 Realizing the importance of having effective cyber laws, Pakistan has in the last two decades developed and promulgated several cybercrime laws. We have already seen earlier that in 2002 came electronic transaction ordinance. Then in 2007 arrived electronic or cybercrime laws. And then finally the most current ones are Prevention of Electronic Crime Act, PICA 2016. Just pinning the importance of having effective cyber laws in order to combat cybercrimes I am very tempted to share a quotation from National Research Council USA given by them in year 1991 while they say that the modern thief can steal more with a computer than with a gun. And tomorrow's terrorist may be able to do more damage with a keyboard than with a bomb. So for major financial frauds, for major terrorist activities, and several others, cybercrime has the potential of creating havoc or causing menace even way beyond our imagination. And the only way to actually prevent a large range of cybercrime or in order to regulate cybercrime, the root is to have effective cyber laws. Pakistan realizing this need of the hour came in 2016 with PICA. Before we look at into the details of PICA, let's first again revisit the importance of having cyber laws. Cyber laws are required in order to prevent, in order to deter, in order to monitor and regular cybercrime. Cybercrimes are often international nature, in particular the financial frauds, whether it is extracting large sums of money out of bank accounts or whether it is this very small amount of financial theft out of individuals bank account but done repeatedly so that over time it becomes a larger theft. So usually financial crimes are often international nature. Further, cyber laws have an important role in representing and defining the norms of the cyber society. Cyber laws help in giving the right to enter into legally enforceable digital contracts which it wouldn't be possible to do in their absence. Then cyber laws help in maintaining and owning the cyber property. They help in carrying on online business which has increasingly become the backbone of several economies. Cyber laws further provide legal reorganization for electronic documents and digital signature. The most recent cyber laws promulgated in Pakistan are PICA 2016 and they make provisions for a persecution of several cyber crimes which are increasingly increasing with the utilization of internet and computer and its related technologies. Now we are just going to look at some of, not all but just some examples of the crimes which are covered under PICA 2016 and the punishments for those offenses. For instance, for any unauthorized access to an information system or data, this particular crime is punishable with an imprisonment of you know of maximum three months or a fine which may be up to 50,000 rupees and both these punishments could also be awarded together. Then for the crime of unauthorized copying or transmission of data, there could be an imprisonment of up to six months or there could be a fine of you know 100,000 rupees and both these punishments can also be given together. Looking at a few other examples, for the crime of interference with information system or data, there can be an imprisonment which can extend to two years as well as a fine which can be up to 500,000 rupees and again both punishments can also be awarded together. Then for the crime of an unauthorized access to critical infrastructure systems and data, there can be an imprisonment which may extend up to three years or a fine up to one million rupees and like previous ones, both these punishments can also be awarded together. Moving on, for an unauthorized copying or transmission of critical infrastructure data, there can be an imprisonment which may extend up to five years as well as a fine which can be up to five million rupees. For an interference with critical information for critical infrastructural information system or data, you know it can be punished with an imprisonment of seven years and a fine of 10 million rupees. Then another kind of a cyber crime which is glorification of an offence, an example of this could be that it is possible that that offence did not take place in the cyber space. For instance, a person may have committed a murder or may have committed rape in the physical world but they are actually using the cyber world in order to glorify it. So glorification of an offence which is you know in many cases perhaps a bigger offence than the offence itself is you know likely to be punished with an imprisonment of a term which can extend up to seven years or a fine which can extend up to 10 million rupees. And again, both these punishments can also be given together at the same time. Then hate speech, now what is hate speech? Hate speech is a preparation or dissemination of any information through any information system or device that can you know that is likely to advance interface sectarian or racial hit. Now hate speech is something which can promote or it can you know cause violence or it can you know be life threatening to an individual or a group of people. Such hate speech is punishable with a term which may extend up to seven years as well as a fine. Then cyber terrorism itself it has its own punishments but recruitment, funding and planning of terrorism which is preparation and dissemination of information through any information system or device that invites or motivates to fund or recruit people for terrorism or plans for terrorism is also punishable with an imprisonment up to seven years as well as a fine. Then as I am just quoting some of the examples of offences and punishments, now there are several offences and punishments. For instance cyber bullying, for instance cyber stalking which are covered under Pika another very noteworthy and worth mentioning a crime which is punishable under Pika 2016 is child pornography. Now what is child pornography? Well it is that whoever intentionally produces, offers or makes available, distributes or transmits to an information system or procures for himself or for another person or without lawful justification possesses material in an information system that depicts a minor engaged in a sexually explicit conduct or a person appearing to be a minor engaged in a sexually explicit conduct or realistic images representing a minor engaged in a sexually explicit conduct or it discloses the identity of a minor. Now such crimes which would fall under the umbrella of child pornography are punishable under Pika by up to seven years or a fine of five million rupees. Now as you know cases related to you know child security have sprung up in our country in recent times it is a relief that you know any dissemination of production or use of child pornography is covered under Pika 2016 along with a set of several, several others cyber crimes. Then spoofing which you know may seem to be which may not seem to be a cyber crime to several people because of lack of ignorance you know but spoofing is also punishable with a term which may extend up to three years as well as a fine of five hundred thousand rupees for the convenience of the audience if I may shed light on what spoofing is. Spoofing is that whoever with this honest intention establishes a website that sends any information with a counterfeit source intended to be believed by the recipient. Now this includes you know for instance there are times many of us might have experienced that in our social media account or in our email we receive a request from a friend or from an acquaintance or from a co-worker saying that they have run into an emergency and they would require a certain financial help but that's a typical case of spoofing and where we out of a good will may be immediately attempted to transfer some money or help a friend or a co-worker who is in such dire need. Now summarizing PICA promulgated in 2016 also on the very very positive side has or promises or offers international cooperation that means that the federal government upon receipt of a request through the designated agency under this act extends such cooperation to any foreign government 24-7 network any foreign agency or any international organizational agency for the purpose of investigations or proceedings concerning offenses related to information system. This international cooperation coming under PICA 2016 actually protects us and organizations from any kind of international cybercrime as well.