's desirable. Dion is acceptable, the seed was under 12%. Then for Saddard, same thing, it's desirable under 12% and Sumo, high-person and low-seed, so desirable as well. Then we also look at 1,000 kernel weight or Avina has very high 1,000 kernel weight and another thing that we looked at is the growth percent. That's important for the milling industry. There will not be a discount based on that but it might affect if they're interested in that variety or not. So what they're selling, the product they're selling is a growth. So hell is a waste. So the higher production of growth is more important for them under return that they will have at the mill. Here, Beta gene has high growth percent, Reins, Saddard, Shelby and Sumo. Dion is also okay. So it was good. However, one of the line from Canada is very low. So the two varieties from Canada that did not do as well are also very late and likely too late for South Dakota, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. So then, as far as milling quality, what was nutritional quality is also important. And you know protein, but also beta-leucan. Beta-leucan is a fiber in oats that is unique and that provides a health benefit when you see on the bulk of cherries, this is because of the beta-leucan. So the higher the beta-leucan, the better nutritional properties that the oats will have. So as far as protein, Antico has high protein content. And then for beta-leucan, Beta gene has the highest protein content. Beta-leucan content, sorry. Beta-leucan, the milling industry doesn't want to see anything on the form and the higher, the better. So Nati would not admit, would not be disavowed for them. It has too low beta-leucan. So now to just on the over-agronomic characteristics of the main that we've seen towards the government productivity. And Antico is healthy with a logic score from 1 to 96 and good prognosis resistance, the prognosis here are ratings that are taken at the best content site. Beta gene is need-to-late and acceptable prognosis-free and prognosis-resistant. Deion, it's a later matter-infinity. The prognosis is okay and the prognosis is good. And we talked also about saddle. Saddle has its early matter-infinity with good lodging, very good lodging resistance and prognosis resistance and sumo is very healthy and with acceptable lodging and good prognosis. So to summarize that same result the top platformer of Deion, Saddle, Beta gene, Antico and sumo with Beta gene be careful for the test weight to make sure your, because you might have difficulty depending on where your area is to match the test weight requirement. You need offense 36 and you get discount comes down to 38. So it might be tricky to meet the test weight requirement. Antico, what held for the sins and sumo was a little bit less sealed than Deion and Saddle but it had excellent test weight so if the issue is test weight it might be something that you want to consider. This study was based on the limited number of environment ideally for good recommendation we want to test of an environment for several years and the more environment the better the data. So we are continuing this work with a new grant that is from Generals Foundation and so those are the people involved at the CSU are listed here. It involved not only woods this time it includes spring wheat and winter wheat and it's not only organic but also regenerative and convention also with expanding the capability of our breeding program and we are interested in developing a variety that small kind of variety that fits those different production system. So I'm going to just talk about the organic trials that we did as part of that larger grant this year we had the various funds the South East Research Station site we had an old and spring wheat trial of this year this summer and right now there is a winter wheat that is in the grant. So far for old results we are testing more variety and some breeding lines because the idea is to also be able to select breeding lines that are better. So all the little hysterics is things that we have not tested before there was also a new release a Minnesota Perl was just released and so we were able to include that one Rashma is a new release from CSU and Wahya is a new release from CSU and so at that site Sumo, Sadole and Dian Wahya towards the top and then we also had Rains and Higget and then Betagena and Antigo So overall the one that we think towards the top and to the south and also here towards the top and we can see that there is some breeding lines that are also promising in terms of yield and so when I liked it we had a lot of test weight in our format for test weight we still have Antigo with very high test weight and Sumo and then the plan rest we have heavy plan rest over there as you seen on the picture earlier and so the best for plan rest resistance so lower a severity where Sumo, Sadole and Ligget and Dian were so more faster that we usually see so we need to keep an eye to see if it's a change of races and that that might overcome the resistance in Dian or if it was just a year or years of very high pressure and then we did also hand on farm organic trial at Charlie Janssen farm in Madison, South Dakota and at that site we also had a variety trial a little bit smaller in size with my five founders seeding and we did also a seeding rate trial we had three odd varieties and we tested our different seeding rate because some because the further kernel weight changed quite a bit from variety to varieties the texture also changed from variety to variety so we wanted to see if there was a seeding rate based on the the variety and so we were also hoping to see the effect on the alpha alpha from the next year we the problem this year we planted very very late we had very wet condition so we could not, as we were planting we had to stop of track towers so the seeding rate trial was partly planted so all data because we have so many seeding data doesn't show any effect of the seeding rate but we'll try again next year so just I think that although we don't have as much data on organic I would encourage you to still take a look at the conventional arch house, there is some every year I've done in North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin South Dakota and Iowa, who is a practical farmer of Iowa and those still provide good data and knowledge about the variety of our test weight lodging, plant disease resistance resistance system, depends no matter how the production system also for quality it's pretty consistent and then if you're interested in knowing more about the organic production there is the extension of the University of Minnesota that has put something online that is informative and then last recommendation, I would recommend to use certified seed if you are not sure what your plant is from a clean area and that all you have the ability to clean it good it will help with not bringing seed borne disease it will help knowing exactly what variety you are planting and not be surprised what's characteristic and then it will limit the weed amount that you're bringing back and we're making sure you have good germination and diseases are seed borne you have smud seed borne and then I'd like to thank a general foundation there and then the farmers that are participating with us Charlie is over here and so thank you and then if you are interested in how to know like a child to set up in your farm please let me know because whether it's both or spring week or winter week we're interested to do on farm trials and working with you knowing what are your challenges and so thank you Nadia and Bryce what is the premise or what are the factors that you make when you made a statement that they're too late because you get more rust or what's the time that it matches and that we are investing it's very late and the yield I think it doesn't have the time also we can have some time each wave higher heat and the very late might not be it like the heat can come at a time that is that affects the yield on the very late mattering so it has effects on testers yes so it's just too warm when it's finished so that's and one of them is extremely extremely late for us in South Africa well it was late I had a problem and one other thing is I think depending on the season you will have some time on your mattering that will perform better and sometime you will see the late mattering better so if you have enough area that you can plant two varieties it might be a good idea to have part of it being a later and part of it being your mattering variety do you know what the driver is in terms of why the why the earlier varieties maybe do better it's usually because of the weather pattern when it stresses the plant at a time that is critical and depending on the maturity it will be at that critical stage so if you have two different maturity it might not affect both because they are not going to be at that same stage