 And we're back live. We are young talents making way only here on Think Tech Hawaii. I'm Andrea Gabrielli. I'm your host. And every Tuesday we keep an eye on the future with our most brilliant school students as we talk about their science projects. And today it's all about technology and particularly a very powerful board which apparently is from Italy like I am and is also really open sourcing our imagination, Arduino. So please welcome Anson Leung and Jonathan Lin from Kuananakoa Middle School here in Honolulu. Welcome to the show, welcome. So what is Arduino actually? Well, Arduino is a microcontroller that is integrated onto a circuit board. The circuit board can be programmed to do certain functions that you want it to do. Oh, OK, excellent. And so basically what kind of functions can you have it do it? The Arduino can do multiple functions that you want. In this case my project was all about motion sensors. So I created motion sensors using Arduino. And the Arduino, the way it works is through logic gates. And it would be very good if we had the first slide. OK, maybe let's have our first slide up so we can see. OK, that's fine. So the Arduino uses logic gates and through logic gates it uses Boolean function that performs operations on one or more binary inputs and it produces one binary output. The three basic gates are the AND gate or gate and the NOT gate. So the AND gate is the one on the top left and the Boolean function for that would be x times y equals z and not to mention the logic gates only has two numbers it can represent. So in this case it would represent zero or one. So if x is one and y is zero, zero times one is zero. So z would equal to zero. So this seems to be very complicated if you're explaining this. But it's a very powerful tool and so it can give all sorts of sensing and other things. What did you do with this Arduino and some? So for my Arduino I built this temperature sensor for my science fair project which was to build a portable phone charger. So first I used lithium ion batteries for my phone charger because I thought that since there are so many different kinds of phone chargers out there I thought I could make one that was cheaper and more efficient. So then I started by using a lithium ion battery. So the way a lithium ion battery works is that it uses lithium which is the third element on the periodic table. It's highly reactive because it has only one electron on its outermost shell. So then to stabilize because since it's highly reactive it's also very unstable So in order to stabilize this atom loses an electron to become more stable. It turns into lithium ion which powers the battery. So this is basically how a battery charger works. And you used Arduino to build one of these. Yes, to help me with the portable phone charger. Okay. And you Jonathan, what did you do with Arduino? Oh well for me what I did with Arduino. You mentioned it's a motion detector but we mentioned earlier that it seems a little complicated to actually learn all this. How long did it take for you for example to actually? So the Arduino since we had to code it I had to learn how to code and coding wasn't that simple as I thought it was and it took me around maybe a week to learn it to the full. Only one week. Wow. It's amazing. So you mentioned earlier that you actually studied together, how did you learn Arduino? So we watched, we went online on the internet, we looked up articles on how to code for this Arduino and we also looked at YouTube videos. Because if I understand it well it's an open source device. So basically it's a board that can do sorts of things, it can control other sensors or anything. But you can actually, all the programming, the languages and the components it's all available for everyone who wants to improve and work on this. Yes, that's one of the best things about Arduino. You don't have to buy these kind of codes, you can just look up online. Wow. Okay. So let's get more, let's talk a little bit more about your science projects and actually what you did. Maybe let's have a slide for you up and so you can tell us more about that. Okay. So here we're looking at, what are we looking at here? So the first picture on the left is my homemade portable phone charger. Right. Okay. And then on the right is the temperature sensor that allows me to sense whether the lithium ion battery, which is covered in black on the right of the first picture, whether there's an increase in temperature, which means it overheats, which could cause a safety. Also we need the temperature sensor for safety, for hazards in terms of, because the battery could overheat. Okay. So you were telling me a funny story about the beginning when you, yeah. So before I did my homemade portable phone charger, I did some pilot testing to see which types of batteries I should use. So then in doing so, I tried making smaller portable phone chargers. So then I used lithium polymer, lithium ion and alkaline batteries. But when I was trying to solder using the soldering iron, I didn't solder properly so then it caused a short circuit and then it caught on fire. Oh. So what problems were you trying to address by building this? I guess you wanted to make it small. You wanted to, for the phone charger. The problem was that most portable phone chargers range from $15 to $130. Those portable phone chargers. But then when I made mine, I used $5 to create. Wow. So in terms of cost efficiency, we were talking about, wow, okay. Let's have another slide for you up so we can see more. Okay, so here we're talking, this is the portable charger. Yes. Okay. So there are three main components. We have the five-volt step-up charger, which increases the voltage of my lithium ion batteries because normally it only provides 3.7 volts. But in order to charge a smartphone, you need five. We need five. Okay. So then that would increase the voltage. The second part would be the switch, which would allow me to turn my portable phone charger on and off. That's right. We need to turn it off. And of course the most important, the lithium ion batteries. That's right. Okay. Okay. So Jonathan, in spite of your motion detection sensor making and everything, what did you do? Okay. So for my science project, I wanted to engineer a DIY efficient motion sensor that can detect motion and to know whenever there's an intruder. And when there's one, it would send me messages through SMS known as short messaging system and it will make an alarming sound that will hopefully intimidate them to not break through. So this is something we all need in our homes. So why did you actually choose to make this sensor with Arduino? Because since World War II, there has been an increase in security and therefore I wanted to solve, wanted to find a solution to the problem. So my teacher, she came up to me and she told me for my school project, I should implement a something called an Arduino which we mentioned and the Arduino I then integrated into my project. That's right. Maybe let's have one slide for you up so we can see something more about what you did. Okay. Yeah. So these are one of the two sensors I used on the left being the ultrasonic motion sensors. That's the motion sensor. Yes. Okay. And the right is the PIR motion sensor known as the passive infrared sensor. Did you use both of them? Yes. So I wanted to compare which sensors was the best before I built the actual motion sensor that can do whatever I wanted to do. So the way I figured out which one I should use was through testing it through accuracy and the maximum distance, it could sense something. So for the ultrasonic sensor on the left, it could detect stuff 100% accurate of the time so never miss something by using its sound waves. On the other hand, the passive infrared sensor can only sense thing 70% of the time. But do they have a range limit? Yeah. Okay. So for the ultrasonic motion sensor, it can sense up to 246.06 centimeters while the passive infrared sensor, it can sense up to 306.04 centimeters. Okay. So basically, if we put it in a room or something, it can detect when people get in or out. Yeah. Okay. Maybe let's have one more slide up so we can see more and learn more about the, okay. So this is the actual board, the Arduino board. So I ended up choosing the ultrasonic motion sensor because it was more accurate and you always want it to be accurate rather than having much range. So I then built it. So this is the ultrasonic motion sensor and connected to the Arduino. So that microcontroller on the left is called the Arduino. I use the Uno R3, which is the basic form of the Arduino. So you tested both of the sensors, the motion sensors, and you chose this one. But the infrared, does it work at night, for example, or? Yes, it works. The way the infrared sensors send stuff is through infrared radiation. And that's right. Yes. Infrared radiation is the heat that comes off of your body. So it won't detect like maybe an object like a box that you don't want it to detect. But humans, what you want it to detect, it will detect. Because of the temperature that we have. Yes. So, Anson, we talked a little bit about the coding and how you actually learned how to code very fast and everything. What are the opportunities that we have with this hardware and software, which is Arduino? What other things can we do, for example? So since this Arduino Uno or Arduino is basically a small computer, we could use it to do many of the functions that our normal computers can do, including calculations, sensors like we did. Or we could do other scientific things that we could replace computers with and we can explore these different options. And we can miniaturize things as well. Yes. Okay. Maybe, let's see some more slides which you brought us so we can see. Okay. And we can... This is your sensor schematic. Yes. That's the schematics for the phone charger. Yes. Okay. So, this is the temperature sensor that it comes with it. Yeah. Okay. So, how did you learn actually how to... See, these are all the cablings we're looking at and everything. You connected the... Yes. Yeah. So, then I looked up online tutorials about each separate component and then I found a way to integrate all of that onto one device. Together, yeah. So, basically the board is like the main computer that controls everything and then you can attach to this board sensors or build sensors as you did and you control it with this coding languages. Yeah. So, how does it actually work? So, the coding language is C or C++. Oh, okay. So, it's C++. Yeah. So, then like how Jonathan said, we code, we first set up the codes and then we code for the specific Arduino device and then the Arduino, it takes this code, it uses the input output system and then it sends out one specific output and then it tells the components what to do. Let's see... Maybe let's see the coding slides. So, okay. So, this is the... Wow. What are we looking at here? Okay. So, the first column on the left is the setup. So, it tells the Arduino what to prepare for what I'm going to tell... It's going to tell the other components to do. Okay. So, then the first column is the setup. The second half, the first half of the second column is for the DHT, which is the temperature sensor. Is this right? Yes. So, it codes for the temperature sensor. The second half of the second column is for the LCD display, which displays the temperature and the humidity of that specific area. The third column is about the LEDs. So, if the Arduino senses an increase in temperature, it will light up red, green, or yellow, or green or white. Not green. I mean blue. So, if it senses a decrease in temperature, it would turn blue, meaning cold. If it's normal, it would be white at room temperature and if it's red, it's overheating, which way? This sounds very interesting, especially with this particular coding that you can miniaturize and even make it cost-efficient in terms of cost and everything for phone chargers with this particular hazard device. But, would you see this in the shops or something that we would be able to buy? Well, in Hawaii, unfortunately, these Arduino are usually sold in Radio Shack, but now in Hawaii, there's no more Radio Shacks. Oh. So, therefore, you have to order them online. You can order them online and then you can build all of these, you know, sensors and everything. Okay. So, we're learning here with Anson and Jonathan about the sensors that they built for the science fair and we're going to take a short break, but we'll be back soon for more. Stay tuned. I'm Pete McGinnis-Mark and every Monday at one o'clock, I'm the host of ThinkTech Hawaii's Research in Manoa and at that program, we bring to you a whole range of new scientific results from the university ranging from everything from exploring the solar system to looking at the earth from space, going underwater, talking about earthquakes and volcanoes and other things which have a direct relevance not only to Hawaii but also to our economy. So, please try and join me one o'clock on a Monday afternoon to ThinkTech Hawaii's Research in Manoa and see you then. Hello, I'm Yukari Kunisue. I'm your host of New Japanese Language Show on ThinkTech Hawaii called Konnichiwa Hawaii, broadcasting live every other Monday at 2 p.m. Please join us where we discuss important and useful information for the Japanese language community in Hawaii. The show will be all in Japanese. Hope you can join us every other Monday at 2 p.m. Aloha. And we're back with live. We're young talents making way here on ThinkTech Hawaii. Today, it's all about technologies. We're talking about this board software and hardware called Arduino which can really has a variety of applications and we're learning from Jonathan and Anson from Juan Nanakoa Middle School here in Hawaii. Welcome. Welcome. I guess you created these sensors for state fair for our Hawaii state science and engineering fair. How was, and I understand that you're also VIP for this area. We have a finalist, yeah? Yes. So, I was the finalist for the state fair. Yeah. Unfortunately, I didn't get first, second or third, but I got what is supposed to be fourth place in the state. Not only, but I got best of category. So the number, that's a really, and you are second place. Yeah, second place in category. In category. Wow. Yeah, absolutely. So, how was this experience, I mean, how was sharing your research, your sensors and representing Juan Nanakoa Middle School in front of the state? Or Anson? Yeah. It was a pretty amazing experience where you see all these other people, all these other students around you, who are also doing science, who are also chasing their passions. And then we could see other experts, which are the adults and the judges, they give you feedback and we can share to them what we learn and we can also learn from them. So Jonathan, what's the most useful thing that you learned as part of this experience? So the most useful thing I learned was that as long as you try hard, you can accomplish your goal because when I was only doing science fair for school, I never thought that it would actually allow me to go to states. But with the help of Bebe Davis, so shout out to her. Hi, Bebe. Yeah, she allowed me and Anson to progress this far. Right, right. So that's really an amazing opportunity that you had. Are you planning on now attending more sort of events or maybe competitions or something? Yes. So another competition in summer, which is called E-icon. Yeah. And it's an app-building competition where... An app-building competition, wow. So where teams across the globe come to... This year it's held in Hawaii. So teams across the globe like Korea, Great Britain come to here, to University of Hawaii, where we have teams set up to code for an app that could possibly change the world. So basically, you learn how to create an app and then you compete. So you're going to represent Hawaii. Yes. That's fantastic. And so when is this exactly? Summer June. June in June, okay. And it's held at the University of Hawaii. Yes. Wow. So what are your expectations for this big event now? So we've never really been in this competition before, but we hope we learn as much as they do because the way the competition works is that we interact with the Korean people. Or the international teams from other countries, we interact with them, and then we also team up with them. Okay. So it's a team effort as well. Wow. Okay. So is there... So you are part of the team from Kwananakoa Middle School? Yes. Okay. So how many other people are in the team? So there's one more other team, so there's me and Anson as one team and there's one more team. Okay. Yeah. So we pair up with another team of two to create a team of four and then we compete against other teams. So far in Hawaii, we have 25 other teams that would pair up with other teams. Wow. So do you have any idea for the next word changing app or... So our idea for an app is to create this weather and storm tracking system that would alert other people in case it would find their location on earth and then around the surrounding area, what kind of storms would happen, what kind of disasters could happen, and we could warn them if it happened. So that's also something very useful. We heard... We all heard the news about what's happening in the Lower East Rift Zone on the volcano with Lailani estates and the eruption, which is going on there. So are you thinking of including not only weather related disasters, but also other kind of... Yes. Such as volcanoes... Yes. At all kinds of geography disasters that are going to happen are like the North Korea attack. We can also warn them against that, but we can also give safety precautions to what to do in those situations. That's going to be incredibly useful. And your experience that you have with Arduino and this work that you did for the state fair is certainly going to be helpful a lot, it's really going to be... And are you planning on going back to the state fair, the science fair again next year for... Oh, yes. We'll try our best to make it to the states. Are you going to improve on these prototypes that you built or some totally new... Because now, since that me and Adson have a professor to work with, whatever project idea he is, we can influence it into our own ideas and use it for our next project. And actually, we have one of your professors here, science professors here. Hi, Sam. Hello, nice to be here. Hi. Thank you for being here. And so this is going to be also amazing because you're also going to have expertise, just as Sam, for example, who are really willing to help for this. And how do you see yourself in the future, really? With this, learning coding, Arduino, learning how to create apps in middle school is amazing because it really opens a lot of door for you in the future. So do you have any ideas for what you will be doing in the... As of now, I've been trying to explore as many areas of science as possible. Wow. But in the future, I would like to see myself in the medical field as a... In the medical field, yeah, yeah, okay. And this is really something useful as well for you ever... I have like the same thing as Adson. I want to become a doctor in the medical field in the future. You all like science. Oh, yes. Okay. So how... You know, we talked about this Arduino, this science project, how do you actually... How did you get involved in the first place with the Hawaii State, the fair and all this? How did you... Is that your... Is that the love for science which has, you know, brought you here or...? So we both have a passion for science. But then over the last year in summer school, we had our teacher told us we could try science fair and then because it was a requirement in middle school. So we thought we could come up with this idea and then we came up with this idea of Arduino and electronics to integrate into the science fair. Yeah. And so it was a teacher and experience that you had in middle school. Wow. Okay. Now you mentioned for this competition that you're going to, this is going to be something really exciting because you're going to be basically compete but also learn with an international group of people. But you gave us some details about how it works and everything but are you also going to be like taking some classes to get ready for this event or how does it actually work? Yeah. So to prepare for the competition, teams are expected to learn on their own with the help of teachers of course. Oh, okay. So once you get to the competitions, are they also going to be doing you some training or? So the other teams, they're going to, we're going to train with them and we're going to see which one of us can code better and the ones that can code better will be the ones to code the actual app and the ones that, and the other ones, they will be the one to present the entire app to the world. So how different is app coding from, for example, Arduino, which is what we talked about today? So Arduino codes in CRC++, but when you make apps, it's just a different language we have to learn but it's, ultimately, we're still coding, it's still the same. What's the language that you're going to be using for the apps? So we have to display these apps on the Google Play Store, so then Google Play Store most apps use Java, so that's what we're... Oh, so, okay, so you're going to, so you learned CRC++ and see how to code with Arduino. What about Java then? This is a, you said it's a total different language, yeah. So we don't have much knowledge into it, but we can learn... Not yet. Yeah, not yet, but we can learn more about it to prepare for the future competition and, yeah. Because this is coming up soon, it's in June, so wow, okay, that's going to be exciting. That's going to be exciting for you, you know, to attend this. And so, what are your career paths for the future? You mentioned maybe medical school. Do you think what you're doing now, this app or hazards, this is going to be something that you can carry out to the next level, to the next education level that you're going to be challenged with or? Yes, because technology, it kind of has science within it, so as you know more about technology, we can introduce higher levels of technology that we can use in science to figure out, to explore more parts of the world without, in like safety hazards. For health as well, as you mentioned, wow, okay, so, and speaking of this, we have about one minute left today for this conversation that we're having. You mentioned a lot of things, coding Arduino. Can you maybe, Anson, summarize a little bit the implications for the results, what you learned, and what, for the future for this particular, very powerful board called Arduino in this technology? So the world we live in today is filled with continuous technological advancement. So then, because of this increase in technology, we also, it's only right that we learn about it, we have, because we are always staring at our cell phones, it's also, we also should look into what makes it work, the science behind everything, because that is very important. Wow, okay, thank you very much for being here, Anson. Thank you for being here. Thank you, Jonathan. Thank you. Thank you for being here. Thank you for being here. You've been watching Young Talent's Making Way, only here on Think Tech Hawaii. We'll be back next Tuesday with more science, more discoveries, and more future. Stay tuned.