 Okay, so as part, good afternoon. And as part of the Comparative Kinship Project, which Gordon has widely introduced, in the first talk, I'm focusing on animals and animal economy. And it's an element of the Pictish economy that is completely unknown, or which we know very little at the moment. So in this talk, I'll be presenting our very first results, basically from four remains that we've recovered from some excavations. And to illustrate the lack of archaeological information that we have about the Pictish, and especially the animal economy, in 2014 Quartz International published a special issue on archaeology in Europe. And it was quite telling because the map they produced basically showed Scotland as a dark spot. There was not even one site mentioned. Nothing. There's loads for England, a lot for Ireland, but nothing for Scotland. Ireland is probably the country in Europe with the best record when it comes to animal economy. It's a good archaeological record, very good textural record, and a good parliamentary record as well. And the works like many led by Finn Barman comic have shown the importance of cattle in the economy in Ireland in the early middle period, and especially for daring. It's a daring economy. Cattle is usually the basic unit for wealth. It's also used for payments towards the elites. And this is a contrast with England. England at the time, sheep, though cattle are important, but sheep are much more important in England than they are in Ireland. So it's a different economy between the Anglo-Saxon world and what's happening in Ireland. What does come out though is that the consumption of pigs is rated to feasting and often to high status sites. So often cattle is not only a source of meat. It's also used for traction, plowing, for daring, as I mentioned, and also the use of hides, including making vellum. Sheets and goats can be used as a source of meat, but they're also used for milk and, importantly, wool. And pigs are usually just a source of meat. So basically, in England, though England and Ireland benefit from a rich record, and we have no real comparison of that quality for North East, for England or for Scotland, and especially North East Scotland, it does not mean that there are no sites of your remains. So here are some key picnic sites for which there are formal remains. I've done and captured Craig, Port Mahomak, Port Guenos, Katniss. And as you can see, there's a clear gap for North East mainland Scotland. But our recent excavations have yielded some formal remains. Not big assemblages, nothing comparable to Port Mahomak or even in Orkney or Shetland. But we're starting to be able to pull a kind of picture of what might be going on at these sites. So, as Gordon has mentioned, these are high-status sites, for which we've had some elements of what we're going to say about animal economy. So, Birke has been presented already, but the site is supported by site. And we've had two seasons of excavation there in 2018 and 2019, and we've got about 3,000 bone fragments. So, it might not seem huge, but for this part of Scotland, it's pretty good. Unfortunately, the identification rate is pretty low, only 15%. So, at the moment, in terms of bones and vitreous species, we're ranging around 500. So, this is Birke Heads, so there's basically... So, this is the Upper Citadel, this is the Lower Citadel. And over half of the bones come from the Lower Citadel in this trench 18. So, this is trench 18, which is 18 metres long and you can see it's revealed a large wall and some occupational deposits here that are darker coloured. So, possibly we're looking at a large building for which we don't have the edges. And as you can see, the bones are relatively well preserved, coming from different areas. And we've just given the surface of these deposits. So, we can see this slot is only about barely 10 centimetres, we've gone down about 10 centimetres at the very most. And we're very pleased, quite a distant sandwich for this material. I did a bit of math rapidly, if the total volume, if we expand the whole of these black deposits or dark deposits, essentially we could yield from assemblies of around 26,000 bone fragments, which would give us about 4,000 or 5,000 identified bones fragments, which then would make it almost comparable to Port Mahoma, for the picturesque period of Putnamar. Metatab, recently excavated, good bone preservation, again a very small intervention. And the bones are well preserved, but only a small assemblage of about 1,000 bones. Again, hopefully further excretions will reveal more. And if we look at the formal composition, what you can see here is cattle is dominant at Burghead, it's also dominant at Metatab, and we've got sheep and pig on both sides. So, the three main domesticas that you get are dominant. We get a bit more diversity at Burghead than we do at Metatab, which would be a sample or a size of sample. We get the old thing like Badger and Fox, a bit of domestic fowl, some birds, very little fish, as you can tell it's the same from Metatab, very little fish. Even in Burghead's coastal site, we get very few fish. So mainly cattle dominated, and at Metatab, so you can see how the M&Is are very low at the moment. The interesting one is for Metatab with pigs in terms of minimum number of individuals are actually higher than cattle. So, we all get to see a picture of pig being relatively important at this site. So, to compare the composition of Burghead and Metatab to other Pictish sites, I've thought of them here in terms of percentages, and you can see that for all Pictish sites, cattle are high-dominant, and pig usually are ranked second, with the exception of the Shetland and Orkney sites, which might be an environmental issue there that maybe sheep are better adapted. Rani, we've got some remains from Rani, identified by Ingrid Mainland, a small assemblage, but you can see there's actually a high number of pigs versus compared to cattle. It's actually the site with the highest number of pigs, and pigs overall might be underrepresented. It's been noted for Clatch-a-Craig, the Zorg parages who identified the assemblage in the 1980s, did say maybe because pigs were sort of young that bones don't preserve as well, and maybe pigs are actually more important than they seem to appear. So, rapidly the graph that explains how it works, it's a cattle to pig on the horizontal axis, on the vertical it's sheep to pig. Basically this line here, anything below, pigs are more frequent than sheep, and everything to the right of this line, it means cattle is more dominant than pigs. And here it means that these sites, there's more pigs, and here there's just many cattle. So the interesting thing here is that we've got our high status sites, which seems to cluster here, where pigs are relatively important, and you've got Port Mahoma, the monastic site, which is completely under the spectrum with very few pigs. I plotted Iona, which is not in Pickland, it's on the west coast of Scotland, but it does seem to have a similar signature to Port Mahoma. We've got an outlier in Clatch-a-Craig, I've put Danad, which is Dalrata, so the west of Scotland, and it's got a different, it seems to have a different signature to our northeast sites, and Dunbar is in South East Scotland, it's in Lothian, it's an Anglo-Saxon site, and you can see it's got the signature of what's been noted in England, where sheep are more important. Do we have a picnic signature? Well, as I say, if it's too good to be true, it's probably not true, the sample's too small for the moment, but by adding as much data as we can from Ireland and from England, maybe something, maybe this bag will still be visible or not, but what seems clear is that monastic sites and secular sites are different. So this is ongoing analysis, so we don't have a lot of data yet, but I plotted this looking at bone fusion for cattle, and basically it's giving you the survival rates per age group. And what you can see here is that the survival rate is pretty high, which means that most cattle get slaughtered after 36 months, so they're quite older animals. If this was beef consumption, you'd get a drop around here when animals are at their prime to be a consumer's beef. And we've got Cassie absence of very young calves, and very few here killed in their prime. And this is actually similar to what Fimba McCormick has done for Ireland, and you can see they've got a lot more sites with different site types, but he's identified a daring economy in Ireland, and this is the profile, so you can see here, very few calves, very young calves, and much older individuals. And this is part of a daring economy, or the use of cattle for daring, and it seems that we might have a similar pattern here. And the reason you get very young, you don't have very young calves that are slaughtered because they're used to, so the calves produce milk, so they need to have the calves till about six months. We've also been, our colleague Kate Britton has also been conducting isotopes analysis, looking at human diet and also looking at diet of animals. And it's also been, the projects have been looking at diet and subsistence. And what you can see here, so she's been using various isotopes, so carbon that shouldn't give you the diet. So what you can see here is that these are human, these are pigs, and you can see the variety is actually quite boring, they're all plussed here. What this shows you though is that there's in-between freshwater fish and pigs. So even though salmon are very important on the symbol stones, they're clearly, they're not eating salmon. If they're eating salmon, they'd be somewhere around here. So they're in-between pigs and freshwater fish, suggesting that pigs are actually an important part of the diet and freshwater fish as well. And you can see cattle are down here. So this kind of fits the pattern of cows being used for daring, also probably traction plowing. And for diets, more pigs in freshwater fish. She's also done some analysis on the animals, on animals, and the interesting trend here is that the sheep, which are, there's a few dots here that these are sheep, they cluster higher than the cow in nitrogen and so she thinks it's possibly salt marsh raising which give the sheep a higher value. And the pigs are close to the humans, but the pigs have got a very varied values and this possibly can be linked to them being reared in woodlands rather than in backyard pens behind her houses, which you might get in the later evil period. She's also been looking at strontium and sulphur, which gives you where geography the animal is coming from. And the interesting thing here is you can see these are from Birkhead. So sheep and pig are values that are constrained within a small range, which suggests that they're probably all local. But on the other hand, the cattle have a very wide distribution of values and this suggests that they come from much wider region than sheep and pigs. And this could suggest maybe payments to Birkhead coming from a larger hinterland. So it could suggest the control of Birkhead on a quite larger region. So to summarise, cattle predominate at pinkish sites and our sites that we've estimated are showing this trend to continue. Cattle mean used for dairying and come from wider region than pigs and sheep. Pigs are likely to have been the main contributor to the diet in terms of protein. Sheep and goats are seen from this island, they're not very frequent. And so generally, it seems that the pinkish economy is something more of that of Ireland than that of England at the same time. And when we go next, well, obviously continued as rockville analysis, looking at age of death and body part representation and doing some metrics as well to try and understand more if there's dairy economy by looking at maybe separating males from females and trying to understand more if some of these sites are consumer sites or producing sites or are a bit of both. Do we have improved breeds? In the comic I showed that the sheep are not improved, but we don't know for Scotland yet. We'll be releasing final collections that don't have available data. Text-to-mine textual sources for the food that we have and we'll generate a large database of own remains to include the Irish sites and the English sites and that's the next key to see if we do have something quite specific for the pigs or if it resembles one of the other two economies. And Kate's going to be doing more biomedical analysis. Thank you.