 Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. It's a real pleasure to be here at the IWA Development Congress, two years in the planning, despite some of the challenges we are here in Colombo. So welcome to this second keynote address for the day. The title of today's session is Resource Recovery and Reuse, Business Models. My name is Hamant Kassan. I come from South Africa from a water utility called Rainwater. I also serve on the board of the International Water Association and the African Water Association. I'd like to introduce you to your keynote speaker today. His name is Pay Drishal. He holds a PhD in Environmental Sciences and is a principal researcher and research program leader at the International Water Maritime Institute, commonly known as INI, headquartered in Colombo here in Sri Lanka. He has over 25 years worth of professional experience. I can assure you when I introduce you to your panel later that the combined experience of your panel is nothing less than some 100 years. But you will notice that as I introduce each one of them. So we have almost three decades of experience from Pay. He's been working extensively in the rural urban interface of developing countries, coordinating projects and programs on the safe recovery of water, nutrients and organic matter from domestic waste streams with a special interest in safe wastewater irrigation, urban and peri-urban agriculture and the cutting edge of applied interdisciplinary research on business solutions. Pay supervised a large number of graduate and postgraduate students, served on a range of different technical and scientific advisory committees, contributed to successful proposal of over 50 million US dollars, I might say, and leads currently a program with an annual budget of 3 million US dollars. He has authored over 350 publications, half in a year, reviewed books and journals, and has worked extensively in West and East Africa and Southeast Asia. For those of you that were here yesterday evening for the award ceremony, I should mention that your keynote speaker today was the recipient of the research award of this very same congress in Jordan four years ago. I'd like to welcome this esteemed speaker to allow him to provide us with a fascinating presentation. Please welcome him in the IWA way. Thank you. So I hope this works. The technique. Good evening ladies and gentlemen. Thanks to the International Water Association for inviting me here. It was a lot of credit which I just got and thanks a lot for this. This one that I don't want to accept and that's the credit for this long title there. I have no idea who actually puts this title together. Twice the same word rural and actually had to google the title. I googled removed business models that means working from home. Actually, it's what I would like to do now. But apparently I'm here at the very wrong place for realizing this. Anyway, then I thought probably at IWA there was a task force under the leadership of Carla Sinken very long what kind of title could we give this guy and I want to respect this. So I just accept the title done. Done here. And actually I'm accepting it also because it's so typical for what we call resource recovery and reuse. Because for all of those who work on resource recovery and reuse, we quickly realize these are two different types of shoes. There's the resource recovery part. Many of us feel very comfortable with this. Then there's the reuse part. The reuse part that's what where the challenge starts. The reuse part is the one which asks us to link sectors to bring the management of sanitation together. For instance, this agricultural sector. That's not actually our shoe, this agricultural sector. And it's asking us to cross administrative boundaries to go out into a rural area where we are the urban sanitation scientists. And most of all challenging our disciplinary comfort zone because let me just give you an example here from Sri Lanka. So Sri Lanka government invested heavily in compost stations. So we have more than 100 compost stations in Sri Lanka. Probably could be very champion in composting municipal toilet waste. And these stations are working very well. So they're producing a lot of compost but unfortunately the capacity to understand the agricultural sector, to understand the demand. What kind of quality? When? How much? This type of marketing which is needed. The business thinking behind this is missing. So there's a lot of production. Very little which is actually sold. That is this moving out of our comfort zone. That is what makes the source recovery and reuse very interesting. And that's what we tried in our team at the International Water Management Institute breaking boundaries building bridges between the sectors between the disciplines. And building bridges is also what is needed. If you want to tackle the big water challenges our cities are facing urban water demand increased by 80% till 2050. You see on the slide all the different sectors which will lead to water, the energy sector, industrial sector of course urban water supply and sanitation. There's a city coming. This of course shows us that it's a crisis is tackled just by informal markets. There will be a lot of conflict and we have to void these conflicts and we have to move over to something which is a planned approach. So nothing gets in the business model. There's an urban area which has the water demand and there's a rural area which is the area which is provided with the water. In an ideal world it would be all very easy. The rural farmers can spare some of the water and it's not much. So they give maybe 10% to the city for the city 10% of what the rural farmers have is quite a lot. This would be a fantastic but unfortunately usually both sectors are struggling and it's not so easy. About 40% of the largest cities will never go to water deficit because they are competing with crop irrigation and now the good news the 10% improvement in the irrigation efficiency could actually solve this crisis for approximately 80% of those cities which are in a high conflict zone. In high conflict water sets. So increasing water use efficiency and this can be of better crop varieties. This can be better irrigation systems. This can be just as you know when to apply the water at the right time and at the right space. Such improvements of stopping leakages can help the cities to overcome the water crisis. That's quite an interesting message because as a city we don't think about what can we do in investing in the city but maybe the call is to invest in the rural area to invest and help agriculture to become more efficient and then we can already address some of these problems. Actually the same was done in Cape Town. So in Cape Town lots of farmers observed the situation. They knew that water's coming to an end so they planned already. They put a lot behind the dams and then they were approaching D0. They released some 10 million cubic meters of water from the city but that was the one off that they made a contract. The colleague of mine, Winston Yew helped to make a very comprehensive, very interesting rescue of hundreds of such projects where water is reallocated from rural areas to urban areas. And as you see the literature only peaked in the last years. One of the interesting findings was that when you look at the attributions of this reallocation there's very often very limited information available like conflict resolution. Conflict resolution when the donor area might say, sorry, you're taking too much or increasingly what do we do if you just take the water and they need the water from this water we're replacing it. In general what kind of compensation schemes are there so that these contracts can work. It's a very interesting graph here and it's even more important because in 20% of these high conflict basis in 10% improvement of irrigation water efficiency will not help. So we have to look for other needs. We have to look for these unination. We have to look for whatever is possible. One interesting part and I'm coming now back to the resource recovery in rural is the water swap. It's a swap between fresh water and wastewater. And this might look very theoretical. So there's a city producing a lot of wastewater that's making it available after a very nice treatment to the farmers and the farmers are making available fresh water. Looks theoretical, though it exists in many cases. Like for instance, take Mashat, Mashat Iran many, many visitors. There's a city permanently in a border crisis. So when you go to Iran, every second hotel is in Mashat. So many visitors it's a very important religious city. And in Mashat in 2006 the farmers started to release annually about 21 million cubic meter fresh water from two dams. In exchange they got from the city 25 million cubic meter of treated wastewater. So there were fixed contracts between the Regional Water Association and the farmer groups about the right soil. And in addition they discussed if they also can take the ground for the rights of the farmers. The challenge here of this continuous exchange the farmers handed over the water rights and received the wastewater. So the farmers didn't get the wastewater quality they were expecting. When they signed the contract they were told the waters are very good quality. But then the treated wastewater was mixed again with other surface water and other wastewater which was untreated and farmers never took it. There was also no training provided for farmers to deal with the water of their own quality. So this shows their options for their challenges. Batsilona, another very interesting place. Batsilona was in 2007-2008 a very long draw. It was a draw from which the city paid dearly. The reason that in economic loss of 1.6 billion they were not prepared. But of course after this they started sinking and they invested in long distance water transfer. They invested in salt removal. They invested in the water supply. So they are providing they upgraded their treatment facilities and they can provide now farmers 20 million cubic meters of high quality salt free treated wastewater in case of the lasting drought. So here is not a continuous exchange but an exchange on demand. As long as there is enough water the farmers don't want to give the water away. As long as there is enough water the city doesn't need it. But in case of the drought they can go and they can make a stop with the farmers. It's very interesting when we look normally these photos which we see a lot they represent the face of the zero but the numbers behind that's in the economy and these water stress large cities they represent 4.3 trillion of dollars in economic activity. Sometimes these investments in climate change adaptations they might not cost. In Spain for instance operation maintenance costs of this extra treatment facilities that are 3 to 5 million per year. So in order to say hey you don't stop any water but still you pay after a million. This doesn't look good it looks good. They come from one big fraud again and this investment, this insurance, this investment will show that it worked out. Mexico City very high altitude. It's not a water swap Mexico City like other cities say why should I actually stop water if I can use my own water. We are using just our own wastewater and I don't want to bring you those examples which everyone knows from Singapore or Namibia. So Mexico City excessively replenished the aquifer in the Tula valley and Skita valley. This is wastewater. The aquifer is boosting fully and the quality was not bad. So the plans are to recover from the aquifer approximately 160 to 190 million cubic meters because as our alternatives are increasingly available. There are many more projects which are trying from far away to get water to Mexico City but it's not a distance it's the attitude. Pumping up that's a contract and getting it from the Tula valley is quite a cheaper option and Mexico City is its own downstream user and it's not only that the city is using its own downstream water once this has been realized it's also that the 90,000 hectare of wastewater irrigation which also producing for the city. So there are many different groups and Mexico has certainly a very interesting situation in terms of managing the risk. Last example is the Manchan Bangalore. Another city which becomes its own downstream user. So Bangalore is the city of all the beautiful lakes. Now the city of all the polluted lakes. Now the city of the gondol lakes becomes a bit difficult. The Bangalore started directing. It's treated wastewater to drive up a lot of tanks and vicinity to look at the rest. People are very happy but of course they came up to the private tankers and again brought it back to Bangalore. An extension to 38 lakes has been discussed but provide Bangalore with 180 million litres per day extra water. So the city again becoming its own downstream user of source recovery. Of course controlling the informal water market controlling water quality is like an already situation very, very important. And I think the slide speaks for itself. You don't know what you get and from where they still get the water and find the water. Conclusions. Improvements in active water use, efficiency can sometimes be a really something you should look at. And if you need an institute which understands irritation and irritation active water use, efficiency, the international water management institute might be as address for you to go. The source recovery via the freshwater wastewater stop offers more options which can help both sectors. This in its concept however can strongly on the incentives which can be provided to the farmer because they have to give the water rights to the city. The range and how much and the ability of the city to provide high quality water. The success of such a stop can of course be jeopardized by negative perceptions and their contractual responsibility for uncontrolled informal water markets. The challenge for understanding these water stops reallocation for a scientist is still if they are very limited data available the cost of impact the performance of this stop. I'd like to say first of all Microleap Miriam was in the core team helped us to provide for instance this book which I'm showing here with the free online and if you need any copies just pick from your cart here I'll send some copies to our and I'd like to say IWA I'd like to say those papers of which I was trying some of the paper data thank you very much. Indeed for that inspiring presentation quickly sharing some amazing case studies from across the world. I'd like to now move on to introduce you to each of our panel members that come from different parts of the world. The first gentleman is Mr. Jay Bagwan he is from South Africa. He is the executive manager of the main area of water use and waste management of the South African Water Research Commission which focuses on the management of water and wastewater in domestic mining and industrial sector. He now the host of the president of the Water Institute of Southern Africa, chairperson of the Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry Water Advisory Committee as well as the International Advisory Positions with the water supply Association Collaborative Council, the IWA Global Development Agency and UNEP. He continues to be actively involved in a broad range of areas in the field of water supply wastewater and sanitation with current focus being on sanitation technologies for the future. Technology innovation and application, social franchising of operations and maintenance conduit, hydropower, benchmarking and reclamation of pathways. He's been instrumental in contributing to the development of the IWA. He's also currently the chair of the newly established IWA Specialist Group on non-sweat sanitation. Welcome Mr. Jay Bagwan. We are looking forward to your participation and your wisdom on this panel. The next person I'd like to introduce is a lady. We are also very gender sensitive in this association. So I'd like to introduce Mona who currently heads the faculty of planning at CBT University in India and is principal investigator for foot for purpose integrative water use project between India and the Netherlands as a team member of the Center for Water and Sanitation at CBT University. She has an access of two decades of experience in teaching, research, training and consulting in water. Sanitation and waste planning for sectors was focused on policy initiatives, urban planning and project development mainly in Asia and the Pacific. Welcome Mona. Please join the panel. We have South Africa, we have India, we have Colombo and we will move on further to our next lady Jennifer Williams is the Executive Director of the newly formed People's Sludge Management Alliance. The mission of the People's Sludge Management Alliance is to provide safely managed sanitation primarily through FSM with focus on reuse and recovery. Prior to this role she spent seven years at the Will and Militia Foundation working on the water sanitation and hygiene team in various capacities. Jennifer's background is Political Science and Sociology. Welcome Jennifer. We are looking forward to your contribution. The last member of our panel is Dr. Vera who is currently serving as a project director under the State Ministry of Water Supply Facilities to put up a state of the art advanced technological laboratory worth 15 million US dollars. He works very actively in the research fields and investigating groundwater pollution and developing treatment technologies. In addition he serves as the team leader of all the safety plan advisory unit under the purview of World Health Organization. He has secured over 50 journal and conference papers as well as received many many more movies. Welcome Dr. Vera. Now my esteemed ladies and gentlemen, you have heard the presentation and you have seen the case studies. May I perhaps present to you with two minutes each to comment and add further value or inform us of other case studies, etc. Please share your wisdom. I'll start with Mr. Jay Balwant. Let me share the context of that. 50 years ago we had demonstrated the humanity of beings and at that time the short side of this was that it was a very expensive exercise. If we had invested in that space today we would have been much well off around how we were managing the water in this current challenge around climate, drought, etc. So like my CEO always says that this is a manly problem. All the technology and the opportunities we have we've never been through any of these innovations at the time that we needed to do so. So we had an re-generating the value chain is where issues around acceptance, issues around tariffing, issues around management capacity and having the right skills to fill in that space. So if we're able to bring in the element of regeneration to resource and recovery right across all the sectors we're able to at this time in age leapfrog a lot of those opportunities that are sitting there from a technical perspective. Thank you very much. Mauna? Well I think I would like to share my experiences with India about India and wastewater reuse. Not particularly with reference to any case study but if I look at what Pei was discussing about the water swap, urban rural water swap and if we look at it from the perspective of resource recovery there are mainly two kinds of water swaps that we see in India. One is for the fresh water which is either purchased the surface fresh water which is purchased or the ground water through private water markets and when we look at that swap there is a business model there but in this conversation we are focusing more on the wastewater and if we look at the wastewater swap between the urban and the rural areas I would like to classify the cities in India into three categories and there are 10 million plus cities which are around 10 million cities, population cities which have a lot of wastewater reuse happening in their urban periphery for agriculture and which is largely informal. If we come to the cities which are second year fast growing secondary cities again there is wastewater reuse which is in the urban agriculture and informal. There are some examples of wastewater reuse for filling up the lakes or the water bodies as Pei was discussing with limited success and fewer business models for wastewater reuse in industrial sector, the urban wastewater reuse. So I think a bit of everything in terms of institutions, infrastructure and information would take us a long way. Thank you very much Mona Dr. Vera. Yes, so I mean when you get into Sri Lanka of course what we see actually the ministry, the water supply board, I'm from National Water Supply and Dinesh Board and we are struggling to get the real value of water in the country but because one way that we were blessing of 200,000 millimetre for NM rainfall which is fairly good enough for a country but nowadays Sri Lanka actually recently it was ranked as the second mostly pegged country from the world this climate change adverse impacts so now we are really really facing this stress situation so countries putting forward to put up this the value for all the products coming with this waterproof print because we need to get the real message of the value of the water because government has really given this water for a very low price so we are in average paying around 4 US dollars per month it's really really not enough to put up the sense of this water value. So that is what we are struggling so we are putting when you get into the western province we are right now we are here so the government wanted to put up this rainwater harvesting concepts as something mandatory for the policy level but still struggling when you are getting there in the ground level. So Sri Lanka of course we do not find sewer networks, the centralised system is almost less than 4% so the recovery level is something fairly very low here but definitely we need to address. When you come into the industry like hotelians and all so they have one side because they can't discharge their water they have to go with something advanced treatment so then they are in a stress of putting up advanced technologies like membrane technology probably with nano filtration to get something back into their systems. So we are putting up that concept in the isolated locations but not in the national level but definitely next decade is for this to get in the way of the triple R concepts of course. Thank you very much for sharing Jennifer. Yes as the introduction mentioned I am representing a new organization that is focusing specifically on vehicle sludge management so I am here to talk a little bit about sanitation. All of the other panelists mentioned a lot about water reuse and I think that as Pay mentioned in his keynote we really need to move people out of their comfort zone and if you think that's challenging in water think about how it is for human waste and so one of the core mission, one of our key principles for the epicenter alliance is really to shift people's thinking about treating human waste as a valued resource and something that can be valued and used and so that's one of the key things that we'll be advocating and focus on. There's a lot of emerging evidence and research coming out of all the different possible ways that you can use human waste as a resource. There's lots of nutrients to be recovered and there's also a lot of emerging technologies that are being developed that create value products from human waste so we look forward to sharing a lot of this information and entering that into the mainstream conversation as well. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Thank you very much for those comments, Pay and your presentation. All of the members of the panel, I'd like to thank you for coming out here from different parts of the world for sharing with the audience your expertise, your wisdom and I'd like to conclude on a note of a slight provocation for us. As I conclude this session one wonders whether the world is facing a water scarcity challenge. The world facing a scarcity of good water management approaches. I'll leave that thought with you. Thank you very much for your participation, your attendance and I trust you'll have a super evening.