 So this is the demonstration of the left kidney. Let's start off with the fascia. This is the remnant of the fascia transversalis as you can see here. And the fascia transversalis, as it comes here, it splits into an anterior layer and a posterior layer. And we have removed the anterior and the posterior layer to show you that between the anterior and the posterior layer is this fat layer. This is the perinephrine. This completely encircles the kidney in the front on the sides and behind it also enters into the renal sinus. So we have removed most of this and we have exposed the left kidney and we have taken it out from its bed. We can see that it's got a slightly lobulated appearance. That is the repersistence of the fetal lobulation. This is the lateral border convex, medial border concave, the hyalum, the superior pole, the inferior pole, anterior surface, posterior surface. Attached to the superior pole was this gland here and this we can see is the supra renal gland. There is a facial septum which separates the renal fascia from the supra renal gland and that is what holds the supra renal gland in its place even when we have removed the left kidney. Let's take a look at the structures which are passing through the hyalum. Straight away we can see this structure here. This is the left renal vein. The left renal vein is considerably long because it is draining into the IVC. So therefore it is so long. Then we have the branches of the renal artery. The renal artery branches, they are coming from the abdominal aorta and we can see the abdominal aorta branches coming from here. The renal artery, as it's entering, it brings up into five segmental arteries and we can see them. These are the anterior superior and anterior inferior. This is the superior branch, the inferior branch and posteriorly we have a posterior branch. So these are the five segmental branches of the renal artery. And coming out from the hyalum, we have this structure here and I'll turn it over to show you this is the renal pelvis continuing now on as the ureter, which I shall describe to you just now. So the relationship is vein anterior, artery posterior and pelvis posterior most, VAP from the renal hyalum. The same principle applies to the right kidney also. Now let me show you about the ureters. This is the right ureter. Can somebody reflect this one? Yes. And this is the left ureter. The right ureter, the left ureter. The ureters have got an abdominal segment and it's got a pelvic segment. Let's take a look at the abdominal segment. The abdominal segment runs 5 centimeters from the midline. They run opposite the tips of the transverse process of the vertebrae. We cannot see the vertebrae now, but when an x-ray we can see them and then they cross opposite the posterior superior iliac spine. Then they cross a very important landmark and we can see here. They cross the pelvic brim on top of the common iliac artery. This is the common iliac artery. Similarly on this side also. It crosses the pelvic brim on the common iliac artery. And then it enters into the pelvis. Then it is opposite the ischial spine and then it goes infamedially into the bladder. So this is the course of the ureter. Now take a look at the blood supply of the ureter. The blood supply of the ureter in the abdominal part comes from the medial side. It comes from the abdominal leotard. It comes from the renal artery This vessel that we see here, this is the gonadal artery. In the case of the male, this is the testicular and in the case of femur, this will be the ovarian. So the blood supply comes from the medial side. Similarly we can see here also. On the right side, we can see this is the testicular artery and it is supplying the ureter. The blood supply on the abdominal side is from the medial side and they all run in a periuretric fascia and we can see the periuretric fascia here and we can see the blood vessels. So therefore we should not remove the periuretric fascia. Similarly in the abdomen we should not pull the ureter too far laterally either on this side or on this side. Then we will tear the blood vessels. Once it crosses into the pelvis, then the blood vessels they come from the internal iliac, uterite and the vesicle arteries which you cannot see now and they all come from the lateral side so we should not pull the ureter too far immediately in the pelvis. That is the next point about the ureter. The third point about the ureter is the sides of narrowing. So let us take a look at the first side here. This is the pelvic ureteric junction. This is number one. The second side of narrowing is where the ureter crosses the pelvic brim over the common iliac artery and the third side of narrowing is in the pelvis that is when it enters the bladder. We can see the same thing here also. We can see that this is the pelvic ureteric junction. First side of narrowing. Second side of narrowing is when it crosses the pelvic brim over the common iliac and the third is the bladder. Additionally, some inconstant sides of narrowing are this one. This is the testicular artery on the left side. The testicular artery when it crosses the ureter it can produce a kink in the ureter in the case of female it will be the ovarian artery. Similarly, on this side also this is the testicular artery and we can see that the testicular artery is crossing in front of the ureter. It can produce a narrowing. Other sides will be crossing of the broad ligament and the doctor's difference in the pelvis. So, these are the sides of narrowing. So, this is about the ureter. Now, let me show you about the supraedial glands. Again, let's start with the left supraedial gland. I've already mentioned the facial relationships of the supraedial gland. You can see that it's got its own fascia which is separated from the real fascia and it remains of a septum. This is like a French cocked hat and it is resting on the left renal vein and it is attached to the under surface of the diaphragm that's why it is not moving from its place. That's why in case of kidney descent the supraedial glands remain stuck in their place. This is the left supraedial gland and the important relationship of the left supraedial gland is that it is part of the bed of the stomach. That means it is situated behind the lesser sac. So, this is the important relationship of the left supraedial gland. Now, let's come to the right supraedial gland. The right supraedial gland is located here. We will remove the right kidney and we can see this is the right supraedial gland and we can see it is shaped like a pyramid. The apex is on top, the base is below and here also we can see it is separated from the right kidney by means of a facial septum and it is stuck to the under surface of the diaphragm so that when I remove the right kidney the supraedial gland is still in its place. We can also see that it is partially under the inferior vena keva and here it is forming what is known as the posterior boundary of the epiploid for amine. So, let me bring the structures of the extravatic portal triad here. These are the three structures of the extravatic portal triad. The common bile duct, portal vein and the epipatic artery. And when I put my finger in, my finger is in the epiploid for amine. In front of my finger are the extravatic portal triad and behind my finger are these two structures the inferior vena keva and the supraedial gland. So, therefore it forms a boundary of the, posterior boundary of the epiploid for amine. We can see one of the blood vessels. The supraedial gland gets numerous blood supply both from the inferior phrenic artery, from the aorta and from the renal artery. And it gives one vein on the right side directly to the inferior vena keva and on the left side we can see very clearly it gives a vein which is draining into the left renal vein and this is that. And not only that we can see a communication going up. This communication goes to the left inferior phrenic vein. So, therefore on the left side it has got a dual drainage. One to the left renal vein and one to the left inferior phrenic vein and this is that. Let me mention a few quick clinical correlations about the left renal vein. As we mentioned the left renal vein is longer than the right while for the artery is the other way round. The left renal artery is longer than the left. Let's come to the left renal vein. The left renal vein can be compressed by this artery here. This is the superior mesentric artery. The superior mesentric artery can compress the left renal vein between it and the abdominal aorta and that is known as the left renal vein entrapment syndrome or the nutcracker syndrome. The left renal vein is used as a site of portersystemic anastomosis because this clinic vein is located very close to the left renal vein. This is the location of the spleen and we can do anastomosis like this. This is the spleen or renal shine which is used in cirrhosis with portal hypertension. So, these are two important clinical correlations of the left renal vein. The next point I want to mention about the left renal vein is that it receives this vein here. This is the gonadal vein. In this case, it is the testicular vein on the left side. On the right side, the gonadal vein drains directly into the inferior vena keva testicular vein. When there's a compression of the left renal vein, this can compress the blood flow from the testis and give rise to left testicular baricocele. That happens only in meds. So, these are some special features about the left renal vein. Look at the position of both the kidneys. The kidneys are located in the paravartibral gutters so therefore they are like obliquely oriented. Therefore, when a patient is bedridden for long duration of time, there is tendency for urine to collect in the pelvic elixir system and that can give rise to what is known as a recombinancy calculus and it takes the shape of a stag horn. That's what a stag horn calculus is. So, these are some of the common important clinical correlations pertaining to the kidney, the supranial gland and the uret. Thank you very much for watching.