 In this session, we are going to discuss the topic of understanding state. The state is an organization which has historically evolved through many different phases. It has performed various functions in various periods of time and was mainly differentiated on the basis of its structure and ruling authority. So the ultimate goal of the state is to provide security, liberty and welfare to its people which it seeks to accomplish by one means or another. So, ryasat kya hai? This is an organization. Baas simple baat hai aur organization ka purpose kya hai? Number one, to provide the security, then liberty to its people and the welfare. Tastor par koi bhi ryasat jo hai uska buneadi maksat apne logon ki pula ho behbood ka kyaal rakta hai. So, various thinkers and philosophers have defined the state in many ways and four things are considered as common ingredients for any state. That is, territory, population, government and sovereignty. Yani koi bhi ryasat hai uska ye buneadi chaar components hai, ingredients hai, jiske bahag hai koi bhi ryasat nahi kehla sakti. Jise ilaka hai, abadi hai, hakumat hai aur iktadaryala. Yani ryasat mukammal tabhogi jab uske paas ye chaarun avamil maujood hoonge. So, states must be defined both in their institutional and functional domain. Like the experts, they have their perception that state is in reality a number of interacting institutions and organizations. It's a perspective ki state jo hai mukammali nahi usakti jab tak uske paas interacting institutions and organizations nahi ho. Yani within state bhi toh kuch required hai nahi aur wo institutions hoti hai aur organizations hoti hai jinn ke darmean proper interaction ho na chahiye. But the following definition of state by man not only defines the structural aspect of a state, rather it also explains its functional attributes. Ab structure ka matlab hai ek institutions hai aur functional kya ke unka apas mein interaction hai. So, it is a very interesting definition by man. The state can assess and tax our income and wealth at source without our consent. Definitely, state ke paas tunke authority hai toh wo humse text leh sakti hai chahi hum dena chahiye kya na dena chahiye. Lekin, humari income par state text leh sakti hai. Ye uska right hai. It stores and can recall immediately a massive amount of information above all of us. Ye ek aisa angle hai. Desper churu mein taraz bhi kya gya ki state ko jo bhi information humari baare mein chahiye wo state ka hak hai ke wo hasil kar leh. So, it can enforce its will within a day almost anywhere in its domain. Its influence on the economy is enormous. It even directly provides the substance of most of us like in state employee. Mention hai wo reality hai. Kini hum, dekhne hai ke jo humne definition ki under jo important cheez hai highlight ki ki state text leh sakti hai, state information gather kar sakti hai aur phir state enforce kar sakti hai apni koi bhi policy ya apni will ko apne rahne wale logon ke upar. Ab usme logon ke will count nahi ho ghi. Pal ke state ke authority jo hai that matters a lot. So, the state penetrates everyday life more than dead and historical state. Its infrastructural power has increased immensely. Bakke sasa jo change hai wo hi hai ki state ki powers jo hai wo increase hui hai. Kais hai increase hui hai? Kunke humare rose mara ke jo maamlaat hai usme state ki involvement a boh zyada direct hai. Agar hum historical evidences se compare kareen, to zahere state ke pass jo authority thi, the central authority thi, wo come implement hoti thi door daraas ke ilakon ke andar. But now with the speedy communication and speedy transportation, now it becomes a reality ki humara state ke sasa jo interaction hai, state ka jo humse interaction hai, wo itna speed up ho gaya hai ke koi bhi chee state se chuppi nahi rahe sakti hai. Nahi hum iss kabal rahe jate hai, ke log jo rahne wale hai wo apne kuch maamlaat ko state se secret raksake hai. So, the state is a political institution because it wields power and for that reason is a focus for political sociologists. Ab yaha yeh svaal hai to why political sociologists want to understand state, definitely state a political institution hai. Lekin, kunke iss ki jo exercise of power hai wo directly uska taluk logon ke saath hai, individuals ke saath hai, society ke saath hai, to har wo area jiska taluk logon se hoga, society se hoga, power se hoga wo political sociologists ke liye. Oath important area concerned, uske baare mein concerned hoti hai aur consider krte hai ki ye humara area hai. So, that's why political sociologists wants to understand state.