 Dear students, in this module we are going to talk about the hunting and gathering and pastoral societies. These are pre-industrial societies based on very simple social organization just right from the beginning of human history starting from maybe could be from three million years ago until 12,000 years ago human beings have been mostly engaged in satisfying their basic needs including their food, shelter and security. So these societies have been characteristically very simple, not based on very complex demeanour of labour and they have mostly been engaged for their daily routine of collecting food and preparing their shelters to satisfy their need of security as well as of food. We can distinguish, we can define these societies based on two key characteristics. Number one, just when economic base they have been sustaining based on their activity of hunting and gathering, people have been mostly engaged to go to their surroundings to search or to find for food, usually the food have not been that much easily available or accessible because at that time technology was not so complex, people were not so successful that they could not be able to preserve their food and because today we have technology with which we can preserve our food, so on a daily basis there were food collections and people were also engaged in hunting. In this, their social organisation structures were very simple, demeanour of labour was mostly gender based, females have mostly been engaged in collecting food as well as taking care of the children whereas males have been engaged in the game and hunting and to collect the heavy items for them and to build their shelters. So with this objective in mind they have been less engaged in other purposes of life as we are observing today like accumulation of wealth as well as having competition with other for to gain those available resources. So, rather than communal life people have been mostly nomadic in a way and they have been looking for the areas where more food shelter security have been available so they were frequently shifting from one place to another place, relatively less permanent settlements So, substantial dependence was on to domesticate animals for their survival. For animals, it was used to take things from one place to another. For other animals, it was used to domesticate and prepare them for such situations that if food is not available, it can be used as food for the animals. So, complex social systems were not there like upper class or elite class system that we are observing today as well as systems based on classes. So, there were as societies evolved from hunting and gathering to pastoral societies A little bit deviant of labour could have been seen where the gender roles have been mostly differentiated and segregated in a way that we can have a glimpse of those segregated gender roles even in today's society. Examples can be given like Gujar's Bakarwal of North Pakistan in Gilgit-Adad Jammu and Kashmir. So, we can see the examples of such societies in the image.