 Hello, hello my friends on YouTube. Mario here again with a new video on Tiwanaku and especially PumaPunku. Before we go to Tiwanaku, I take you along a series of buildings and structures that were excavated. I was always wondering how it is possible to excavate a building of a few thousand years old from an enormous depth. Here are the walls of King Salomon. The structure of King Salomon is excavated from many many feet below the current ground level. You see on the background there's the city, there's even a mosque and the walls of King Salomon is said to be just 3,000 years old. I take you to the next one. Here is in Jerusalem the city of David. You know King David who fought the Goliath. So according to the myth David met the giants. Also this city is excavated from many many feet below the current ground level. Here Kubliki Tepe. It's always the same story. Ancient structures that are excavated from many many feet below the current ground level. Here the Pantheon. Pantheon is around 2,000 years old and you see the street level, the buildings on the background. They are all on the same level. How is it possible that structures that are a little bit older than this Pantheon must be excavated from many many feet below the current ground level and the Pantheon is just on exactly the same ground level. This is a topic that is too less discussed among archaeologists. And then here Puma Punku before excavation is a black-white picture as you see and Puma Punku is excavated also many many feet below the current ground level and the build-up rate of soil goes very very slowly in the region because there is hardly any new material to add to the soil. Because the growth hardly anything. The build-up rate of soil is mainly fueled by organic material that slowly decomposes in several elements and these several elements form soil, dense soil. And this process takes many thousands of years to complete only a few inches. So here is some excavation pictures from Puma Punku today. You see there are still a lot of stones to be excavated. So this process is still not completed and here another photo from Puma Punku. So these excavations are done several feet below the current ground level. Here another photo from Puma Punku and here a photo from our friend Brian Forster standing behind in a row of the famous H blocks of Puma Punku. Brian but also and many other people are wondering how you can cut such very precise H blocks with just copper chisels and hammers. And this is granite and granite is many times harder than copper or bronze. So if it already would be possible to cut granite with bronze tools, it's simply impossible. Your tools just wear out after a few blows. After this short intermezzo I'll take you to this graph. This is a very well done research in 2018 done to the build-up rate of soil and I take you to the graph on the top right corner. You'll see this yellow band and this yellow band, this vertical band goes from 100 to 400,000 years and this large red dot sits in the middle of this point cloud and then we go to the left on the horizontal band and we end up with a soil thickness of between 1 meter and 3.3 meters. So that equals around 3 feet up to 11 feet. That is the build-up speed of soil between 100 and 400,000 years. The big thing is if an archaeologist has to excavate a building in a Mediterranean region like Israel or Turkey or of course Bolivia is not Mediterranean, but it has the same scarcity or vegetation as in Israel or Turkey. There is no organic material to build-up soil over time, hardly. So this process of soil build-up takes for 1 meter over 3 feet, around 100,000 years. So if a building has to be excavated from dense soil in a scarcely vegetated area, this typical ground layer where this building is situated is around 100,000 years. And it's still a mystery to me why archaeology is still totally oblivious about this clear anomalies. After this intermezzo, to make you more aware about the build-up rate of soil in this area of Timonaku, I take you to Timonaku and like I already explained in the former videos, Timonaku is beneath the equator. I have already explained more details about Kalasasaya and about Akapana. We now go to Pumapunku and there is a clear pattern in orientation of these three buildings. Kalasasaya is currently oriented, while Akapana is slightly clockwise oriented and Pumapunku slightly more clockwise oriented. And this typical pattern of orientation follows the sequence of our pole patterns. So poles 1, 2 and 3. So we have suggested that pole 3 could have possibly been on the this position on Antarctica. And we still are a little bit in doubt about the fact that Pumapunku could be much, much older. And we have suggested them pole 3. The probability that we are right in our pre-position about Pumapunku relating to pole 3 is around 75 percent because the orientation patterns match the pole patterns. For this pattern to match, there's a probability of 75 percent for this to be coincidental. So it's a good start to begin with. And here you see another projection of the poles on Antarctica, pole 1 our current pole and pole 2 and pole 3. So this orientation pattern of Kalasasaya and then Akapana and then Pumapunku. This follows the same sequence of the gaps between pole 1 and pole 2 and the gap between pole 2 and pole 3. So if we project pole 3 on the timeline of the tilt angle of the earth spin axis, then we are between 210 and 225 thousand years ago. Yes, this is a long time ago. And during this period, the tilt angle of the earth varied between 24.5 and 22.7. And we took the average tilt to make it more simple. And this tilt angle was around 23.6. And this tilt angle is important to calculate a more precise solstice angle at a time. The Pumapunku structure was used and of course in relation to this pole 3. It is important for new viewers to be aware of the fact that solstice angles vary of the position of the observer on the earth. So when the observer is at the equator, the angle between the equinox and the solstice is exactly the same as the tilt angle of the earth. The angle between equinox and solstice is 23.5 degrees. So this varies very little at the equator. And that is why there is hardly any season on the equator in the tropics. But when the observer moves to another latitude, for example here on the southern tip of South America at a latitude of minus 50 degrees, this solstice angle becomes more extreme. As you see here, this solstice angle as a typical latitude of minus 50 or plus 50, that doesn't make a difference, is 38.3 degrees, a lot larger than at the equator. And this large differences causes season. And you see here the formula for calculating this solstice angle. And at a typical ancient location of Puma Punku, and that means that the latitude of Puma Punku was different than it is today, it was 19.5 degrees and this tilt angle is 23.6. When we put in this data in the formula, we get the solstice angle of 25.1 degrees. So that is not very different than today, but a little bit. And I must be honest about Puma Punku, Puma Punku remains still a bit of a mystery because it seems to be a temple that was pointed to the east of the rising sun, ancient rising sun. And this structure is built within a larger square, they're all equally oriented. But when I put these angles in this structure, I'm not sure if this makes really sense. But it seems to be matching. But I'm not totally convinced. So that's very interesting. And also we have questions still after researching ancient structures. And that is very interesting, of course, for us. The thing is about the movements of the southern hemisphere, so the south pole, the southern spin axis is that we really don't know very much about this. It was pretty stable. It didn't move as much as the north pole on the northern hemisphere. That is because there are so very little ancient structures on the southern hemisphere that were originally pointed to the south pole. You would say, oh, there are a lot of structures in Coral, and they're also on the southern hemisphere in Peru. But these structures are all very clockwise oriented, and they were originally oriented to a north pole, and not to the south pole. And this makes it very hard to accurately distill the positions of the poles on Antarctica. So these pictures of pole 1, pole 2 and pole 3 on the southern hemisphere are suggestions. They are not really based on a large amount of triangulations of ancient structures, because they are simply not present. But from our mathematical method, we know quite sure that the southern spin axis was very stable. It hardly moved, but it moved a little bit. And these little movements caused little deviations in the orientations of the sides at Tiwanaku. So this was Pumapunku for now. After our new discoveries about Pumapunku, we will publish them, of course, and I will leave you by saying that we are very intrigued about Pumapunku and about Tiwanaku in general. We will be following also the research of our friend, Brian Forster. I want to thank you for watching to this video. And if we have new updates and new discoveries about Pumapunku or Tiwanaku in general, we will be posting them on our Patreon page or on YouTube or on our website. Thank you and I hope to see you the next time on my channel. Thank you.