 Dear students, in this module, we are going to talk about the contemporary approaches to understand and analyze the society and human behavior. By contemporary approaches, we mean to say that feminism, post-colonialism and post-modernism how they help us to understand our contemporary word around us and human behaviors within this contemporary word. Previously, we helped to understand that how different theoretical or we can say classical theoretical approaches help us to understand the human behavior. However, these contemporary approaches are having a quite a different direction from all these classical approaches, although we can say that they have their foundations within those perspectives, or they give us a different lens to analyze the society and human behavior. Feminism is a theoretical approach that emphasizes the importance of gender in shaping the social relationships and structures. Feminism looks at a lens in which two different genders are unequally treated and the society perpetually continuously creates social structures that maintain the inequality. In the second word, the perspective of feminism says that men and women treat the society differently. In which women are relatively subordinate or relatively at the same position where they are being isolated as compared to men. So, through this approach, if we look at any structure or institution of the society, we will see that social structures are made to promote gender-based inequality. Similarly, when we talk about post-colonialism, it's a theoretical approach that emphasizes the importance of colonialism, its legacy in shaping social relationships and different social structures. In modern world, there are a lot of societies that have been affected by colonialism. After that, even after they were free, the structures, the institutions, the institutionalized patterns remained the same. And because of this, the perspective of post-colonialism looks at the existing structures in its continuity and maintains that because of the effects of colonialism, there has been such a structure or system in which inherent inequality is present. And these two different groups or different societies have different interest groups. They cannot stand on a position of equilibrium where all groups act in a functional point of view through society. Post-modernism is a theoretical approach that emphasizes the importance of language. And discourse in shaping the social relationships and social structures. The post-modernists think that modern society has made inherently such structures, such systems that were based on inequality, on injustice, and on violence. So they see how modernization or modernization has produced such language structures, institutional structures, which are perpetuating such inequality. So to critically analyze them, we take support of post-modernism. In the Pakistani society, if we take the example of a feminist perspective, we see that feminists give the patriarchal structure a name to perpetuate inequality, that patriarchal structure is based on inequality in the society. Similarly, if we look at the Pakistani society from the point of view of post-colonialism, then the British colonialism, the structure it has made, the institutions it has made, we are seeing a lot of changes in society because of them. If we look at it from a post-modernist perspective, then because of the modernization of this revolution, which we are seeing today, there is a revolution in communication, there is a revolution in the media, there is globalization, all of these structures have made such social structures, which are potentially based on inequality. Ameer is getting rich, poor is getting poor. So these social structures, post-modernists, when we look at them from a critical point of view, then critically evaluate them and help us understand how these inequalities are being produced and reproduced.