 Peptid-based drugs have seen significant progress over the past decade due to advances in production, modification, and analytical techniques. These advancements have enabled researchers to overcome the limitations of peptids and continue to advance the field. Novel design and delivery strategies have been developed for peptids, as well as chemical and biological methods for producing and modifying them. Natural and modified peptids have been studied across various therapeutic areas, including cancer, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite these successes, there are still many challenges ahead for the development of peptid-based drugs. This article was authored by Leyi Wang, Nanxi Wang, Wenping Zhong, and others.