 So we hope that Zimbabwe comes in in a minute, but before it is that far and before I go to present you, I'm just writing our bit down, to formally introduce this series of, yeah, it's quite all different things. Good morning, ladies and gentlemen. Can you hear me? There are students here in the OVD, but also there are students in many places in the world. You are connected to us now. Welcome to this story. My name is Johan van Dijk and I'm the Business Director of the Institute. And it's my pleasure to have you here for this seminar, Water and the Sustainable Development Goals, a vision for healthy people and healthy environment. This seminar is for you here, students in the audience. But it also is to mark the UNESCO IHE Alumni Day that we have celebrated last week. And in connection to this event, we are proud to have this first online seminar that's also open to our alumni. For the students here, I hope that most of you have been positioned to attend last opening of the academic year 2016, where I already mentioned that you are now part of a big family as a matter of 15,000 alumni. Because that's the number of students that have graduated from the Institute since 1957. Since these first lectures, we have developed not only our education program, a research and innovation, and what you call our capacity development and institutional strengthening. And we also come to this online seminar that's just the latest development in sharing knowledge and skills with you. Today we are in the experience as a presentation. I can see it on the screen on the other side in South Africa. Welcome here. This is the regional director and reputable regional office for South Africa in New York. This is the UNESCO Reputant Institute in Botswana, the Institute of Malawi, South Africa, Swanson, Singapore, and Zambia into the South African region. And it is also the regional team in Africa, and of course touch to UNESCO IHE girls. I think we will be speaking at the same time. I hope so. Let me say again another word, and then we can say another word to the audience here and off. I think. Okay. I just need those programs in the hands of Mark Zuckerberg. And I love you all, and I wish you a very inspiring seminar. The first of this kind of year in this country. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Your welcome for these introductory words. Celebrating indeed that first time seminar for Under Night. Well, HIP is already there, and I trust that your sound system is working. Let me give you a slight little bit further of your introduction. HIP has swiped an impressive resume, CV, implemented short missions, team leaders, addition to what Johan already said, team leader of a number of bigger projects, among which the switch project called Water in the City of the Future, in which we were joining forces with many other organizations in the world to develop water management as an objective, obviously, to reduce water consumption to maintain high water policies. Besides his current work at UNESCO, Regional Director and Representative, he continues to hold positions as full professor at UNESCO IHE, the Institute since 1995 and at Wageningen University. He would have published over 400 articles and books, and presented numerous unique notes in the fields of water management, microbiology, environmental scientists, biotechnology, symmetry, and environmental engineering. And he also covers topics of international cooperation, in which he, of course, is in the middle. Sustainable development, the millennium development goals, sustainability development goals, and climate change, and serves on the parts of many important institutions. From his background here, he joins UNESCO in 2006, directed UNESCO Regional Sign Bureau, as Johan already was mentioning. Yes, Martin, I can hear you loud and clear. Let me also check if you can hear me from how loud it is. We have regional office for Southern Africa in Harara, and UNESCO representative for a whole bunch of Southern African countries. So far for the introduction, let's get started. Let me also check whether you have the first slide on the screen. That is the title slide. The method is not going to be used. Yes, we found that out. Okay, thank you. So let me first of all say it is a great pleasure for me to join you over there. I believe this is the new batch of students joining the IHE programs, and it's very good that in this first week you're all together, so that we have a chance to discuss about some of the common issues and challenges in the water sector. And now I'm happy to be connected. I'm happy to be again with UNESCO IHE. I'm still engaged with UNESCO IHE, but as Martin already indicated in the introduction, I work now full-time for UNESCO, and I'm based currently here in Harara, which is a new regional office for UNESCO. Now actually, I hope many of you know, today is a very special day. It is UN Day. And therefore, while I will focus my presentation on water and the SDGs, I would like to share a few introductory comments on water. I don't know, I'm not sure. Do I give my own echo back, or was there a comment? I can continue, I guess. So next slide. This is the logo of the UN Day celebrations, 71 for 17. That means 71 years of experience of the UN to support the 17 SDGs. Next. Yeah, you will know that the United Nations was born in 1945, exactly on this day, 21st, 24th of October. And the UN is central to global efforts to address challenges and problems faced by humanity. And to address these huge global challenges, we have over 30 affiliated organizations in the UN system. UNESCO is one of them. Next. And what does the UN do? Basically, we work in six areas. The first is to support economic development, to work on social progress, international law, and actually next doors from Delft in The Hague. There is the International Court of Justice to promote issues of human rights. And last, but not least, the achievement of world peace. Next. Now, the UN has, of course, different images. When you think of the UN, anything may come in mind. The acronym of UN, some people tell me, well, it's useless nations. Some say UN is unable and it is indeed sometimes difficult. The UN is also confused sometimes and by some as the Security Council, which indeed is a bit of an archaic system in the UN with veto powers. But actually, what the UN is, it is you and me. It is all of us together. It is all the member states together. And that's, I would say, the success of the UN. At the same time, it is sometimes the source of frustration because you need to agree with 194 member states to be able to make progress and advances. Next. Now, let me come to the theme of water. And I believe water is a good theme because it embodies the whole issue of the need for cooperation, the need for multilateralism. Water doesn't recognize borders. Water is a basic human need. Water is life. Water is a basic human right. So the current Secretary General, when he started his mandate eight years ago, almost eight years ago, he launched this term. He said, climate change is the defining issue of our time. And I express hope here that considering that over 90% of climate change impact is water related, I hope the new Secretary General will come out and say, actually, water is the defining issue of our time. Now, let me make the case for that in the presentation. Next. First of all, water is life. Now, this picture embodies this. This is a picture taken from the moon. There is no water. There is no life. It is a dead body, actually, the moon. And what we see over there on the horizon is planet Earth. And the only color you recognize is white and it is blue. And this symbolizes water. It is the oceans and the clouds. Water is life on this fantastic planet Earth. Next. And that reflects, therefore, on the roles of water. Water is essential for our food production. More than 70% of all the fresh water used goes to produce our food. Next. We need water for people, drinking water, washing water, bathing water, household water. Next. We need water to run our industries. Next. We use water to produce energy. Very important in this region. We use water for transportation. We use water. It is important in recreation and tourism. Think of it. This is one of the biggest economic sectors today. Whenever we have free time for recreation or go on tourism, we look for water. Next. And after all these uses for people, we sometimes forget that water is also essential for nature. For the ecosystems to support the biodiversity. Next. Now, here a reflection on how much water do we use and the increase in water in freshwater consumption over the past 100 years or so. And you see a very steep increase. First of all, on the left, the most thirsty sector, as I said already, is agriculture. The production of our food will be a huge challenge for the second half of this century. It is a major question that needs to be addressed and resolved. The second biggest user is domestic use, water for people. And the third biggest user is industry. And these two sectors, and I could in fact include the first one also agriculture, not only they use a lot of fresh water, but also after using it, they return it back to nature, but usually at a very much inferior quality. So pollution comes in. And that presents another major challenge in the water sector. Very briefly, next slide on why is water so important for UNESCO. In UNESCO, water is a principal priority in the science sector. The assets of UNESCO. And we have therefore in Paris, the so-called division of water sciences that manages the IHP program, the International Hydrological Program which is a global cooperation between scientists on hydrology and water. UNESCO also hosts the secretariat for a UN-wide program called the World Water Assessment Program that comes up with a report every year. You see here the third pillar is UNESCO IG. It's you, over there in Delft which is the capacity building and the research component of the water program. And then besides that, the fourth pillar is a large number of specialized centers all over the world, category two we call them centers in the field of water and also UNESCO chairs at universities. Next slide. So that briefly on UNESCO but back to the global challenges as we face them in the water sector. The first category of challenges relate to water and people. How does water affect us? Today close to 0.8 billion people live without access to safe water. So that remains a big challenge also in SDG 6. Over 2.5 billion people have no access to improved sanitation. Some 5 billion people globally live near polluted water bodies contamination and the contact with that potentially causing disease. And therefore millions and often children die from water bomb disease today. We see that still there is a challenge of hunger and food security with 150 million people living in food insecure situations. And I list that here underwater for people challenges because the main limiting factor to increase our food production today is water. And then we have of course climate change. We cost it ourselves but it has impacted the hydrological cycle which today is very erratic. Next. Then we have another set of challenges that I would categorize underwater and water quality challenges. We see a sharp increase in worldwide water use. There is over abstraction. There is land subsidence and decertification as a result of it. We see that 85% of the population globally lives in the driest half of the planet. And climate change and extreme weather events is making it much, much more difficult. This causes food insecurity. We see also rapid urbanization processes taking place in many countries and that increases water footprints in on the catchment. And I refer already to the massive pollution of vital water resources be it by a point source pollution sewage, industrial affluence but also non-point sources. Think of this. Agriculture is a major contaminant because of and then often times of very nasty chemicals like pesticides. But think of it, this doesn't come out of a pipe. This is diffused pollution that cannot be easily collected and treated. So a major issue and also nitrogen, the fertilizer is of course meant to stimulate growth of crops but most of it gets lost, reviled of water, infiltrates of our groundwater and surface water systems. Biodiversity loss is another major challenge that I list here under these long list of water challenges. Next slide. And it is a defining moment in time because we have early this year closed the MDG chapter, the global efforts to support the Millennium Development Goals, eight of them and turned the page to a new agenda which is a much more complex and comprehensive agenda. A few words on that new agenda in the next slide. You see here the set in the next slide, the set of 17 goals and of course a particular interest today is goal number six. Goal number six here says clean water and sanitation but I should emphasize that the goal if you look at the text it is, it goes much further than that. It is not just the water for people component, it includes water management, pollution, water quality, water quality issues in fact it intends to address all the lists of challenges that I presented just a minute ago. And that makes it a comprehensive comprehensive goal. Next. So water also relates to all these other sustainable development goals. I predict none of them will move forward in the way we plan them if we don't manage the water goal. Next slide. Well this picture is basically meant to say we need to zoom out and see the bigger picture of the issues and when you see 17 goals long list in fact personally I memorized this not the process but the result of having 17 goals which are very hard to memorize and to understand. This is a very complex agenda and it could have been simplified because the main issues are fewer. And therefore I would like to ask us to zoom out and see the bigger picture what is the bigger picture at stake. Now this is a picture you see it. It is a gun. It is a symbol of violence and killings and all the bad but then to the next slide you see the big picture. Next. You see really that the big picture is that this is a monument for peace. It is exactly the opposite. And this is what happens if you zoom out and look at the bigger picture. I believe this is the time to do that. If we zoom out and see the 17 goals we see a bigger picture that looks more simple. Next slide. The bigger picture is this one. It is a picture where basically the agenda 2030 entails three main pillars. The first one being the unfinished business of the MDGs on the right hand bottom. That is the challenge of eradicating poverty associated syndromes of health and access to services and food. Then we have the big question of sustainable development and a green economy. And the third one equally important is the big question of peace and security. So in a way I have captured here the whole SDG 17 goals in three simple pillars. Next slide. Now back to water and how it relates to all the other SDGs. I have tried to make a qualitative assessment of that. Let's go back to the MDGs. Water was locked up under goal 7 target 7C. It was very limited in its positioning in the MDGs. And target 7C was limited in itself again because it was only talking about water and sanitation. Therefore in today's framework of the SDGs it is much broader. And you see here I just with pluses I have tried to indicate whether water is an important dimension in the particular SDG. And you see for all the SDGs it is very relevant. The more pluses the more relevant. Of course the biggest number of pluses is earned by SDG 6 which is particularly on water. Next slide. For the other SDGs you see the same and not given four pluses to a particular SDG 11 sustainable cities. How can a city be sustainable if we don't manage a sustainable water system for these cities. Sustainable production and consumption. Climate action and also say the oceans. That's where the bulk of our water is on this planet. It is in the oceans. Next slide. So as I said zooming out is useful because then you tend to see the bigger picture. Now if you have to deal with 17 SDGs that can sometimes be very complicated. I would say zooming out would shoot learners that there are key issues and they are interlinked. If you look at food, water, energy that is a nexus that should be considered together. They are very closely linked. But now let's dream a bit. We go beyond 2030 and we would have solved the food security the water issues and the energy. If we would have done that then we would have solved many of the other problems listed in other SDGs. We would have no more climate change. When you renewable energy we have solved the food security issues which drive also a lot of climate change emissions accountable for some 30% of global climate change. We would have sustainable water management systems and therefore by diversity loss no more a problem. Environmental sustainability is there. And it would also address other issues of poverty and inequalities. So what I am saying here is that by zooming out you see the main issues the strategic issues that are catalytic and can help address and solve the other SDGs. This one and so therefore I would say the agenda 2030 it uses new language as well. It talks about transformative shifts. But zooming out and looking at the key strategic issues would identify these three sectors energy, water and food. And if we managed to transform these three sectors we would basically have addressed the whole list of SDGs and made transformative change towards a new world down the road in the second half of this century that is truly sustainable. And therefore I say this transformative change should lead to new energy it will lead to new water and it will lead to new food. And now you ask what is that? Well that is what I am going to explain in the second half of this presentation but up from that I would say what it also needs is a new mindset. We need to be open, we need to be innovative and we need to drive this world towards sustainability. Next. Now to illustrate the point let me first explain the current unsustainable use of water. Two examples water for food security as I said 70% of our fresh water goes there and the second example is water for sustainable cities or settlements or it applies equally in villages and settlements. Next. So first the water for food as I said earlier the challenge is how to provide food security for 9 billion people in 2015 when today already 70% of our fresh water goes there. Do we have that water available? So I always say today the key limiting factor to increase our food production is water. Of course water is also available land and then we also need to recognize that our current food production is not sustainable as it is today because it is causing too much environmental setup climate change gas emissions pollution of nasty chemicals etc. Next. And that is what is presented here. FAO did some calculations and they calculated that in order to feed sustainably 250 in 2050 9 billion people we need to increase food production by 60% and in some of the in most of the developing countries by 100% but what does that mean for fresh water for our water in terms of quantity and quality and my prediction is if everything stays the same as it is this will lead to a massive water quality and water quality crisis. Next. And therefore I use this term that was launched by the club of Rome in the 70s there are limits to growth and if you look at our current food production system which is in fact the result of a Neolithic revolution it is about 11-12,000 years back that we decided as a species to instead of hunting and gathering to settle and grow our food that system has been carried forward basically in the same way for the last 11 or more thousand years and I would say that again zooming out the big picture we are probably coming to the end of the shelf life of the Neolithic revolution. Let's reflect on that why do I make that statement but if you analyze what the impact is of our food production system you see that it occupies 25% of all habitable land it is responsible for 70% of our freshwater consumption for 80% of deforestation for 30% of greenhouse gas emissions it is the largest driver of biodiversity loss it is and I refer to that a big contaminator but of diffuse pollution that is very difficult to manage but also and especially the bio industry it creates a number of ethical issues both in the bio industry but also agriculture think of it we always romanticize agriculture and farming and think of these poor rural farmers in rural Africa it is hardship to make a living out of agricultural small scale in rural areas so these issues are there and next slide we sorry yeah the next slide I want to introduce the second example this one can you run the animation back one slide back and then start it again it doesn't run next yeah something yeah now it runs water for cities or settlements what we see is our system is simple we have a water resource we take water from there we treat it to the highest quality of drinking water the distribution network high consumption in the cities in households industries etc that generates a lot of waste water sewage that needs to be collected in big pipes under the streets a sewer network then hopefully at the end of the pipe we have a treatment plant that brings back this water to a decent quality and then you see the effluent go back and usually it goes back to the same resource where it came from the big wide arrow is the biggest consumer and that's the food security part the food production consumes 70% of fresh water but also generates the brown arrow back a lot of pollution so you see that in fact water in the city and water in settlements runs in a cycle and we have learned that running things cyclic is good it's sustainable so by bother next slide you would wonder is there anything wrong with water in the city today it is cyclic and it should be sustainable therefore next slide the objectives if you want to know if it is sustainable we have to go back to the original objectives urban water management basically has three objectives if you look at it the objectives are to provide a good service to people and industry to improve public health and how the urban water system was developed from the second half of the 19th century the discovery of microorganism I think I'm back correct I don't know where I lost you but let's go to the next slide I'm reviewing our progress over the last 150 years against these three objectives let's see next slide it is a good service to people but it is a good service to people if today 0.8 billion people have no access to safe water if two and a half billion people don't have access to sanitation and if five billion people and more live close to content-based water I don't think we have a good result under this objective next slide and it is a good service to people if we use too much of this high-end quality water drinking water for very low land purposes do we need drinking water to wash the Coca-Cola truck or on the right-hand side as you can see do we need drinking water to flush our toilet where the single purpose is the transportation of human waste Martin I hear a very strong echo of my own voice can you do something about it in the meantime I continue so a good service to people also when we have climate change and next and we see either too little or it comes in too big quantities next slide then the other objective that of improving public health well water is life we know it indeed but water is also a major killer and millions of children mostly children die every year from water next slide yeah next slide then the third objective let's hope at least the third one we have addressed that of environmental sustainability and as you can see here in the picture we have invested billions in some regions in the US hundreds of billions over the past years to treat and of pipe the big amounts of sewage from industrial and domestic so high-tech treatment is really costing a fortune and it helps to reduce the pollution to our water bodies but let's remind ourselves next slide we still by treating we still do not produce safe affluence after primary secondary tertiary treatment you're still left with endocrine disruptors pathogens microcontaminants and then worse next slide we see that some 75% of all waste water in this world is not treated at all and this is the sewer outlet to a river in the city of Cali and Columbia and you can truly see that this is a bridge over troubled water next slide so we need to think in terms of water solutions we need to get it right and therefore we propose a strategy that is composed of three steps a strategy that has the following three steps first of all reduce water use consumption second reuse water after the first use today we use water only once in large amounts and then throw it away back to the water resource with a lot of pollution so reuse think in terms of the water chain and then third you really have to use the consummation in the effluence you cannot reuse it further and it has to go back to the water resource think about measures how can we have the water resource to cope better next then let's go through these steps some examples the first step reduce use now that of course involves demand management water saving technologies cleaner production next slide we are seeing cleaner production in industry but we need to apply it to the biggest user of water the agriculture so more crops to drop think about drop resistant crops think about drip irrigation further innovation needs to happen there that's where the biggest consumption happens domestic use you see here on the left the photo of a that does a lot of things and minimizes water use on the right you see low tech solutions are also possible this is taken in China in a small restaurant this is a washing basin but the washing water is kept in a container which is used for the next guest for the flushing of the toilet so you use the same water twice that's the whole principle next slide step 2 treat for reuse that means water waste water is also a resource the organic matter could be turned into energy by anaerobic digestion for instance you could recover the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus so there is a lot of resources to be gained from waste water and in recovering them you purify the effluent and make it fit for reuse be it irrigation or otherwise next slide an example of that is using eco technologies this is a very simple wastewater treatment lagoon and you see the surface is green and this is because on the surface there grows a tiny aquatic plant which is called lemna or duckweed in English and it is a very particular plant it has a very high growth speed it has a mass doubling time that comes in the order of microorganisms almost within a day it could duplicate its biomass in full scale systems it will take 2 to 4 days and the biomass will double the second characteristic that shown in the next slide is that it has a very high a very high protein content I compare it here with a hectoproduction of soybean which produces 600 kg of protein but duckweed can produce 10 times as much per hectop a year so that makes it a very interesting product it can be used for fish aquaculture next slide you can see an example here in Bangladesh this NGO that operates this system produces between 11 and 12 tons of aquaculture fish production per hectop a year which I believe is a very high yield next so then the last step if after all these treatment and reuse processes we still have contamination then how can we help our water systems scope think about eco-hypology this is a picture in the Netherlands I don't remember exactly which river but it is typical to see dykes along the rivers now the more recent approach is one where we say well let's give the space back to our rivers let's cut the dykes where possible where agricultural land can be used to be flooded because originally these rivers had this space to grow if there is a big flow of water to shrink and also think of it it is exactly in these lower areas where the water expands which are biologically the most active it is more shallow light penetrates algae can grow and bring oxygen into the water so in fact these areas that we cut out via the dykes are actually the kidneys of the river next and by using the same principles of eco-hydrology you can also apply these tidal flushes you see here the city of Katagena it dumps its wastewater into this natural lagoon to the north but there is a connection to the sea on the left and what they have done in a very interesting project is to engineer the entrance in the next slide you can see how polluted it was this was before here you see the road over the bridge that connects on the other side to the sea and it was massively contaminated very smelly, very bad next slide so engineering this you see there is a separator in the middle there are opening doors on the right and closing doors on the left these doors open and close with the tidal effect and sea water is thereby pumped through the system diluting the waste but then also allowing a heterotrophic bacteria an algae to kick in and help in the purification process so this is a very simple eco-hydrology application and in fact an eco-technology application next slide so these are some examples of the three steps that we can take we need to go further we need to think of a vision towards the year 2050 where we need to rebalance between people and planet a vision where 9 billion people can live in a decent quality of life within the planet's limited resources next slide yeah this is what I call the power of imagination and you all have that power and I would ask you can you reflect on the basis of all these challenges and problems that we have seen and envision a world out there somewhere in the second half of this century where we have indeed managed to rebalance how would it look like next slide next slide so new energy we have so many options and possibilities I predict that we will enter now in a period where a number of renewable energy options will come to scale but eventually we will have to see a competition and selection process between various options and I predict that in the two decades after so towards 2040 2050 we will probably narrow the options down to two or three main renewable sources next new water well imagine what new water means that means a more rational approach to water use reuse and helping ecosystem scope and water system scope next slide so it means we need to think of waterscapes in our urban systems and in our settlements a large city should have a large water body within the city at certain distances these should be positioned in the lowest area so they can collect water when it rains it becomes then also a buffer for the dry season you can use that water the bottom will be fully engineered to maximize recharge to the aquifer and it has also an aesthetic function next it becomes also very practical you cannot afford to keep these water bodies empty so you have houses that are floating on these water bodies and you see on the right hand side that is an animation but the left hand side is a new company building casco houses you can finish them to your own taste and imagine the advantage this gives let's see in the next slide if you find a new job in another city you don't need to pack and unpack you just hire a boat and go with your house to take advantage then the city of the future will also make more rational systems for our personal waste human waste the fecal matter will be collected will no longer be washed by drinking water out of the city causing problems but it will be transported via vacuum it goes to decentralized fully automated underground composting systems the surface on the top is a park or a sports park multiple use of space but underground the first generation will produce methane gas, biogas the second generation in 20 years will produce hydrogen gas and this is a co-composting anaerobically of course between the fecal matter and the organic portion of municipal solid waste the energy goes back to drive the vacuum to run ecosystems or heating systems in the houses then the urine which is a very special waste in fact it is chemical waste think of all the medical tablets that we take the pharmaceutical products very nasty compounds think about the large percent of the female population taking burst control pills these are hormones and the steroids very rigid chemical structures that are hard to degrade in treatment systems so the city of the future will have a factory at the end of the pipe now it is a small pipe no big sewer systems needed that collect all the urine from the city and all these high-end products can be recovered and therefore this is an attractive business proposal next slide with the new food think of it we have come to the end of the shelf life of the Neolithic Revolution we need new solutions this could be done in many different ways think about algae algae produced protein if you calculate for 9 billion people you would need the surface area of 3 times the size of Portugal the country of Portugal and that is a lot of surface area to generate indeed enough protein and calories to feed the world population but you can use the oceans you can use the coastal waters for that so that could be one another one is upscaling a technology that already exists it is tissue culture on the left side you see a photo in the laboratory we can grow tissue cells a single cell a single beef cell that can be grown into layers scaling it up means you do this at a large scale and think of the city of the future it would produce meat in factories and then people tell me but that doesn't sound very romantic I get my steak out of a factory well first of all to those who are critical I would say this would be the bulk of production in the year 20 or 70 maybe the agriculture will still exist the cows will still be out there but it will become a luxury product like today hunting is a luxury product in the west but we would transfer from the Neolithic revolution somewhere towards the end of this century into taking it in our own hands and producing beef and meat and the highest quality can be produced in factories and I think of it now you have full recycle of water you have the dosage of nutrients that go into the proteins and into the product and you no longer have the massive waste you also no longer have the ethical questions around the bio industry next slide so then you say well is that science or science faction well in 2013 the first hamburger was produced with this technology this was done in the University of Maastricht in the south of the Netherlands and it was a project sponsored by one of the co-founders of Google who thought this was a very interesting project this project had a budget of $330,000 so I call it the stake of the art but it was just to prove the business case that it can be done of course innovation goes eventually and in the year 2060 you would produce the same hamburger for $1 next slide and this is to end and just request all of you again that while you do your studies in the water sector try to imagine the future and the position of water in that new future one thing must be certain that future needs to be a sustainable future next slide thank you very very much for your colorful, imaginative and enthusiastic presentation as always really wonderful frankly we do not have a lot of time for questions but the first one is I'm going to appear to get at least an idea of how the question and answer approach is working the question sheet that you're going to see has the possibility of sending more questions to you the hashtag is made and this is the key question but probably the most difficult question it is clear that we have followed the path to its unsustainability exactly because population exploded in the last 5, 6 decades and we have come beyond carrying capacity of this planet I think all of you know the concept of the ecological footprint now today if you analyze the ecological footprint of humanity on this planet today it adds up to about 1.4 planet Earth well the last time I checked there is only one so we have either 0.4 times too many people or we need 0.4 more planet or as the current as the G agenda proposes we need to live with it that we will still have to go through a population growth in the coming decades a peak will be reached somewhere at 2060 or so and after that it will come down and stabilize these are the demographic pictures and outlook but then we will have to be sure that we make that peak in the second half of the century in a sustainable manner so it is a double it is a dual challenge we have to accommodate more of us on this planet and we have to rebalance our ecological footprint the question about population growth is of course a big picture question and a very difficult one the UN believes strongly that if we manage to eradicate poverty that then also we will be able to manage the population growth but that clearly is a longer term issue that takes much more time in the meantime we have to work on reducing our ecological footprint per person significantly Martin okay thank you all thank you unfortunately we have no more time for next questions because it is 46 already one minute past our deadline we have to rush to the airport I have understood so once more thank you so much for your time here sharing with us your views and your very broad knowledge collected over the past many decades it was a pleasure thank you so much thank you very much and this again also from this webinar the first one and I can already tell you that the next one is on November given by professor Juita Gupta an expert in our institute in the area of governance and a very gifted seeker I want to quickly think a few more people that have been involved in putting this whole show together I started with Maria Laura the driving force between behind everything related to alumni relations Maria thank you for bringing this idea in reality we are going in the same direction we need our alumni they are very important I want to send those who have listened with us you may have seen the number at a certain moment it reached nearly 90 wherever they are located we don't have the locations yet and of course we thank you here in the audience and for Ken that he allowed us to oh yeah that's coming that he allowed us to be part of this in this seminar and although we didn't see him the whole army sitting on the rooms here that was fully ready in entering the very many expected Twitter questions that are coming and to shorten according to importance and topic and to deliver that to Juita which unfortunately didn't work out next time we are even more strict with our speakers