 He strives to give a platform of those often underrepresented in the mainstream media. As you could see, we have a very different panelist from the government, international organization, NGOs, and we also have European Union representative, I think, and also academia. Then I think we have a pretty, we have got a pretty, let's say, broad information about the topic that we today trying to explore. My first questions go to her excellency, Ms. Natalia Alvarez, and my question is, why Costa Rica can talk about migration and youth? Can you tell us a little bit, especially about youth employment and labor perspectives in Costa Rica? Please. Thank you. Buenos dias a todos y a todas. Es un gusto estar acá y saludos a los otros panelistas. Bueno, sí, para tener claro por qué Costa Rica puede hablar de migraciones y juventud y tecnologías. Bueno, Costa Rica es un país de 51,100 kilómetros cuadrados. Tenemos ahí el 5% de la biodiversidad del mundo y tenemos también a nivel panorámico y escenario, tenemos prácticamente todo menos nieve y a nivel de población tenemos una población indígena originaria nuestra, tenemos población descendiente europea, tenemos población afrodescendiente, tenemos muchas comunidades chinas y recientemente muchas otras. Esto significa que somos diversidad, no sólo biodiversidad, sino biodiversidad en las personas y nos asumimos como tales, siendo un país multidétnico y pluricultural. Además tenemos un 10% de la población con documentos como migrantes, pero además las ONGs hablan de un 7% a 10% adicional, datos que no tenemos, lo cual coincide con las tendencias mundiales de población migrante en condición irregular. Esto significa para Costa Rica entre un 17 y un 20% de población migrante en el país lo cual lo hace uno de los más grandes, una tasa de los más grandes del mundo. Adicional a esto, bueno, tenemos retos para esta regularización de personas y creemos que las tecnologías son justamente un mecanismo para ello, después volveremos al tema. Y hay un dato que quiero enfatizar y es que Costa Rica abolió el ejército en el año 1948. Hemos vivido así y por lo tanto no existe para Costa Rica una opción represiva para la migración. No existe ninguna alternativa que no se base en mecanismos administrativos, en gestión ordenada y segura de las migraciones y por tanto tampoco es la devolución de las personas una alternativa válida dentro de nuestro sistema institucional e idiosincrasia. Por lo cual, además, reiteramos a un sistema de derecho en el que las personas migrantes todas en su condición de trabajadores o trabajadoras tienen todos los derechos laborales, independientemente de su condición migratoria y de esto también somos ampliamente respetuosos. Costa Rica, pues, ha suscrito y promueve el pacto global de las migraciones y muchos otros instrumentos internacionales. Ahora, ¿cuál es la dinámica de la migración al interno de Costa Rica y cuáles son algunas de nuestras particularidades? A diferencia de otros países de la región, Costa Rica cuenta principalmente con una migración intrarregional y, fundamentalmente, somos receptores de migración. Entonces, si vemos, por ejemplo, las caramanas en el norte de Centroamérica, difícilmente hay personas ahí, Panameñas, Costa Vicences o Nicaragüenses, porque existe un flujo en el lado sur de Centroamérica que, digamos, es autónomo. Y dentro de esto, más o menos el 43% de la población trabajadora en Costa Rica es un 43% de la población en edad de trabajar, de la población migrante es un 43%. Nuestro rango de población joven es de 15 a 35 años. Entonces, de las personas que trabajan, que tienen esta edad para trabajar, ese 43% se considera joven en Costa Rica, lo cual implica también muchas presiones en cuanto al mercado laboral que, además, en este momento, lamentablemente, tenemos una situación de desaceleración económica y tenemos un desempleo del 12%. No obstante esto, cuál es el perfil de las personas que están en Costa Rica? Bueno, fundamentalmente, población migrante, Nicaragüense y Panameña y recientemente Venezuela. Del año 2014, a hoy, las aplicaciones para refugio en Costa Rica, las solicitudes han aumentado en un 2 mil por ciento, 2 mil por ciento, dadas la situación política de Venezuela y de Nicaragua, entonces, esto también se hace un reto importante para el país. Y la población panameña migrante que llega a Costa Rica tiene otra particularidad y es que son indígenas de la comarca Nove-Ugle y tienen una migración circular que va y viene prácticamente todos los años muy vinculada con la agricultura, con el café específicamente y en algunos zonas con el banana. De todo esto, también que es algo importante para destacar y es justamente que en esta población tenemos adicionales retos en el acceso y uso de tecnologías dados esos perfiles. Entonces, el país ha generado también una serie de mecanismos para poder acercarse a ellos y poder acercar los mecanismos de regularización. Recientemente, hemos generado algunos donde las citas se pueden sacar mediante call center para generar un mecanismo bien ordenado y algunas otras iniciativas específicas que hacen uso de las tecnologías. También podemos hablar posteriormente sobre el mercado laboral y cuáles son algunas de las estrategias que hemos venido diseñando. Entendiendo que en Costa Rica también tenemos una economía que está como en dos extremos. Por un lado, estamos muy vinculados a la industria, por el otro lado, estamos muy vinculados con la economía del conocimiento y también con al componentes digitales y otras industrias de alta densidad y de alto conocimiento para lo cual tenemos que cumplir con ese gap y la visión con respecto a la migración es que si nos consideramos totalmente diversos si estamos acogiendo a esta población y la estamos acogiendo en todo el aspecto de sus derechos, consideramos que las tecnologías van a ser un excelente aliado no solo para su inserción en el mercado laboral sino para generar esta masa crítica que necesitamos para mantener una ventaja competitiva en la que nos hemos posicionado desde hace algún tiempo en términos productivos. Thank you, excellency. We have heard why it's actually youth immigration and of course we'll listen after about how technology is used in Costa Rica but now we also need to listen about internationalization and Mr. Zhao who is Chief Secretary General of ITU I would like to ask you the question on information and communication technologies have been reshaped our lives, economics and social interactions influencing every aspect of immigration. As the lead UN agency for ICTs, what is the ITU doing to help young migrants benefit from those technologies? Yes, thank you very much Mr. Chairman. Excellencies, dear colleagues, I'm very pleased to join you this morning at this important meeting on immigration. You introduced me to the participants that it's my second term, it's true, second term but you have not introduced to them what I've done first term. Actually, my first term started from 2015 and my first visit as Secretary General of ITU to visit my UN sister organization is ION. I visit my dear colleague William Swing and in January 2015 when I just started my role as Secretary General. There are two reasons, one reason is because he's quite senior of our UN colleagues but secondly I consider that immigration is the achievement challenges and then ITU could look at the opportunity to work with IOM to see how can technologies assist our immigration. I also have another story I'd like to share with you during my first term, the 2017, I visited the pop in his office and invited him to give us some message to support ICT development and then I said that we still have a very important part of public not connected online yet and we'd like to encourage investment in the ICT infrastructure development, encourage investment in the criminal capacity buildings of ICT skills and to connect the people not connected yet. And he told me, yes I do support you and we support ICT to connect the people and he particularly mentioned immigration and he himself he said he was from a family of immigration to Argentina and he considered that ICT could help the human beings to fight against those challenges and in particular at that moment we talked about child immigration and those challenges I think that is hardly, you know, dissipated at the media and then the Pope also showed his high intention to adjust this issue. So I was very pleased to hear his message and then of course he gave us a message. We delivered his message at our World Telecommunication Development Conference held in Buenos Aires 2017 October. I think that immigration is sometimes mixed with refugees. In my opinion that immigration could be cover those people, a group of people looking for a better life, that economic immigration, technical immigration and of course some political ones as well. And then you have also heard this kind of legal immigration and illegal immigration and then refugees somehow linked with these kind of discussions. And from ITU side we highly encouraged our industries to find a way to support immigrant and particularly the young immigrant. And we know that already today that we have a lot of young people engaged with ICT SMEs and these SMEs could help them to find a job at home but could also help them to get a better life in developed areas. And later on they may bring their technologies, skills back to their hometown, home country. So I think that the ICT could work to help immigrants. And in UN systems, ITU is working very closely with IL to launch some project to help young people to get digital skills. And we worked with some universities like last year, the Tsinghua University and Geneva University launched their project to help refugees in the camps. With ICT to help the children to get a better education. So of course ITU's technologies like 5G will offer great opportunities for young immigrant to get better adoption to the new environment or to help them to get a new career development anywhere they found opportunities. And ITU we have the biggest conference very soon. Actually I'm going to Egypt this weekend to get together with more than 3,000 worldwide experts for 5G, for satellite, for broadcasting, for television, for all those radio communication technologies. Because ITU is the oldest UN agency but it's the only agency today in the world to take care of spectrum. And all the new technologies if you want to have wide applications everywhere you need a spectrum support. And to manage the spectrum which is very limited resources and we have our responsibilities. And we are going to Egypt we will stay there for five weeks to fix the standard for 5G, to fix the spectrum for 5G, and for satellite, for broadcasting, for television, for climate change monitoring spectrum, for public safety used by our international maritime transport systems, aviation systems. So all these heavily rely on spectrum and ITU we have managed that one. And I'm pretty sure with the good conference result many young people, particularly those people from developing countries who are looking for good opportunities, could make a best use of these new technologies to have their career developed. I believe if they could find a good opportunity to develop their career at home, at their home country they would not look for the risk to immigrate to the others. And also I believe with the new technologies they could manage their life in the new area they look for better opportunities to give them opportunity to develop their career. So Mr. Chairman, I think that I prepared my speech several pages but I don't have much time because you asked me to have a very short introduction. But I have to leave you now unfortunately because I have another appointment. So I invited one of my senior manager, Kathleen, who was the boss of Romania Telecom Regulatory Agency some years back and now he worked in ITU as our chief of strategic department for strategic issues that he would stay with you. And then I think that if there is any questions I think that he will be able to answer your questions. And I think we will bring the message back to ITU for our further consideration. And I'd like to take this opportunity to express my personal wishes for your success of this session and I'd like to show you that ITU will continue to work with our industry members, with our administration members, with our partners from academia, from NGOs, from market to continue to work on this important issue of immigration. And then we'd like to also share with you news that at our last plan of potential conference we did approve resolution to address the issues for immigration. So that I think that my colleague, Kathleen, we have provided you more information. So Mr. Chairman, let me just once more again ask you an excuse I have to leave now. Thank you. And I wish you a great success. Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Zhao. Now I would like to actually to continue without discussion as we heard actually importance for the one member state, we heard the importance of the youth immigration for the ITU and especially about how ITU can support the regular and regular immigration of both through 5G technology spectrum and building the carriers at home. Now I would like to ask Ms. Sara Grubin of Boskovich on something about the data because this is something what is I think still I will not say lacking but it's we need to look differently. Why are non-traditional data sources like social media useful to study migrations of young adults? Thank you for your introduction. I present some of the work we do at the Joint, the Commission's Joint Research Center and in specific at the Knowledge Center on Migration and Demography where we provide scientific analysis and where we manage the knowledge in order to support policymakers and member states on migration and demography related issues. So we work with data on migration in our everyday job. For example, we made recently this publication on international migration drivers where we tried to respond on the question of why do people migrate and we had to use a wide range of traditional data sources that come from World Bank, United Nations, OECD, Eurostat, so these were more country level data but we use also individual level data like from the Gallup poll survey but we faced a series of limits that traditional data bring when we study migration. First of all is the timing because between the collection of data and the publication of data there is a big time lag and very often when the data reach the policymakers it's already let's say outdated. They need the data from yesterday basically. Then second we have also an issue of disaggregation. Usually the data are the country level. If we are very very lucky we get the data at the regional level but going beyond it it's very often impossible. Then we have a problem of disaggregating data by age. That's why very often it's hard to study youth migration because simply the traditional data don't allow us to disaggregate by age and another limitation this is just one of these limitations is also the impossibility to capture more fluid forms of migration like circular migration, transnationalism with the traditional data like alone to study irregular migration with traditional data. Of course this happens even when the statistical offices are very efficient and of course that we recognize the importance of official statistics and traditional data sources but we need also to explore non-traditional data sources and this is something that we are doing at the Knowledge Center on Migration and Demography. For example we can use mobile phone data, we can use air passenger data, we can use social media applications data, messenger, Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, Twitter and so on. And if we want to study youth migration then social media data can be very useful because we have a high penetration, high social media penetration among young populations and this is their preferred way of communicating. So I have some data for the EU 28 so according to Eurostat 60% of young adults from 15 to 29 years of age use social media on daily basis in respect for example of adults from 35 to 49 years of age where less than one-third of them use social media on the daily basis and this is the data from 2015 the last data that we have. So this phenomenon probably has just increased and we have even bigger penetration social media among the young populations. This is why at the Knowledge Center on Migration and Demography we are exploring the possibility to use this type of data to improve and complement the traditional data sources. Maybe later I can give you some concrete details. Thank you. Thank you sir. The following question is going towards Mr. Schwartz. Based on your research in what ways does social media contribute to negative perceptions of groups such as young migrants and how do those negative feelings potentially lead to the hate crimes? Thank you for inviting me and it's great to be in this session that debates the importance of information technologies and we have already heard how social media data basically help us or can help us to better understand the behavior of the youth but in my research basically I'm focusing more on the negative aspects social media can bring and how they can motivate hateful actions against minority groups and particularly against refugees or Muslims in the case of the US we studied and I think in my introduction I mainly want to highlight that while social media can help us to understand those kinds of phenomena we also have to be aware that there's a lot of misinformation circulating on social media and this is changing the beliefs of people while social media help us to directly connect with people they also help people with sinister ag motives to coordinate their actions and by social media they're designed to bring together people they're also dividing our societies up and I just want to give you a brief insight into the research me and my co-author Carsten Müller now have done over the last three years and I mainly want to focus here on the case of Germany where we looked at the Facebook page of the far-right party the AFD and we analyzed if we find a connection between the number of anti-refugee posts on this Facebook page and the number of anti-refugee incidents and indeed we were able to show that the number of anti-refugee incidents significantly increased in areas with higher social media use at times when we observed disproportionate amounts of social media anti-refugee sentiment circulating on social media and in further projects we have now provided additional evidence for the US and anti-muslim hate crime and we're getting more and more evidence that in line with previous findings on the polarizing effects of social media these kind of sentiments that are circulating on social media are indeed able to motivate hateful action and basically so far our findings mainly indicate that this is the underlying salience that within these so-called social media echo chambers in which already radicalized people who already harbor biases against these minority groups are now overexposed to those kind of messages and thereby basically shifting their perception even further to the extreme and this in the end is basically according to our findings what in the end is able basically to push those type of people over the edge and in the end can lead to increases in violent action against minority groups. Thank you. Now we have another interesting panelist with Mr. Nadir Nagdi and I have one question then for you. As a social media activist could you share your views on what role does the social media take in the changing the perception of youth about migration? What are the positive and negative aspects? First let me start by thanking the IOM and the organizer for having me today. It's my great privilege and honor to be on the same panel with some of these esteemed guests. My name is Nadir. I am a YouTuber creator for Change which is an initiative by YouTube and other social media platforms acknowledging creators and content creators who are using their platforms for social good. For me that is an incredible question and the crux of everything I do. I am basically a content creator trying to figure out how can I turn a very narcissistic platform and how can I leverage it into something quite socially impactful and this has been an underlining question throughout my social media career. I think it's important to understand the context of which someone like me operates. Growing up, I grew up in a space or an online world where the validity of information meant very little. I was being pulled apart by lots of different media outlets telling me one thing was true and then someone else was telling me something else was true and a lot of young people are growing up in this context and it pulls you apart and what you have is a very polarized society in front of you. This is why social media and personalities like myself have become to mean so much. When we talk about why social media is so important and significant, how can some of these individuals have millions of followers around the world? Young people instead of looking at mainstream outlets as a source of validity have now attached their source of information from personality. It's the personality that has become the source of information for them because they are able to craft very deep and meaningful relationships with these people because they reflect very similar things to them, personality traits or interests. So what happens is that when this individual shares a political view or a social view they're able to relate with them on a different kind of level and as a result of that what you have is very deep profound relationships from a personality to their audience. Now a lot of my work with international organizations, people like the UN and IOM is trying to figure out how to tap into the source of authenticity and really turn this audience from being quite politically apathetic and make them really involved and put in participants in social issues. But there's plus and negatives to that and from my work I've worked in Lebanon with UNHCR, I've also worked in Myanmar with UNDP, pardon me. There's been also positives and negatives from my own experience. Social media when we say that it isn't a universal term. What do we mean when we say social media? It can mean very different things in very different geographical contexts. In Myanmar for example a lot of the social unrest has been a result of social media and my work there was very stifled in and it came across a lot of challenges trying to navigate that space. Facebook itself came out and said a lot of the social unrest was as a result of social media. So for me as a practitioner, someone who has a good will, someone who has an audience and a following, I have to come with a sense of humility about how do I expose my audience to very politically insensitive contexts. For example, somewhere like Myanmar, it's just not as easy as me coming in and being like hey this is the social injustices that are happening around me and this is what we need to do. But at the same time what I represent for my audience is the level of authenticity that mainstream media would never be able to replicate. When I come in, my audience trusts me as people who followed me over a period of time to come out and say something that's authentic to me that might resonate with them on a different level. So my question for different international organizations is like when we work together the first question for me is that am I going to be able to operate and craft a narrative and a story through my platforms that's innate and authentic to me. And a lot of the times that's very difficult because international organizations and humanitarian organizations and they all have their different procedures which are safeguards to protect the validity of information but also of people and that's when the kind of clash between content creators and international organizations can happen. I want to make something really creative and cool that's really authentic to me but then there's a long bureaucratic process that prevents me from doing that. So I wanted to share that with you guys today because as the only content creator on this panel that's one of the biggest challenges I face. So my question is how together can we work and create projects initiatives narrative stories that utilize the creativity the spontaneity and the enthusiasm of content creators who want to operate in this space but also falls in line with the validity of information but also protecting the rights of these people that we are trying to help. But yeah. Thank you a lot Mr. Nagdi. I think actually you raised a couple of very important points and this is how we can actually validate the data and information without having bureaucracy and having actually faster pace that will reflect to the youth's needs. And in that sense I think further discussion I will also speed up a little bit in the sense that they will ask two questions each of the panelists and give you six minutes to ten depends how much we'd like to share with us in order also to have a less bureaucracy but more dialogue and give also a little bit more space for questions. I would like to come back to her excellency deputy minister and ask you what is the Costa Rica vision of that but not only that but also what actually ministry did considering youth immigration and technology and what will be your kind of a suggestion recommendations to other governments based on on experience that you have in Costa Rica. Please. Gracias. Es un gran reto dar consejos. Trabaremos de construirlos sobre la experiencia la visión que tenemos y que quisiera compartir acá es fundamentalmente y tomo nota de la burocracia es cómo la tecnología en primera instancia puede ser un vehículo para dar información a la población que está pensando en migrar información real sobre el país sobre las necesidades en el caso del mercado laboral sobre los servicios sobre la asistencia social es decir tener una información que pueda que pueda ser confiable para las personas y que ayude a la toma de decisiones en este caso tuvimos una experiencia hace tres años con el lanzamiento de una plataforma micron app que fue creada justamente con oi m y con mucho impulso y con mucha definición de los requerimientos por parte del gobierno de costa rica y básicamente incluía no sólo servicios georeferenciados sino alguna información de país importante justamente pensando en los flujos migratorios en las personas que están tomando la decisión de migrar y las personas que ya lo han hecho y que se mueven a lo largo de diferentes países entonces dar esta información objetiva y con con el respaldo de que esa información gubernamental se hace muy importante eso en una primera etapa una segunda etapa es cuando la persona necesita hacer sus trámites de regularización y bueno aquí debo decir que tampoco costa rica está en el momento perfecto tenemos tiempos de resolución que queremos mejorar pero estamos tomando eso también como un reto y una gran mejora que queremos hacer y justamente aquí hemos venido trabajando en forma articulada con dos organizaciones con oi m y con oi t tanto en un proceso que en el que queremos mejorar no sólo los trámites porque tenemos unas características que requieren que la dirección de migración y el ministerio de trabajo generen resoluciones en forma conjunta entonces estamos haciendo esa mejora de procedimientos interés tatales digamos y además de eso queremos construir un mecanismo donde usemos la biometría y la tengamos compartida para iniciar con panamá entonces nos hemos acercado y tenemos esta convicción de trabajar en conjunto trabajar articuladamente para mejora no sólo las bases de datos que esta información se hace especialmente sensible sino también para facilitar estos procesos de regularización y en términos de mercado laboral también estamos trabajando en la generación de una plataforma que de servicios de empleo que incorpore también diferentes elementos vinculados con la población migrante no sólo en términos de accesibilidad lo cual tiene retos de idioma tiene otros retos no sólo en ese sentido sino en cómo las personas pueden acercarse a estas plataformas tecnológicas en sus diferentes regiones para eso también hemos venido trabajando con la oi m generando ventanillas en los diferentes municipios especialmente en aquellos donde hay mayor población migrante y que esos pueden interconectarse fácilmente con este servicio de empleo y evitarles a las personas no sólo trámites sino gastos y tiempo entonces para estos efectos y también relacionándolo con el tema de la información objetiva entonces hemos estado trabajando en una en un análisis prospectivo del mercado de trabajo donde estamos incorporando también el aspecto de las migraciones entonces ahí queremos saber cómo nuestro mercado laboral se ajusta mejor a las a la población migrante y cuáles son esas necesidades eventuales oportunidades según hacia dónde se está moviendo nuestra economía entonces insertar ahí también esta variable de la migración pues nos hace saber con mayor certeza a dónde tenemos mejores alternativas todo esto partiendo de que la principal preocupación o el principal objetivo es darle oportunidades de integración en la comunidad a las poblaciones y en ese sentido pues variarlos no sólo en términos de cuáles son los servicios que requieren estas personas sino cómo le aportan a la economía para este momento en Costa Rica sabemos que la población migrante aporta un doce por ciento del producto interno bruto y sabemos pues que hay un gran potencial además el bono demográfico para Costa Rica prácticamente está pasando entonces también económicamente descansamos un poco con las migraciones en términos de tener este bono y esta juventud que nos va a ayudar a sostener nuestra economía algunos otros elementos es que hemos generado justamente básicamente en este mes hemos generado dos diferentes mecanismos de regularización para población migrante uno de ellos tiene que ver con el aseguramiento de la población recolectora de café que como les decía antes son básicamente población indígena panameña y entonces aquí hemos generado nuevas tarjetas de identidad para estas personas y un un aseguramiento que está básicamente cubierto por la organización estatal para estatal de los exportadores del café y el estado no hay un cobro de este aseguramiento para las personas trabajadoras y otro mecanismo que recientemente se publicó es un mecanismo de aseguramiento para la población trabajadora trabajadora en el sector agrícola que está en condición irregular entonces hicimos un mecanismo con muy pocos requisitos y el cual va a trabajar como mencionaba un poco previamente con llamadas y citas por medio de un call center para hacerlo de una forma ordenada y también vamos a tener oficinas que van a estar atendiendo a esas personas también en las regiones donde donde se va a requerir sabemos que hay un alto porcentaje de población que está en condición irregular y este es un mecanismo en el que queremos acercarnos a ellos para mejorar su regularización su formalización en el empleo las mejorar las condiciones laborales y en función de ello también haciéndolo en forma rápida y basándonos en las tecnologías de la información now actually I would like to to ask Kathleen who is kindly delegated with Mr. Joe we have another two questions for for ITU and this is the digital technology can empower young migrants and help them integrate into the fabric of the society but it can also threaten migrant safety possessed challenging in terms of privacy and data protection what are your recommendation to amplify the opportunities while minimizing the risk of technology immigration this is the first one and second one is actually already mentioned that Mr. Joe in just the two weeks I too held the world radio communication conference in Shaolin shake in Egypt what is placed the central law in the world of technology what can expert learn from this conference and what would be the impact to the youth thank you I'm very not to be here I think that the second question I'll start with the second question I say I think Mr. Joe in fact explain what what is the importance of the world radio conference that will take place very soon in Shaolin shake the fact that the spectrum management is it's one of our main tasks and the fact that using or planning or developing new services based on the radio spectrum this may help now give you just a few example I think and how how the technology can empower the youth it's not only the migrant but the youth in general one is connectivity as Mr. Joe said now more than 50 percent of the population is connected to the internet but just very few that means almost half of the population is not connected to the internet one of the subject that will be discussing the world radio conference in in in Egypt will be a new spectrum new radio spectrum for satellites that will allow there are many initiatives to for the low range satellites that will allow a better connectivity this is one example coming to the other examples on connectivity we develop different projects at the regional level or with other partners and this is one of the most important thing to understand that this problem the problems we are discussing here the cannot be cannot be solved by one country or cannot be solved by one institution we need a multi stakeholder model and one of the main things it has it's the his membership which is not only member states we have 193 member states but we have almost over 1000 sector members that are coming from the private sector and academia and we work all together to design new projects I'll give you just two examples of activities or of projects we are we have developed in in ITU together with other stakeholders the first example it's about digital financial services we know that often the youth are excluded the access to to a formal financial services and on one hand we have a focus group on digital financial services in ITU trying to understand what part of these these digital financial services can be standardized and with the participation of the industry how we can do better and the second one is a common initiative with a world bank and it's it's called financial inclusion global initiative and it's a program whose objective is to advance research in digital finance and accelerate digital financial inclusion and here one of the most important part is how we deal with reliable identification system one one of the problem with youth is that they cannot be identified and we have experience in that on standardization and we in collaboration with initiatives like ID 2020 Alliance we we can we are working to develop system that the people there are almost one million people that without a reliable means of providing their identity. Mr. Jawa spoke about digital literacy and about our common project with ILO on digital skills for decent job decent job campaigns and I would like to add to other projects we in fact to other platforms we are offering to our stakeholder to to come together and think to a project that can first give a choice to use in their own country or give a choice to the youth that are migrants. First one is about artificial intelligence and every year we are organizing here in Geneva in this room in this in fact in CICG for good global summit and we have participation for academy from academia from investments bank from different organization we have 36 partners in the UN system and they are focused really on the projects using artificial intelligence to to give the people better life. This is one and the second platform we are offering to the to our partners are world summit for information society forum which is ICT for development forum where including organizations or private person NGO can come and share their experience their success stories on on on using ICT to improve the the life of the people and this year I I'd like to mention this year that we have we participants has an opportunity to learn about IOMs you know innovative migrants as messenger campaign project and at the same time they learn about the initiative between Geneva University of Geneva and Tsinghua University in China to explore how ICT can bridge the gap of an equal access to education for refugee children and youth in refugee camps and displaced communities. I'll stop here I have some other example but I will stop here and I'll be happy to answer to your questions. Thank you Kathleen actually especially thank you for actually give us a little bit more information how connectivity is important but at the same time it's not covered whole globe because if you still have 50% population that you don't have internet access and then the spectrum management importance as well as the forthcoming the conference in Xiaomi and Shake now I would like to pose another two questions to Sarah and follow up to your already discussion that was actually developed and this is what is potential knowledge that can be generated on youth migration by looking at non-traditional data sources and how is immigration viewed debated among general public and youngsters in particular I think actually colleague next to you started this debate but I would like to listen a little bit more about it. Thank you and thank also to Kathleen for this interesting presentation I just want to add that at the Knowledge Center on Migration and Demography we are exploring conceptually how we can also use artificial intelligence to help the backlog of processing the backlog of asylum applications but this is a very tricky issue so conceptually we are all thinking it conceptually we did not start working but I would be also very curious to know your view on this type of application of artificial intelligence. To come back on how we can use non-traditional data to better understand migrant youth migration I want to give you a concrete example of how we can use Facebook data to estimate the stock of migrant of migrants in a in a country because Facebook can be an example of how you can attain data in a timely low cost and almost globally available manner there is so Facebook has this advertising platform which is publicly available that you can access and define your target population so in our case it would be a youth population for example from 15 to 24 years of age and we can choose there that our target population are experts this is what they used to call the migrants experts now they adopted the label of persons living in a country X but for the sake of clarity let's continue with the old label experts so we can interrogate Facebook and say for example how many young experts are there in the city of Geneva Facebook will give us data for the people aged above 14 so we do not have data on children of course and they will give us the number only if our target group is higher than 1000 so we get the aggregate data we don't get individual data so we do not have these privacy issues we get aggregate data and only if they are about 1000 units so with my data data scientists from our team we asked how many experts young experts are there in Geneva so yesterday's data was so we had there were 46 000 Facebook users between age between 14 and 25 in city of Geneva out of which 14 000 were experts so in the city of Geneva we have one out of three our experts of course this is not this is a very let's say raw data which is then by the data scientists corrected we have these algorithms that correct the bias and so on but this is just to give you an example of how we could use big data to understand to estimate the stock of migrants besides Facebook we also tried to explore the use of mobile phone data especially we needed to study social and behavioral segregation in cities then we started using also exploring uh LinkedIn data for analyzing the educational attainment of recently arrived migrants because we know that the data on recently arrived migrants is very hard to uh to obtain uh so LinkedIn can be for example one way of um of resolving this problem then we also explored the use of air passenger data to analyze the nexus between mobility and migration as to capture this type of fluent types of uh migration of course I'm always saying exploring because uh there's so much to work to be done in to understand you how to trick big data and these real and potential limitations in using big data lie in the fact that the data are held by private sector and uh for example we we we don't have clear definitions also on for example in the case of Facebook how do they define experts there are some scientific ways of predicting what they mean by experts but they can even change it from one day and another and until we realized what changed in a definition it could take a time so we would not know is it a training uh change in a trend or a change in a definition that uh change the numbers on the table so that is why it becomes very important to create partnerships with private sectors that have data uh is to understand the definitions the transparency issues but also to create trust with them that they can um but they give us the the the aggregate data not of course process and everything by them without uh being afraid that they can be uh used in an unproper way as for your second question uh since uh it's kind of it's a it's a bit different point of view of how we can use social media again to understand migration since i'm a scientist and i'm used to present with graphs and numbers even here i had to put at least one graph so this is uh this is a graph uh from the standard euro barometer survey which we uh use very much uh it gives uh information on the views held by european citizens on a wide range of subjects including migration so here you can see attitudes toward migration from outside the EU by age cohort and uh so a person was asked please tell me whether each of the following statements evoke a positive or a negative feeling for you immigration of people uh from outside the EU so these lines represent the share of people that state that it evokes a very positive or a fairly positive um feeling and we can see that young population from 15 to 24 years of age has a particularly positive attitude toward migration from non-eu countries and we see a wide gap between attitudes of older people toward migration 45 years plus which only 30 percent of them have a positive view of migration we do see another trend however that these attitudes over migration are um let's say becoming more positive over the years although the gap between young and old still remain and um in this context for us uh it became also important to understand how this public attitudes toward migrants are shaped on social media interactions so what we did this is a project that is still ongoing uh I will just present to you one part of it uh what we did is we started to collect tweets that contain keywords like migration migrant immigrant immigrant I will talk to you about the collection that we did from June 2016 until November 2017 we collected 46.5 million tweets so if you tweeted something about migration you're probably in the collection and we looked of how we looked at the mentionings and shares of these types of tweets and what we find is a highly polarized discourses on migration so for example we had a community of conservatives talking about migration then we have another big community of for example democrats in the case of the US talking about migration and then we had also a community of experts meaning scientists and international organizations talking about migration and what we saw actually that when we produced this when we produced information about migration we as experts they are hardly hardly reaching uh other communities for example the communities of of of conservatives or the community communities of democrats so basically main part of discussions about migration at least on twitter um in the community so there is not much sharing so we have we face these uh echo chambers uh however this is still an ongoing study as I said we continue to collect uh with this collection we included other words that we were missing like refugees asylum and so on and this collection ended in May 2019 so we can see also we will be able to see how we talked about migration during the European elections and I hope that soon I will be able to come back and and talk what we what findings we made thank you thank you I think that you research it your team and you are doing are excellent and it will give us actually confirm many things that we suspect but give us a little bit more uh food for thought for uh mr carl I have one actually two more questions and I think there are kind of a hand-to-hand what would just listen what are the implications of new research technologies in enhancing and our understanding of immigration debates how can we better utilize big data to inform migration policy and practice uh what recommendations do you have for governments and non-state sectors at the local national international levels to counterparts to spread misinformation and subsequent increase in hate crime thank you very much uh for the questions and I want to also pick up where we basically stopped here and highlight basically the great advantages social media data for example offer while it takes if you want to understand what questions people are worrying about and how basically these debates are going in your society conducting polls can take large amounts of time and basically also resources where you can get immediately real-time data from millions of people uh and opinions and the movement on opinions over time as well as the locations of individual from social media networks as Facebook and Twitter and also in our research we've collected data on millions of Twitter followers we have collected more than a billion tweets from these followers and we know the friendship network so basically you can understand who these in which ways these people are connected and in this way basically this allows us was in our research to study spikes and anti-minority sentiment on social media but it also can shed light on any policy question and um uh even on the current debate and the state of the debate I think it's uh it's still important to keep in mind that the opinions on social media um uh will not be representative necessarily since groups uh not uh homogeneously uh represented on social media but we can still get a lot of information and uh I think also we can get specific information on individual target groups as social media companies have a lot of information on the users so especially Facebook we can learn about sub-communities which might be of big interest I think uh where these challenges that come in is basically developing the capabilities to analyze on the one hand these and process the large amounts of data and also um the challenges of natural language processing because as soon as you're not talking about a hundred tweets but about a hundred million tweets of course it becomes prohibitively expensive to read all of them by hand and you have to have basically these artificial um intelligent systems and supervised machine learning classifiers that tell you something about the content of each tweet and allow you to track sentiment in these systems over time but overall um the data provided by social media and new information technologies hold great promise to understand phenomena and um where basically I think the challenges come in is as uh just was highlighted these social media communities are highly segregated so while in real life societies you from time to time still meet people of uh different points of view on social media social media companies through the filtering algorithm have designed the system that you will basically predominantly be exposed to opinions of a similar viewpoint and you will talk within your own sub-community and um due to the low barriers of entrance in social media basically what we find in our research is that um again basically the wide wing people talk to the wide wing people the people on the left talk to the people on the left and there's very little interchange and this basically as we know from decades of psychological research leads to increases in polarization and more extreme opinions in the long run and um this is particularly concerned and when it comes to our research and basically what I've heard when talking about this research also with migrant communities that a concern for them is that they are particularly targeted or targets of online hate speech and um this of course can lead to their withdrawal from these communities and basically the disappearance from the public sphere which is of course a concern um and what our research then highlights is that basically the online and the offline world are connected so these are not separate phenomena and why basically we can learn a lot about online behavior it will also be informative about offline action and in our case we looked at hate crime but it also is informative and it comes to political preferences opinions and other behavior just to offer a few points on basically how basically best to address these challenges which is obviously a mass basically a field of concern and probably also a field of ongoing research and I think one thing I want to highlight is obviously that due to the interconnectedness of online and offline action I think basically in the end if you want to find effective strategies of expressing online hate there also has to be action uh offline while the development of effective counter narratives online and basically trying to desegregate this segregated groups online might help uh the spread of hate speech and the spread of hate crime overall local action is demanded and um as a last note I also want to caution against basically easy fixes like censorship because it always might be tempting to now pass new laws to basically ban online hate speech or restrict the rules on what content is acceptable online but but so far basically there's limited evidence that these actually provide real solutions to this kind of problems and therefore I would uh as they come as a high cost I would uh caution against using them just too linearly thanks a lot thank you uh Mr. Nagati we have two more questions for you uh you're the you're the founder of bennie on online strategy storytelling platform to devise youth uh could you explain how your platform contributes to the change of perception uh what advice do you have for young people who might be seeking uh community online how can young people find a safe and supportive online environment the floor is yours thank you very much um I'd love to pick up where we left off in the previous uh my panelist said about echo chambers that for me is like the crux of a lot of the work that I do is that how do we break down these echo chambers two practical examples from uh my platform my platform is a storytelling platform I try to provide stories about people who are either second third generation migrants growing up in the west or emerging migrants coming from the east from various war-torn countries um I in the beginning of my journey I made a video called the British happy muslims video I don't know if anybody might have seen it here but it basically went super viral um I had no previous experience of making a video but what I had realized is that public perception of my community as a brown young muslim man growing up in the west was very negative at the time of a post-911 context um the London bombings had happened and there was also a negative sentiment floating around especially towards migrant communities in the UK so I wanted to do a video I had no previous background this is when I was actually working at the UNHCR in Jordan I had come back to London and I was flirting with the idea of doing something creative and then I had a camera at home never filmed a video in my life and I was like hmm let me try and film something that might be a little bit different Pharrell came out with a song called happy I don't know if anyone's heard it before but it was basically a huge viral blockbuster hit and I was like it'd be amazing to do a parody about migrant communities who are happy in the context in which they're living in film the video in about 10 days um released it I expected about thousand people to watch the video and a thousand people was just my family alone um then literally overnight it happened to get 1.7 million views and this is from someone who's never made a video before in my life and the comments flooded my phone battery died in the matter of about 30 minutes but the comments well majority and this is where data came in it was incredibly interesting to see you got the kind of social stats that were coming out of it majority of the comments were coming from people who didn't have a migrant background um Western European British um communities who suddenly felt like oh my god like this is incredible to see such an eclectic cosmopolitan community woven in the fabric of who we are as well but of course as a result of that to bring in the negatives of what social media can do it got a lot of heat it got a lot of negativity right wing groups started to claim that these people are this is some heated agenda of basically them trying to um say that they are a part of who we are but they're not and it became a very actually quite uh vitriolic venomous campaign against migrants which was probably about 10 percent of the people that washed it it was overwhelmingly positive but it was still brought about to the surface of how dangerous social media can be and me as the content creator I felt responsible for providing a platform for these people that I put in the video suddenly they were the uh subjects of deep horrible hate speech basically it was like comments that were basically like pinning out physical appearances where people were from insults that you would never say to anybody face to face so in that moment I was confronted with the positive and negatives was what I do in terms of storytelling then I realized how can I do this in a more nuanced way that protected the communities that I was trying to represent and this is where storytelling can well a nuanced approach to storytelling can be very useful in shaping identity identity of the migrant but also identity shaping their identity or of self-perception in the future and how they perceive themselves I made a story about my grandmother who was an Indonesian migrant and she passed away when I was about three I had no I didn't really know my Indonesian grandmother at all she was this weird phantom figure in the house where you kind of felt like you knew her but you didn't because she was beautiful picture of her in our house but I never really knew her long story short I went to Indonesia to find out about my roots and ended up finding families I never met before huge emotional journey about a second third culture young boy going back to his migrant roots all of the comments all of the feedback were from the same right-wing people commenting on this video but instead of a negative approach they were so incredibly positive and so incredibly comforting because instead of seeing me as some other as some migrant trying to come into their country they just saw a young boy who loved his grandmother who wanted to connect back to something and that was a very relatable experience and this is where nuanced approach to storytelling can really help bridge the divide between echo chambers so when I'm trying to like bridge different communities together I'm trying to see what is the intersection what is the commonality between someone like me coming from a decorated cultural background or what's the different influences to homogeneous indigenous communities in the west what is the kind of intersection that we can connect with each other and in that story it was the love of an unconditional love of a grandmother and her sacrifices that she made for her future generations and the difference was stuck it was incredible and now that's how I tend to go about my future storytelling I start with intersection I start with the cross between different cultures and that from my experience as a practitioner on social media is a great way if you're trying to bridge the divide between echo chambers which can be very prevalent in the social media space thank you it's very inspiring the the way also how you present but also referring to the your developing gaza storyteller it's it's on ben youtube channel right who who didn't see it yeah I didn't I've been that's there before we open the floor to the all of you I first I would like to ask each of you do have any message do you have any recommendation on anything else that you would like to address today and you still didn't think it's not addressed let's start then first with the deputy minister please go ahead muchas gracias impresionante historia y creo que nos lleva la corresponsabilidad que nos corresponde a todos a pesar de los bonito que les he comentado en costa rica tuvimos que es considerado el ha sido considerado el país más feliz del mundo en varias ocasiones tuvimos algún brote de xenofobia hace año y medio tuvo que ver con el incremento de de las solicitudes o de los ingresos de las personas nicaragüenses fue pequeño fueron tal vez 50 personas pero fueron y eso fue muy impactante creo que aquí hay una lección aprendida y fue una muy rápida reacción del presidente liderando y dejando muy claro que eso no es costa rica y muchos otros mensajes los expresidentes salieron también y creo que aquí en estos momentos también es clave que cada quien lo decía nadir desde desde su plataforma el gobierno desde su posición y cada uno pues tome estas decisiones rápidamente porque también el tiempo importa cuando estamos en situaciones críticas entonces creo que es muy importante tener una clara posición un claro liderazgo y confrontar estas situaciones de básicamente raíz igual se eso se había gestado mucho por por facebook creo entonces se identificaron muchos perfiles falsos se identificaron de cuáles páginas venía pero bueno hubo una rápida acción al respecto y bueno no hemos tenido más manifestaciones de estas y también el tema del del acceso a la conectividad lo cierto es que eso es un reto muy importante yo les he contado las cosas que hemos estado haciendo pero sigue siendo un reto para costa rica tener el mejor acceso a la conectividad para las personas para que puedan hacer el buen uso correspondiente para eso también pues básicamente decirles que tenemos muchas ganas de hacer las cosas bien y que en realidad básicamente quisiéramos ser también un laboratorio de buenas prácticas más allá de las que tenemos para eso la articulación con la cooperación ha sido muy importante como lo mencionaba antes con hoy y hoy te pero quisieramos también decirles que tenemos todo el compromiso y las ganas de de trabajar por la población migrante y que estaremos abiertos a hacerlo de una forma pues articulada y que realmente beneficia las personas que son finalmente nuestro nuestra razón de ser thank you mr calton do you have any message from it yes of course um we we we should all of us we acknowledge that for youth now is the most exciting and most challenging time the internet provide them the possibility to access more information to be more educated to develop their own business and we have some examples here in the panel to develop their own business but we should all of us we should realize that together with the possibilities given by the new technology we should come with responsibility and it was what to the minister underlined here and i'm sure that all together multi-stakeholder not only the governments together with the youth together with the businesses we can respond to the challenges of the future and we should have more and more not only discussion but common project and as an international organization what we can offer the platforms where all together it can come developing projects and this is what we'll do in the future thank you thank you madre gubano vashkovich please uh so i give you some examples of how we can use big data but actually i'm here also to to to promote that we need to the great potential that these big data have in harnessing the data of big data for migration and but to do so so we cannot use facebook data as it is now we really really really need to build partnerships with private sectors that have this data so i would like to take this occasion also to uh ask iom m maybe in the next dialogue if we can have also the private sector so they can also tell us what are there uh with uh with making this type of data available also to governments in a systematic way thank you thank you mr schwarz yeah i want to also conclude on a maybe a more positive note and basically in the end effect basically social media all new technologies and why they now have been around for more than a decade it took basically uh more than 70 years until people agreed that cars might need seat belts and this is similar basically the way i think about social media i think there's still a lot of ongoing research and we are trying to understand this new phenomenon of fake news echo chamber and how to best to tackle them and it's great that we have this panel here bringing different expertise together but in the end probably it's going to take a bit more years until basically we have found basically a better setup for these social medias but in the end my hope is that over time basically we will have the opportunity to make use of all the chances and advances these new information technologies provide us and that in the end we can use them in the way that actually brings people together uh all around the globe i think and this would be i think create create a thing if we can finally manage uh to connect people through these new information technology centers and social media thanks and at least but not last uh nagdi thank you um i guess i'd include just to say on the issue of social media as a practitioner as someone deeply invested in the uh migration space that for me social media is like a knife you can use it to make yourself food you can use it to hurt somebody it's the tool and ultimately um it's the person behind the tool that we're interested in how are we cultivating young people who are morally conscientious but also proactive in the spaces that they're operating in i operate in the space of culture i believe culture is the way forward especially for people with migrant backgrounds because culture gives you something to live for um growing up as a migrant you have to navigate multiple cultures simultaneously it's a very difficult space to be in but what the when you provide a platform you provide a space you give a voice to a young person a young migrant who felt like they've never had one and we might give them a voice but usually those voices are picking at them at their lowest common denominator which is you are a migrant tell me your story of how you suffered in your life as a migrant but once you provide a real voice where you hear the entirety of this person's essence this characteristics their personalities that post their aspirations you provide them a platform that hears their truest voice you inspire young people that feel invested in the community that are part of and that's where nuance comes in social media has been part of our lives now for almost 10 years it's past the beta phase it's past the 1.0 it's evolving it's changing to mean and encompass more of our lives every single day it's not gonna go anywhere but we need to become a lot more nuanced and detailed with how we approach our communities and allowing them to feel like they have a vested interest and a stake in the stories that are about them ultimately just to close I would as a practitioner as the only one here I think I would love to see something a bit more proactive in the sense that I know me myself in the community of influences and social media people that I know we would love to work more proactively with people in this room and I know that I can I know that if like a collective existed or a body of like social media people around the world who represented demographs from lots of different diverse backgrounds they'd be more than willing to help provide their platforms to help organizations like yourselves and I would love to see something materialized like a body a collective a youth led organization that leveraged their influence into really meaningful things under the watchful eye of people like the IOM or other international organizations but just to throw an idea out there or the energy out there so hopefully something like that materializes but thank you for the time thank you for your suggestion I certainly will follow up now we are actually opening floor for the questions comments and suggestions in this moment we already have one that is lined up and this is a presented for European public law organization ambassador George Papa Dotao head of the mission please thank you my appreciation and thanks to the panelists for the contribution my question relates to the references made to ILO the future of work and artificial intelligence there are growing indications and evidence that artificial intelligence is already taking away low paying jobs and these are the jobs that migrants compete for due to low investment in human capital skills and so forth it's so it also so happens that the jobs are the ones that the unions are trying to protect so the unions are facing two threats one is from artificial intelligence the other is from migrants I am wondering how can this challenge be reconciled or has anybody given some thought to that thank you thank you thank you for the question I think this is referring to Mr Kotlin no I think it's more referring on ILO on the international labor organization because it was referring about that but what I can say is that we are in a changing world due to the new technologies artificial intelligence is one of them we should understand that we cannot stop the technological development we should understand that and we should create adaptable instruments for the new era and I already gave this example that we are working in international labor organization together on a digital skills for desert job campaign because we need to understand that for the future jobs there will not be the same jobs as we have as ambassador said will not some of the jobs that we have now will be replaced and but new jobs will be created and we need to be prepared and especially the youth are the ones we should give them these tools these skills to be prepared for the future is it is a way how we answer to the new challenge it's one of the biggest challenge we don't know if it's someone from ILO maybe can answer more on this question I think somebody would like to from floor to add something I think all of us now especially us who are has a parent who are a parent and have a kids that actually now on should decide about their future it's very difficult now to even to to advise and not only to advise what kind of a profession somebody should select but even kind of a basic or elementary study should select because we don't know actually about the new jobs that will be created and in that sense we will have on the today tomorrow actually and one of the panels have ILO presented even we can actually reiterate this question and probably get a little bit more from ILO and in this moment Mr Schwartz would like to add something please go ahead yet not necessarily only for my own research but by training I'm an economist so basically we've always studied the studies on AI and the impact of automation on these jobs and I think it I think it's not true that the impact of AI will be concentrated in low paying jobs AI will be placed so basically substitute a lot of jobs where basically humans are not willing to pay a bonus for basically having human interactions so if you are basically working in elderly care your job is going to be safe while when you work at basically as a air traffic controller which is a very high paying high skilled job your job might be gone in 20 years and I think that I completely agree with the challenge and in the end it basically we will see tremendous productivity increases because of increased artificial intelligence what matters in the end is basically how we manage them and how we are able to distribute basically the changes in productivity and compensate those that will lose from artificial intelligence and set them on to a path and basically helps them to acquire new skills to succeed and basically in a world where artificial intelligence is basically automating a way more and more professions but the malibu is