 So, nucleophilic substitution in chemistry, especially when carbon is a pretty interesting neat little topic and it kind of works a little bit like this. We've got a carbon bond and a double bond to oxygen and oxygen is all like, I want some fucking electrons because I'm a fat fuck. And so it takes its electrons and carbon gets a bit pissed off because it wants more electrons so it's left with a positive charge and it's like, help me, what the fuck are you doing stealing all my fucking electrons? I want my electrons back. You know, I'm a self-important cunt. I'm carbon here and the new cure file comes along and it says, help, mid. Can't be fucking tits for a bit. Here's some fucking electrons for you and carbon's like, well, much of lunch, mid. I'm pretty happy with that. I've now got my four bonds to me and oxygen because oxygen's a fucking prick. It's like, well, bang, then see if I fucking care. Have your electrons back. And carbon's like, help, mid. I'm on a diet here. I only want eight fucking electrons. I don't want two more for me. You can see that carbon's pretty pissed off. But oxygen's like, well, have them anyway. Talk to the fucking orbital, you twat. So carbon wants to get rid of two electrons so it looks over here and it's like, oh, well, you chloride fuck off. I don't want you anymore. And chloride's all like, well, fuck you then because I don't want you either because I'm pretty happy hanging around here. I'm fucking stable. I can have all the solvent interactions I'd like. So carbon's happy with the new cure file. Double bond to oxygen. Everyone's fucking happy and that's how chemistry works.