 Thank you so much and good morning everybody from Western Canada and I want to thank the organizers of course for so quickly managing to transfer this whole thing online seems to be going very well. I want to talk briefly in my 10 minutes on the idea of links between cross-border down-induced migration and what international water law can contribute to resolving this problematic phenomenon that's continuously growing. So this phenomenon of down-induced migration straddles both developmental migrations forced human migration and environmental forced human migration. This migration often results from either dam project designed to provide economic development on the one hand that's the developmental aspect or as a response to changing freshwater availability, for instance do the climate change that the environmental aspect of it, or some instances from both. The main triggering factors of down-induced migration are way too complicated to get into detail here. One of the main driving factors is food and water security or rather insecurity. These are in turn impacted as a result of dam construction through changes in downstream flows, spread of waterborne diseases, reduction in fisheries, deforestation and so on and so forth. The destructive effects of down-induced migration often result from the fact that the groups who are benefiting or the compute communities who are benefiting from dams and there's no question that dams can be beneficial are not necessarily also the communities that are suffering from the negative consequences of these dams. So there is an inequality between these groups and who benefits from the dams and who suffers from the dams. Also, there's inadequate in some cases resettlement plans, compensation plans by governments. So the number of dam-induced displaced people has been steadily growing since the 1950s with the steady grow in the construction of dams around the world and promises to continue rising with time. For instance, a study published back in 2000, so this is already 20 years ago, estimated between 40 and 80 million people that have already been displaced at downtown in connection with large dam projects. So I will say admittedly that most dam-induced displacement is internal, meaning that those displaced people tend to be in their home countries, but just move around sometimes from rural to city. But displacement can also have cross-border impacts and that's the aspect that I like to focus on. And the idea is because a lot of or even most of freshwater in the world is actually shared by states, actually crosses state boundaries. State boundaries dams are inevitably being built also on trans-boundary freshwater resources that are shared between two or more states. So these cross-border impacts of these dams in terms of human, forced human migration, for instance, can displace one state building a dam on a shared freshwater resource can cause displacements of people in another state sharing that same resource or even the displacement and movement of people from one state to another. So those are the phenomena that I'm looking at. And so of course this gets into the realm of international law and there are several areas of international law that have turned their attention to these growing problems. And these include international human rights law, international development law, international refugee law, international migration law, international climate change law. So I'm far from being the first one to think about this problem. But the angle or the perspective that I take is the one of international water law, also known as the law of international water courses to some. And in this regard, the idea is this is the body of law that governs generally states and rights obligations in the general management of these international water courses that they share. And within that general management also falls issues concerning trans-boundary dam projects. So I examine the links, if there are any, and it's not then I'd like to create some between international water law principles and whether or how these principles can be used by these states sharing these resources to minimize or even hopefully eliminate the harmful consequences of cross-border dam abuse migration. So setting that out as a general background, just to review briefly the core principles of international water law are three, really, no significant harm, equitable and reasonable utilization and the duty to cooperate. So these are interrelated principles that are generally designed to ensure a beneficial reciprocal relationship between states sharing freshwater resources and promote their mutual interests, which unfortunately sometimes they will side off, but it is there to protect their respective populations, the water resources themselves, and of course the broader environment. These principles are not new or not specific to international water law, no significant harm is of course based on the diligence. The whole panel is taken yesterday about the diligence. So this is obviously a big part of international water generally and international environmental law. Equity in international law is also an outstanding principle and of course the duty to cooperate. So these are generally, they already exist in international water generally, but I'd like to explore, or I do explore in this or try to in the paper, the specific application of these principles and how they can actually be used artificially to address the problem of dam-induced migration as part of international water law specifically. Because while they're general and global, in nature, they are also sufficiently flexible, I would argue, to be adapted to regional, vasting specific context so they can permit states to design specific solutions to address dam-induced migration tailored to their particular shared freshwater resources. So just briefly to touch, very briefly to touch on each of these principles. So the first one is the no significant harm principle, generally requiring states to comply. Oh wow, three minutes. I'll talk real fast. But it generally requires principle and state sorry to comply with due diligence standards of conduct, designed to minimize significant harm, and that might result from a dam project including harm to human life and health. It balances the totality of harms versus the totality of benefits including these social harms of benefits of a dam and perhaps more, most importantly, it requires states to eliminate or compensate for these harm that is resulted. So we can really serve as a benchmark against which states can evaluate dam projects and objectively assess from a distributional, hopefully, perspective, the harms and the benefits to determine whether the dam project should go ahead and how it should go ahead. And then also to hold each other accountable for any social harm. Equitable and reasonable utilization, very briefly, sets out some considerations. Equitable and reasonable considerations, these are set out in the main convention of the International Waterloo, and so they also inform these balancing of harms under the no significant harm principle and hopefully bring to life and enable states to consider these human effects including migration that these dams might have. And the duty to cooperate ultimately requires states, as the name suggests, to collaborate in the management generally and use of shared freshwater resources and in the dam context to create concrete measures to enable cooperation, particularly useful in the International Waterloo context, the creation of joint institutions. So these joint institutions can facilitate information exchange between the states, notification of planned measures such as dams, joint planning, etc. So all of these put together, these principles in conclusion can guide the planning, the construction, the operation of dams on shared freshwater resources, encourage cross-border cooperation and accountability and effectively sell disputes. Hopefully, by doing all of that, prevent or at least alleviate some of the negative impacts of cross-border dam use migration and in this way supplement other areas of international law to provide a comprehensive solution to these problems. Thank you so much.