 This study aimed to understand how human embryonic stem cells differentiate into cartilage cells. They used a directed differentiation method to create two types of cartilage cells, articular and growth plate condrocytes, from human embryonic stem cells. By comparing the transcriptomes of these cells to those of fetal epifysiole and growth plate condrocytes, they identified genes that are important for cartilage development. Using ATACSEC, they also identified specific regions of the genome that are more or less accessible in each type of cell. Finally, they found that two TFS, RILA and IUNX2, interact with their target genes in a way that is specific to each type of cell. Overall, this study provides a detailed map of the regulatory landscape of human cartilage development and offers insight into the mechanisms behind its formation. This article was authored by Daniel Richard, Stephen Pregeiser, Divya Venkutsa Bromoneon and others.